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1、第三部分 概括大意與完成句子第一篇 More Than 8 Hours Sleep Too Much of a Good Thing1 Although the dangers of too little sleep are widely known, new research suggests that people who sleep too much may also suffer the consequences.2 Investigators at the University of California in Sandiego found that people who clock

2、 up19 or 10 hours each weeknight appear to have more trouble falling and staying asleep, as well as a number of other sleep problems, than people who sleep 8 hours a night People who slept only 7 hours each night also said they had more trouble falling asleep and feeling refreshed after a nights sle

3、ep than 8-hour sleepers.23 These findings, which Dr.Daniel Kripke reported in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine3, demonstrate that people who want to get a good nights rest may not need to set aside4 more than 8 hours a night. He added that “it might be a good idea” for people who sleep more than 8

4、 hours each night to consider reducing the amount of time they spend in bed, but cautioned that more research is needed to confirm this.4 Previous studies have shown the potential dangers of chronic shortages of sleep for instance, one report demonstrated that people who habitually sleep less than 7

5、 hours each night have a higher risk of dying within a fixed period than people who sleep more.5 For the current report, Kripke reviewed the responses of 1,004 adults to sleep questionnaires, in which participants indicated how much they slept during the week and whether they experienced any sleep p

6、roblems Sleep problems included waking in the middle of the night, arising early in the morning and being unable to fall back to sleep, and having fatigue interfere with day-to- day functioning5.6 Kripke found that people who slept between 9 and 10 hours each night were more likely to report experie

7、ncing each sleep problem than people who slept 8 hours In an interview, Kripke noted that long sleepers may struggle to get rest at night simply because they spend too much time in bed As evidence, he added that one way to help insomnia is to spend less time in bed “It stands to reason6 that if a pe

8、rson spends too long a time in bed, then theyll spend a higher percentage of time awake,” he said.詞匯:refresh / r?fre?/ v(使)精力恢復(fù)questionnaire / ,kwest?ne?(r)/ n問卷psychosomatic / ,sa?k?s?m?t?k / adj(指疾?。┯删駢毫σ鸬膄atigue / f?ti:g / n疲勞caution / k?:?n/ v警告insomnia / ?ns?mn?/ n失眠h(yuǎn)abitually / h?b?tj?l?, -

9、t?-/ adv習(xí)慣地注釋:1clock up:時(shí)間達(dá)到2they had more trouble falling asleep and feeling refreshed after a nights sleep than 8-hour sleepers:falling和feeling都是說(shuō)明trouble的。全句可譯為:與8小時(shí)睡眠者相比,他們?cè)谌胨徒?jīng)過一夜睡眠恢復(fù)精力方面有更多的麻煩。3Psychosomatic Medicine:心身醫(yī)學(xué)(醫(yī)學(xué)雜志名)4set aside:留出5having fatigue interfere with day-to-day functioning

10、:感到疲乏影響日常工作。6stand to reason:是當(dāng)然的,是合情合理的練習(xí):1Paragraph 2 E Sleep Problem of Long and Short Sleepers2Paragraph 4 B Dangers of Habitual Shortages of Sleep 3Paragraph 5 A Kripkes Research Tool4Paragraph 6 D A Way of Overcoming InsomniaA Kripkes Research ToolB Dangers of Habitual Shortages of SleepC Crit

11、icism on Kripkes ReportD A Way of Overcoming InsomniaE Sleep Problem of Long and Short SleepersF Classification of Sleep Problems5To get a good nights rest, people may not need to F sleep more than 8 hours.6Long sleepers are reported to be more likely to E suffer sleep problems.7One of the sleep pro

12、blems is waking in the middle of the night, unable to A fall asleep again.8One survey showed that people who habitually C sleep less than 7 hours each night have a higher risk of dying.A fall asleep againB become more energetic the following dayC sleep less than 7 hoursD confirm those serious conseq

13、uencesE suffer sleep problemsF sleep more than 8 hours答案與題解:1E第二段列舉了睡眠時(shí)間多于或少于8小時(shí)而帶來(lái)的多種sleep problems。2B 第四段闡述了長(zhǎng)期睡眠不足所帶來(lái)的嚴(yán)重后果。3A 第五段介紹了Kripke的調(diào)查工具(tool)。他用的是有關(guān)睡眠的問卷。問卷包括兩大內(nèi)容:睡眠時(shí)間及睡眠困擾問題。4D 第六段最后兩句是:“. one way to help insomnia is to spend less time in bed.”和“It stands to reason that if a person spends

14、 too long a time in bed, then theyll spend a higher percentage of time awake.”這是選擇 D 的依據(jù)。5F選擇F的依據(jù)是第三段第一句。原文是:“. people who want to get a good nights rest may not need to set aside more than 8 hours a night.”6E選擇E的依據(jù)是第六段第一句。原文是:“. people who slept between 9 and 10 hours each night were more likely to

15、 report experiencing each sleep problem than people who slept 8 hours. ”7A 本題答案的依據(jù)是第五段第二句:“Sleep problems included waking in the middle of the night, arising early in the morning and being unable to fall back to sleep .”8C 本題答案的依據(jù)是第四段:“. one report demonstrated that people who habitually sleep less

16、than 7 hours each night have a higher risk of dying within a fixed period than people who sleep more.”譯文:每晚只需8小時(shí),睡眠過多非益事睡眠不足帶來(lái)的危害已經(jīng)廣為人知,而一項(xiàng)新的研究表明睡眠過多同樣會(huì)使人們產(chǎn)生不良后果。圣地亞哥加利福尼亞大學(xué)的研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)在入睡、保持睡眠等方面,每晚睡眠9或10小時(shí)的人比睡8小時(shí)的人存在更多問題。而每晚僅睡7小時(shí)的人則表示,他們?cè)谌胨靶菹⒑缶謴?fù)程度上不及8小時(shí)睡眠者。D aniel Kripke博士在心身醫(yī)學(xué)雜志上報(bào)告的這些新發(fā)現(xiàn)表明,人們?nèi)绻胪砩闲?/p>

17、息好,每天留給睡眠的時(shí)間只需8小時(shí)。他補(bǔ)充說(shuō),對(duì)于那些每晚睡8小時(shí)以上的人們來(lái)說(shuō),考慮減少在床上度過的時(shí)間“也許是個(gè)好主意”。不過他又提醒說(shuō)這還需要進(jìn)一步的研究證實(shí)。以往的研究證明了長(zhǎng)期睡眠缺乏的潛在危機(jī)。有報(bào)告顯示,睡眠經(jīng)常少于7小時(shí)的人比睡眠充足者,在特定時(shí)期內(nèi)死亡的機(jī)率更高。而在目前這份報(bào)告中,Kripke考評(píng)了一份1004名成年人參與反饋的睡眠調(diào)查問卷。問卷內(nèi)容涉及每周睡眠時(shí)間和各種可能的睡眠問題,包括半夜驚覺,清晨早醒,無(wú)法重新入睡,以及白天疲勞,影響日常工作等。Kripke發(fā)現(xiàn)每晚9至10小時(shí)睡眠者比睡8小時(shí)的人更容易出現(xiàn)各類睡眠問題。在次訪談中,Kripke注意到睡眠時(shí)間長(zhǎng)的人夜

18、間可能難以入眠,正是因?yàn)樗麄兯锰嗔恕R虼怂a(bǔ)充說(shuō),治療失眠最好的一種方法就是少睡點(diǎn)兒?!霸诖采匣ǖ脮r(shí)間過長(zhǎng),醒著的時(shí)間就會(huì)更多,這是理所當(dāng)然的?!钡诙猄oot and Snow:a Hot Combination1New research from NASA scientists suggests emissions of black soot alter the way sunlight reflects off snow. A ccording to a computer simulation, black soot may be responsible for 25 percent

19、 of observed global warming over the past century.2Soot in the higher latitudes of the Earth, where ice is more common, absorbs more of the suns energy and warmth than an icy, white background. Dark-colored black carbon, or soot, absorbs sunlight, while lighter colored ice reflects sunlight.3Soot in

20、 areas with snow and ice may play an important role in climate change. Also, if snow and ice covered areas begin melting, the warming effect increases, as the soot becomes more concentrated on the snow surface. “This provides a positive feedback, as glaciers and ice sheets melt, they tend to get eve

21、n dirtier, said Dr. James Hansen, a researcher at NASAs Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York.4Hansen found soots effect on snow albedo (solar energy reflected back to space),which1 may be contributing to trends toward early springs in the Northern Hemisphere, such as thinning Arctic sea ice

22、, melting glaciers and permafrost. Soot also is believed to play a role in changes in the atmosphere above the oceans and land.5“Black carbon reduces the amount of energy reflected by snow back into space, thus heating the snow surface more than if there were no black carbon2,” Hansen said. Soots in

23、creased absorption of solar energy is especially effective in warming the worlds climate. “This forcing is unusually effective, causing twice as much global warming as a carbon-dioxide forcing of the same magnitude, Hansen noted.6Hansen cautioned, although the role of soot in altering global climate

24、 is substantial, it does not alter the fact that greenhouse gases are the primary cause of climate warming during the past century.3 Such gases are expected to be the largest climate forcing for the rest4 of this century.7The researchers found that observed warming in the Northern Hemisphere was lar

25、ge in the winter and spring at middle and high latitudes. These observations were consistent with the researchers climate model simulations, which showed some of the largest warming effects occurred when there were heavy snow cover5 and sufficient sunlight.詞匯:soot / s?t / n煤煙,煤灰emission / ?m?n/ n釋放,

26、散發(fā),排放simulation / ,s?mj?le?n/ n模擬latitude / l?t?tju:d / n緯度glacier / gl?s?(r) / n冰川,冰河albedo / ?lbi:d?/ n反照率permafrost / p?:m?fr?st/ n永凍層forcing / f?:s?/ n溫室作用dioxide / da?ka?d / n二氧化物magnitude / m?gn?tju:d / n量,大小注釋:1which指代albedo。2thus heating the snow surface more than if there were no black carb

27、on:相當(dāng)于thus heating the snow surface more than(heating the snow surface)if there were no black carbon。3. the fact that greenhouse gases are the primary cause of climate warming during the past century:“that greenhouse gases . during the past century”是同位語(yǔ)從句,表達(dá)fact的內(nèi)容。4the rest:剩余部分5snow cover:雪的覆蓋層練習(xí):

28、1Paragraph 3 _C_2Paragraph 4 _A_3Paragraph 6 _F_4Paragraph 7 _B_A Soots Role in Changes in the Climate and the AtmosphereB Observations of Warming in the Northern HemisphereC Explanation of Increased Warming Effect Caused by SootD Effort to Reduce Snow AlbedoE Ways to Reduce Soot EmissionF Greenhous

29、e Gases as the Main Factor of Global Warming5In the twentieth century, soot _B_.6Hansen cautioned that greenhouse gases _E_.7Black soot covered snow and ice _D_.8A soot forcing is unusually effective, which _A_.A produces much more global warming than a carbon-dioxide forcing of the same magnitudeB

30、continued to 25 percent of observed global warmingC can produce greenhouse gasesD absorb more of suns energy and warmth than white backgroundE still surpass soot in warming the worlds climate during the last centryF can be seen mostly in the Northern Hemisphere答案與題解:1C 第三段解釋了為什么soot會(huì)增加地球升溫效應(yīng)。2A 第四段介

31、紹了soot在兩方面起的作用:(1)soot增加了雪吸收太陽(yáng)能量和熱量的能力;(2)soot導(dǎo)致海洋和陸地上空的大氣層發(fā)生變化。3F第六段的關(guān)鍵句子是:“. greenhouse gases are the primary cause of climate warming during the past century.”4B 第七段介紹了在研究北半球的緯度、雪覆蓋面和日照諸因素與氣溫升高之間的關(guān)系方面取得的成果。5B 選擇 B 的依據(jù)是第一段。有關(guān)的句子是:“. black soot may be responsible for 25 percent of observed global w

32、arming over the past century.”選項(xiàng) B 中用了過去式contributed,也是選 B 的一個(gè)線索,因?yàn)榈谖孱}的題干中有in the twentieth century,這個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)要求謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過去式,而4個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有 B 項(xiàng)的動(dòng)詞用的是過去式。6E Hansen cautioned和greenhouse gases僅出現(xiàn)在第六段。該段的大意是:雖然煤煙在改變?nèi)驓夂蚍矫嫠鸬淖饔孟喈?dāng)顯著,但是上個(gè)世紀(jì)氣溫上升的主要因素還是溫室氣體。選項(xiàng)E概括了第六段的意思。7D 本題答案的依據(jù)是第二段第一句。8A 本題答案的依據(jù)是第五段的下列句子:Soots increase

33、d absorption of solar energy is especially effective in warming the worlds climate. “This forcing is unusually effective, causing twice as much global warming as a carbon-dioxide forcing of the same magnitude,” Hansen noted.譯文:煤灰與白雪:“火熱的組合美國(guó)國(guó)家航空航天局的科學(xué)家的一項(xiàng)新調(diào)查顯示,黑色煤煙的排放改變了冰雪對(duì)陽(yáng)光的反射。依據(jù)電腦模擬,上世紀(jì)觀測(cè)到的的全球變暖有

34、25是黑煤灰引起的。地球高緯地區(qū)冰雪覆蓋,那里的煤灰比白色的冰面吸收了更多的太陽(yáng)熱能。因?yàn)樯詈谏奶炕蛎夯椅仗?yáng)光,而淺色的冰面則反射陽(yáng)光。冰雪地區(qū)的煤灰對(duì)氣候變化可能起著至關(guān)重要的作用。而且一旦覆蓋大地的冰雪開始融化,煤灰就會(huì)更加固著于冰面,從而加劇溫室效應(yīng)。“冰山、冰塊一融化,就會(huì)變得更臟,”James Hansen博士,一位來(lái)自紐約美國(guó)國(guó)家航空和航天局的Goddard太空研究所的研究人員如此說(shuō)。Hansen發(fā)現(xiàn),煤灰對(duì)冰雪反射率的影響,可能正是促使北半球春季提早的原因,引起北冰洋冰層變薄,冰山及凍土雪原融化。據(jù)信煤灰對(duì)海洋和陸地上空大氣層的變化也有一定影響?!昂谔繙p少了冰雪反射回太空的

35、能量,比沒有炭灰的條件下更強(qiáng)烈地加熱冰面?!盚ansen說(shuō)。煤灰對(duì)太陽(yáng)熱能的大量吸收是全球氣候變暖的重要因素。Hansen指出,“這種溫室作用特別顯著,是同量二氧化碳強(qiáng)度的兩倍?!盚ansen又提醒說(shuō),盡管煤灰對(duì)全球氣候變化的作用重大,但這并不能改變一個(gè)事實(shí):溫室氣體是上世紀(jì)氣候變暖的首要原因,而且它們還將是塑造本世紀(jì)氣候的主力。研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)北半球觀測(cè)到的變暖現(xiàn)象大多發(fā)生在中高緯地區(qū)的冬春兩季。這樣的觀測(cè)結(jié)果與氣象模擬實(shí)驗(yàn)相吻合,表明部分大規(guī)模的溫室效應(yīng)發(fā)生在有厚雪覆蓋層和陽(yáng)光強(qiáng)烈的時(shí)期。第三篇Icy Microbes1In ice that has sealed a salty A ntar

36、ctic lake for more than 2,800 years, scientists have found frozen bacteria and algae that returned to life after thawing. The research may help in the search for life on Mars, which is thought to have subsurface lakes of ice.2A research team led by Peter D oran of the University of Illinois at C hic

37、ago drilled through more than 39 feet of ice to collect samples of bacteria and algae. When D orans team brought them back and warmed them up a bit, they sprang back to life.3 D oran said the microbes have been age-dated at 2,800 years old, but even older microbes may live deeper in the ice sheet se

38、aling the lake, and in the briny water below the ice.1 That deeper ice and the water itself will be cautiously sampled in a later expedition that will test techniques that may one day be used on Mars.4 C alled Lake Vida, the 4.5-square-kilometer body is one of a series of lakes located in the McMurd

39、o D ry Valleys of A ntarctica, some 2 ,200 kilometers due south2 of New Zealand. This lake has been known since the 1950s, but people ignored it because they thought it was just a big block of ice. While at the site for other research in the 1990s, D oran and his colleagues sent3 radar signals into

40、the clear ice covering the lake and were surprised to find that 62 feet below there was a pool of liquid water that was about seven times more salty than seawater.5That prompted the researchers to return in 1996 with equipment to drill a hole down to within a few feet of the water layer. A t the bot

41、tom of this hole, researchers harvested specimens of algae and bacteria.6The researchers will return in 2004 equipped with instruments that are sterilized. They will then drill through the full 62 feet of ice and sample some of the briny water from the lake for analysis. The water specimen will be c

42、ultured to see if it contains life. Specimens from the water are expected to be even older than the life forms extracted from the ice covering.注釋:1. live deeper in the ice sheet sealing the lake, and in the briny water below the ice:in the ice sheet sealing the lake和in the briny water below the ice是

43、介詞短語(yǔ),用作狀語(yǔ),修飾live。2due south:正南3While at the site for other research in the 1990s, D oran and his colleagues sent . :While at the site for other research in the 1990s是省略句,寫全了就是:While D oran and his colleagues were at the site for other research in the 1990s .練習(xí):1Paragraph 2 _2Paragraph 3 _3Paragraph

44、4_4Paragraph 6_A Significance of Testing Techniques for Sampling Microbes in the D eep Ice SheetB Special Features of Lake VidaC Later Expedition on MarsD 2004 Revisit Planned for C ollecting Lake Water SpecimensEA ntarctic Frozen Life Sampled and RevivedFA ccidental D isovery of Ice-sealed Lake Wat

45、er in A ntarctica5Scientists ignored Lake Vida because they thought that a lake of ice _.6Scientists expect that the life, if found in deeper water below the ice sheet, _.7What the scientists will do in 20Q4 _.8The salt concentration in the liquid water of Lake Vida _A is found to be a great deal hi

46、gher than that of seawaterB was of little scientific valueC may be older than that collected below 39 feet of iceD might have come from MarsEis to collect some briny lake water for analysisyFmay return to life sooner than microbes frozen in the surface ice答案與題解:1E本段談及 D oran考察隊(duì)在南極冰塊上鉆洞深達(dá)39英尺,獲得微生物和水

47、藻的樣本。解凍后這些微生物和水藻又復(fù)活了。選項(xiàng)E概括了本段的大意。2A 本段的大意是試驗(yàn)冰層深處提取生命樣本的技術(shù)可能有一天會(huì)用于火星生命的探索。3F本段要表達(dá)的意思是:冰下湖是科學(xué)家在做other research時(shí)偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)的。4D 本段說(shuō)的是科學(xué)家2004年還要對(duì)布下湖再次進(jìn)行考察。5B 選 B 的依據(jù)是第四段第二句。little scientific value是根據(jù)科學(xué)家當(dāng)時(shí)認(rèn)定Lake Vida只是a big block of ice而推論出來(lái)的。6C 選 C 的依據(jù)見第三段第一句。7E選E的依據(jù)見第六段第二句。8A 第四段最后一句是選A 的依據(jù)。譯文:冰凍微生物在一個(gè)南極咸水湖封凍

48、了 2800多年的冰塊中,科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn),冰凍的微生物和水藻在解凍后又復(fù)活了。該研究成果可能會(huì)有助于尋找火星上的生命,人們認(rèn)為火星的地表下面有冰湖。由芝加哥的伊利諾伊大學(xué)的 Peter D oran率領(lǐng)的考察隊(duì)在南極冰塊上鉆洞深達(dá)39英尺,采集了微生物和水藻的樣本。 D oran的考察隊(duì)將其帶回并給其溫暖環(huán)境,這些樣本竟又復(fù)活了。D oran說(shuō),這些微生物有 2800年的高齡,但是或許還有更老的微生物生存在封湖冰塊的更深層和冰塊下面的咸水中。在以后的深險(xiǎn)中,還會(huì)謹(jǐn)慎地對(duì)更深的冰層和水提取樣本,對(duì)將來(lái)或許會(huì)用于火星的技術(shù)進(jìn)行檢測(cè)。這個(gè)湖名叫 Vida湖,面積為 4.5平方公里,是南極洲上位于 McM

49、urd干谷的湖群中的一個(gè),位于新西蘭正南約2200千米處。該湖在 20世紀(jì) 50年代已為人知,但過去人們認(rèn)為這只不過是一個(gè)巨大的冰塊,所以不曾引起足夠的重視。但是在 20世紀(jì) 90年代,在進(jìn)行其他考察的地方, D oran和同事們往覆蓋湖面的清澈的冰層中發(fā)出雷達(dá)信號(hào),驚奇地發(fā)現(xiàn)在62英尺深處居然有一個(gè)水潭,這里的水其咸度大約是海水的 7倍。于是,1996年,考察人員帶著設(shè)備再次來(lái)到南極。鉆出一個(gè)深及水層數(shù)英尺的洞。在洞底,考察人員采集到了水藻和微生物的樣本。2004年,考察人員將攜帶經(jīng)過殺菌的儀器再次回到南極。他們將在 62英尺的冰層上鉆洞,對(duì)從湖中提取咸水的樣本進(jìn)行分析。水的樣本將會(huì)受到培育

50、,看其是否含有生命。據(jù)預(yù)測(cè),水中提取樣本的歷史甚至?xí)缺鶎又刑崛〉纳问降臍v史還要長(zhǎng)。第四篇 C ompact D isks1If someone says to you your music C D s dont really hold any music on them, and they only have numbers recorded on them, you may not believe it. In fact, he is right in that sound is actually recorded onto the C D s as special numbers a

51、 digital code.1 The code is pressed onto the C D as bumps on a long spiral track almost five kilometers long. These bumps are an average of 0.5 microns wide.2A small laser beam shines onto the bumps as the C D turns. The light is reflected back to a receiver that records how the laser light bounces

52、back. This lets the C D player2 turn the reflected light back into the original code. This means you can hear the original code as music.3 D igital codes are used with many technologies. E-mail needs these kinds of code numbers. Space probes communicate with their ground station on earth using digit

53、al codesB ar codes are read as digital codes in computer systemsD igital communications with cell phones need digital codes. Weather radios also tune into specific signals using these codes.4There are many types of compact disks. One format is called C D -RWs. They can be recorded on and re-recorded

54、 on(rewritten on)as you would do with a floppy disk3. A nother format is the C D -ROM. The technology for recording on these disks is different from other C D s. These C D s have a dye layer that the C D writer can darken or leave clear. The clear and dark spots are the digital codeC D -ROM stands f

55、or C ompact D isc Read Only Memory4. This disk is like a super floppy disk that can hold lots of information. One C D -ROM can hold the same amount of data as 500 floppy disks. Information is permanently recorded onto itC omputer games and other programs are considered to be C D -ROMs.5 C D s were f

56、irst sold to the public in 1982These C D s still play well and sound fineC urrent C D s are expected to last between 70 to 200 years. Of course, you can make sure your C D s last a long time by taking care of them.6Science keeps on developing. It may not be many more years before a completely new te

57、chnology is invented5 and introduced to the public for music recording. In the meantime, there is no doubt you will continue to enjoy listening to your favorite music on C D s6 and playing your favorite computer games on C D -ROMs.詞匯:bump / b?mp/ n隆塊,隆起spiral / spa?r?l / adj螺旋形的probe / pr?b/n探測(cè)器flop

58、py / fl?p?/ adj松軟的floppy disk軟(磁)盤format / f?:m?t/ n格式dye / da?/ n染色permanently / p?:m?n?ntl? / adv永久地注釋:1. he is right in that sound is actually recorded onto the C D s as special numbers a digital code:他說(shuō)的對(duì),因?yàn)閷?shí)際上聲音以特殊的數(shù)字形式,即數(shù)碼,刻錄在 C D 碟片上。in that是“因?yàn)椤保纾篧ater is essential in that without it all li

59、ving things would die.水是基本要素,因?yàn)闆]有水,所有生物都要死亡。2C D player: C D 播放機(jī)3as you would do with a floppy disk:就像你使用軟磁盤一樣4C D -ROM stands for C ompact D isc Read Only Memory: C D -ROM是 C ompact D isc Read Only Memory這五個(gè)詞首字母組成的縮寫詞。5It may not be many more years before a completely new technology is invented:過不了

60、幾年,說(shuō)不定又會(huì)發(fā)明一種全新的技術(shù)。many more years是“再過許多年”。6“there is no doubt you will continue to enjoy listening to your favorite music on C D s”語(yǔ)法上可以理解為“there is no doubt(about the fact that)you will continue to enjoy listening to your favorite music on C D s”。練習(xí):1. Paragraphs l & 2 _2Paragraph 3 _3Paragraph 4 _

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