學校里最近出了一件緋聞

1、An Introduction to Discourse AnalysisCheng XiaotangBeijing Normal University1Lecture 4: CohesionWhy both with cohesion?Cohesion is one of the most important features of natural discourse. Cohesive devices are extensively used in discourse.Lack of cohesion may lead to incoherence in discourse.2Before

2、 we startLook at these examples. Are they natural?Are they meaningful? John took Johns hat off and hung Johns hat on a peg.If you see Mary, tell Mary that I want to see Mary.So we pushed him under the other one.3Wash and core six cooking apples. Put them into a fireproof dish.Wash and core six cooki

3、ng apples. Put the apples into a fireproof dish.4- Would you like some tea? - Yes. I would like some tea.- Did I hurt your feelings? - Yes, you hurt my feelings. - I didnt mean to hurt your feelings.5Lying on the floor.- What was John doing when you came in? - Lying on the floor.- What is your favou

4、rite pastime? - Lying on the floor.6Read the following “story”1 Once upon a time there was a little white mouse called “tiptoe”. 2 The boys lived in a large, red-bricked house with a thatched roof at the end of the longest street in town. 3 That morning Mrs. Smooks left home in a great hurry. 4 But,

5、 too late, William realized that the car had no brakes. 5 So they ran and they ran and they ran until the giant got so tired that he couldnt follow them any more. 6 “what an exciting day!” she sighed. 7 And so he never goes alone to the shops any more.7What is cohesion?Cohesion refers to relations o

6、f meaning that exist within the text, that define it as a text; Cohesion occurs where the INTERPRETATION of some element in the discourse is dependent on that of another (Halliday and Hasan, 1976:4).8TextureCohesive relations in and between sentences create texture, which makes a set of sentences a

7、text.Texture is the property that distinguishes text from non-text: a text has texture. Texture is what hold the clauses of a text together to give them unity.9Five types of cohesion:ReferenceSubstitutionEllipsisConjunctionLexical cohesion10ReferenceThe cohesive resource of reference refers to how t

8、he writer/speaker introduces participants and then keeps track of them once they are in the text.11ConsiderLook at that.Look at the sun. Its going down quickly.12ReferenceReferenceEndophoraExophoraAnaphoraCataphora13An exophora reference refers to something in the physical situation in which the dis

9、course takes place.- Who is that? - Its my sister.- How big is the fish? - It is this long.Exophora14 An endophora reference refers to something in the text. It has two subtypes: anaphora and cataphora.15 An anaphora refers to something in the preceding text; A cataphora refers to something in the c

10、oming text.Anaphoric reference requiring reader to look back in the text.Cataphoric reference requiring reader to look forward in the text.Anaphora and cataphora16A man was walking on the street. He seemed to be looking for something.She must be furious with him when Mike said he was leaving her.17B

11、elow is the beginning of a story: 學校里最近出了一件緋聞。 什么學校？沒頭沒腦的。 一個大學。 哪個大學？ 這個不好說，這個大學你肯定知道。 說吧，我保證不說出去。你知道我這個人從來不傳話的。 好吧，我是說給你聽，至于哪所大學嘛，就叫它雨過天青大學好了18SubstitutionSubstitution refers to the replacement of one item by another.Words like one, do, so are common pro-forms.19ExamplesMy bicycle was stolen. I wi

12、ll have to buy another one.This hat is too small. I need a bigger one.- You think Joan already knows?- I think everybody does.- Are you buying the green jumper? - I dont think so20- What are you doing during the weekend? - I might go downtown to do something shopping. - If you _, could you buy some

13、cat food for me?21EllipsisEllipsis refers to the omission of an item, which can be explicitly recovered in the co-text.Joan brought some carnations, and Cathy some sweet peas.Group A should do Exercise 1 and Group B Exercise 2.22Is this a watch?No, it isnt. Its a clock.Are you a cricketer, sir?I was

14、 once upon a time. I subscribe to the club here, but I dont play23And how many hours a day did you do lessons? said Alice.Ten hours the first day, said the Mock Turtle: nine the next, and so on.24ConjunctionConjunction refers to the logico-semantic relations between elements in discourse.Conjunction

15、 is usually realized by conjunctives or connectives.25Types of conjunctionAdditive: and, and also, nor, or elseAdversative: yet, though, only, but, however,Causal: so, then, therefore, consequentlyTemporal: then, next, after that, finally 26Examples:小芳長得漂亮，而且很聰明。老王想睡覺，但睡不著。Susan was hospitalised bec

16、ause she was injured in a car accident.小芳昨晚一直在做作業(yè)，但是小強看了一整個晚上的電視。27Compare these examples老王想睡覺，但睡不著。小芳昨晚一直在做作業(yè)，但是小強看了一整個晚上的電視。Does 但 have the same function in the two examples?28Compare Slice the dead ends off the spinach. Next, slice stalks off from leaves. First, he was unable to stand upright. Ne

17、xt, he was incapable of inserting the key into the lock.Does next in these two examples signal the same kind of conjunction?29What conjunctives can be used if we combine these two sentences?Mike makes 2000 dollars a moth.His wife makes 5000.30What does “and” mean here? Man: I have come back to marry

18、 you.Woman: I dont love you anymore. Man: Ive waited for 20 years to marry you and now you said you dont love me anymore.31Lexical cohesionTypes of lexical cohesion:1. Reiteration (a) Same word (repetition) (b) Synonym/antonym (c) Superordinate (d) General word2. Collocation32Examples:Im always afra

19、id of dogs. Yesterday on my way to school I met a dog. and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.I stopped in front of a house. I press the door bell.33He fell asleep. When he woke up, twenty years had passed.There are all kinds of fruit in the

20、 market. Apples and bananas are very cheap.34投機的狂熱喲！投機的狂熱喲！你，黃金的洪水！泛濫吧！沖毀了一切堤防！ 矛盾：子夜35Sample analysis 1The cat only grinned when it was Alice.Come, its pleased so far, thought Alice, and she went on.Would you tell me, please, which way I ought to go from here?That depends a good deal on where you w

21、ant to go, said the Cat.I dont much care where said Alice.Then it doesnt matter which way you go, said the Cat. so long as I get somewhere, Alice added as an explanation.Oh, youre sure to do that, said the Cat, if you only walk long enough.36Sample analysis 2: students writingOnce there was a lazy teacher. Nobody knew whether he was really lazy or not .But for my part, Id rather consider him as a pioneer of new teaching way.As a