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1、詞的構(gòu)成方式第1頁,共63頁,2022年,5月20日,7點(diǎn)53分,星期三 1.Morpheme1.1 Definition of morphemeMorpheme)=Greek morph(form)+-eme(unit)It denotes the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.Q: How many morphemes does the word have?E.g. mono-morphemic: sky double-morph
2、emic: chill + y, boy + ish triple-morphemic: un+dress+ed, care+less+ness four-morphemic: un+fruit+ful+ness over-four-morphemic: un+gentle+man+li+ness transportationUncarefulnessdenationalization第2頁,共63頁,2022年,5月20日,7點(diǎn)53分,星期三1.2 AllomorphA morpheme may take various shapes or forms. E.g. s in books, p
3、igs, horses has the same meaning “more than one”, yet it has three different sounds. The three forms are variants of the same morphemes s. They are called allomorphs.An allomorph is any of the variant forms of a morph as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds. e.g. ion,-tion,-sion,-ation.They d
4、o not differ in meaning and function, but show a slight difference in sound .第3頁,共63頁,2022年,5月20日,7點(diǎn)53分,星期三More examples:In-,il,ir,im-edCon-,com,col第4頁,共63頁,2022年,5月20日,7點(diǎn)53分,星期三 2. classification of morphemesA: Free morphemes & bound morphemesFree morpheme is the one that can be uttered alone with
5、meaning.It can exist on its own without a bound morpheme.It is a word in traditional sense.E.g. man, book, read, eye, sky第5頁,共63頁,2022年,5月20日,7點(diǎn)53分,星期三A bound morpheme cannot stand by itself as a complete utterance, it must appear with at least one other morpheme, free or bound.E.g. reread, unkind,h
6、appilyInflectional elements are affixes are bound morphemes.第6頁,共63頁,2022年,5月20日,7點(diǎn)53分,星期三B: Roots and affixesRoot is the basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word.E.g. work, worker, working, worked, workableRoots are either free or bound.第7頁,共63頁,2022年,5
7、月20日,7點(diǎn)53分,星期三a: free roots can stand alone as words. E.g. book, pen, fan, hand, bodyb: bound roots belong to the class of bound morphemes.E.g. contain, detain, retain (to hold) conceive,Revive,vitamin,vital,vividInspect,expect,introspect,retrospect,Respect,suspect,prospect,perspect,Interpersonal, i
8、nteraction, interplay, interlanguage, intercontinentInter- is a prefix.第8頁,共63頁,2022年,5月20日,7點(diǎn)53分,星期三2. AffixAffix is a collective form for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme.They may be divided into inflectional; affixes and derivational affixes.第9頁,共63頁,2022
9、年,5月20日,7點(diǎn)53分,星期三Inflectional affixes serve to express such meanings as plurality, tense, and the comparative degree or superlative degree 表示詞的語法意義的是屈折詞綴。They express the following meanings:第10頁,共63頁,2022年,5月20日,7點(diǎn)53分,星期三Plurality名詞復(fù)數(shù)The genitive case 名詞所有格The comparative and superlative degrees 形容詞
10、/副詞比較級、最高級The verbal endings 動(dòng)詞詞尾變化e.g. -s in chairs, pens; -es in boxes, tomatoes; -en in oxene.g. s in boys, childrense.g. -er in words like smaller; -est in words like smallest.a. -(e)s in words like eats, teaches shows the third person singular present tense. b. -ing in words like eating, shows
11、the present participle or gerund. c. -(e)d in words like worked shows the past tense or past participle.第11頁,共63頁,2022年,5月20日,7點(diǎn)53分,星期三Derivational affixes(派生詞綴) are so called because when they are added to another morpheme, they derive a new word.E.g. de- defrost -decentralization -detrain -decode
12、-eer(人, 蔑視) Profiteer, blackmarketeer第12頁,共63頁,2022年,5月20日,7點(diǎn)53分,星期三Whats the difference between them? InflectionalOnly have its grammatical meaning;Doesnt change meaning or part of speech of the stem. (workworks)Indicates syntactic relations between different words in a sentence. DerivationalChange
13、s meaning or part of speech of the stem.( like-dislike, sleepasleep)Indicates semantic relations within the word. (specific lexical meaning,e.g., un-)Having lexical meaning and affective meaning.Can be added to different word class. Productive ones and dead ones第13頁,共63頁,2022年,5月20日,7點(diǎn)53分,星期三In word
14、-formation, morphemes are labeled root, stem, base and affix. 在構(gòu)詞法中, 語素被分為詞根、詞干、詞基和詞綴。 Root, stem, base詞根、詞干、詞基第14頁,共63頁,2022年,5月20日,7點(diǎn)53分,星期三 A root is that part of a word form that remains when all inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed. 詞根是所有屈折詞綴和派生詞綴被去掉后所剩余的那部分。詞根、詞干、詞基第15頁,共63頁
15、,2022年,5月20日,7點(diǎn)53分,星期三A stem is that part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed.詞干是所有屈折詞綴被去掉后所剩余的那部分。A base refers to a form to which affixes of any kind (both derivational and inflectional) can be added. It can be a root or a stem.詞基是任何一種詞綴都可加在上面的形式。第16頁,共63
16、頁,2022年,5月20日,7點(diǎn)53分,星期三詞根、詞干、詞基詞根(root)是所有屈折詞綴和派生詞綴被去掉后所剩余的那部分。詞干(stem)是所有屈折詞綴被去掉后所剩余的那部分。詞基(base)是任何一種詞綴都可加在上面的形式。 它與詞根有區(qū)別,因?yàn)樗强梢詮呐缮嵌冗M(jìn)行分析的形式,在上面可以加上派生詞綴。但是詞根則不容許做進(jìn)一步的分析。詞基與詞干也是不同的,因?yàn)榕缮~綴和屈折詞綴都可以加在詞基上,而只有屈折詞綴可以加在詞干上。第17頁,共63頁,2022年,5月20日,7點(diǎn)53分,星期三Task: Analyze the word in terms of root, stem and ba
17、see.g., (root/base) (derivational suffix) desire able (derivational prefix) ( base) un desirable (a.) (stem/base) (inflectional suffix) undesirable (n.) s (root/stem/base) (inflectional suffix) desire (v.) d第18頁,共63頁,2022年,5月20日,7點(diǎn)53分,星期三 free-free rootMorpheme bound root bound affixes inflectional
18、derivational prefix suffix (en-, be-, a-)第19頁,共63頁,2022年,5月20日,7點(diǎn)53分,星期三 Word-formationDerivationConversionCompositionAbbreviationBlendingBack-formation第20頁,共63頁,2022年,5月20日,7點(diǎn)53分,星期三1.CompositionCompounding復(fù)合法The way of putting two words together to form a new word is composition. The word is calle
19、d compound.(free morpheme+free morpheme)第21頁,共63頁,2022年,5月20日,7點(diǎn)53分,星期三1.1 How to identify a compoundWritten form: 3 typesSemantically: not simply semantically add together redcoat英國士兵,greenhouse溫室,greenroom,greenhorn,greenfly蚜蟲,greenback美鈔,greenline,greentail心疼,胃疼;新鞋,破鞋Grammatically: Blackbird畫眉,no
20、t “a black night bird” special structurePhonetically: stress syllable always on the first漢語第二個(gè)音節(jié):輕聲東西,運(yùn)氣第22頁,共63頁,2022年,5月20日,7點(diǎn)53分,星期三1.2 semantic analysisMostly the part of speech is decided by the second part. (except breakthrough)Mostly , modifier+center: fifteen,Sunday,reading-roomBut maybe the
21、 same structure with different meaningE.g. homeletterhomevoyagehomelifehomebirdhomesicknesshomegamesEven some of them are very hard to analyze.E.g. womannostril=nosu(nose)+yrel(hole)第23頁,共63頁,2022年,5月20日,7點(diǎn)53分,星期三1.3 Compound nounsAdj+n. harddisk,easychair,deadline,N+p.p. machine-building ,handwriti
22、ng N.+n. information highway, barcode lipservice,spaceship,weekend, she-wolfAdv+n. aftereffect, overburden,upgrade,Adv+v. upstart,downfall, onflow,V+adv put-off,show-off gentlemanV+n. breakfast,swearword,jumpsuitN+v. toothpick, snowfall, watersupply第24頁,共63頁,2022年,5月20日,7點(diǎn)53分,星期三Syntactic relation b
23、etween the morphemes in compound1. modifier+ center2.sub.+verb3.verb+obj.4. sub.+obj.5. parallel structure6.apposition第25頁,共63頁,2022年,5月20日,7點(diǎn)53分,星期三1.4 compound adj. 分為五種:(1)由狀語轉(zhuǎn)化而成的復(fù)合形容詞:an off-the-cuff opinion (臨時(shí)想起的一點(diǎn)意見),round-the-clock discussion(連續(xù)二十四小時(shí)的討論會),the ahead-of-schedule general elect
24、ion(提前舉行的大選),an off-camera announcer(影屏外的播音員),first on-scene attempt to detect life on Mars(第一次對火星上有無生命的實(shí)景考察)(2)由短語動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化而成的復(fù)合形容詞:a back-up generator(備用發(fā)電機(jī)),a stand-up collar(豎領(lǐng)),a walk-in closet(人可以走進(jìn)去的大壁櫥),a break-in period(草創(chuàng)時(shí)期),a walk-on appearance(跑龍?zhí)捉巧难莩觯?,a seethrough shirt(薄得透明的襯衫)第26頁,共63頁,20
25、22年,5月20日,7點(diǎn)53分,星期三(3)由動(dòng)詞不定式轉(zhuǎn)化而成的復(fù)合形容詞:take-home pay (扣除捐稅后的實(shí)得工資),a cross-border raid(越界襲擊),a keep-fit class(保健班)。the talk-talk,fight-fight strategy可譯成“停停打打的戰(zhàn)略” ; divide-and-rule policy可譯成 “分而治之的政策” hit-and-run tactics可譯成 “打了就跑的戰(zhàn)術(shù)” 。第27頁,共63頁,2022年,5月20日,7點(diǎn)53分,星期三(4)由帶有介詞的后置定語構(gòu)成的復(fù)合形容詞:這種結(jié)構(gòu)的形態(tài)標(biāo)志是形容詞+
26、名詞或名詞+名詞。Foreign-policy discussions(外交政策的討論)=discussions on foreign policy, national-security matters(國家安全事物)=matters concerning national security, flood-retreat cultivation(洪水退去后的耕種)=cultivation after the retreat of a flood, weather modification ideas(改變氣候的設(shè)想)=ideas about modification of the weathe
27、r, a troop withdrawal proposal(撤軍的建議)=a proposal for withdrawal of troops, a coffee-price brake(煞住咖啡價(jià)格的漲風(fēng))=a brake on the rise of the price of coffee,the election-eve situation(大選前夕的形勢)=the situation on the eve of an election.第28頁,共63頁,2022年,5月20日,7點(diǎn)53分,星期三(5)由定語從句壓縮而成的復(fù)合形容詞:an easy-to-paint portrai
28、t(一幅容易繪畫的像), a difficult-to-operate machine(一部難于操縱的機(jī)器)=a machine which is difficult to operate, hard-to-get-at volumes(難以借到的圖書)。類似的結(jié)構(gòu)還有:a not-so-strong football team(一個(gè)實(shí)力不太強(qiáng)的足球隊(duì)),the too-eager-not-to-lose old champions(那些求勝心切的老冠軍),the still-to-be-made announcement(有待宣布的聲明)。第29頁,共63頁,2022年,5月20日,7點(diǎn)53
29、分,星期三Syntactic relation between the morphemes in adj.Adj+adverdialVerb+adverbialSub.+verbVerb+objAttribute+noun.parallel第30頁,共63頁,2022年,5月20日,7點(diǎn)53分,星期三1.5 Compound verbMainly formed by conversion and backformation.By conversion: machine-gun, spotlight(使突出),nickname, honeymoon,By backformation:masspr
30、oduction,sight-seeing, chainsmoker,proofreading(校對)第31頁,共63頁,2022年,5月20日,7點(diǎn)53分,星期三2.Conversion轉(zhuǎn)化法A word is used as another word-class with new meaning and function but without any change in form. The method is conversion functional shiftzero-derivation.第32頁,共63頁,2022年,5月20日,7點(diǎn)53分,星期三2.1Convert into
31、verbNoun into verbR.Quirk 把轉(zhuǎn)成動(dòng)詞與原名詞的語義關(guān)系分成7種:To put inon 把放入(地方、容器、建筑物等)To give n. to provide with n.給予,提供To deprive of 去除Towith n. 用做(人體部位或工具)To beact as n. with respect to 像那樣To change into, 使成為To sendgo by n. 用寄送; 乘前往According to the context deal with the conversion flexibly. Eg. To dust第33頁,共63頁
32、,2022年,5月20日,7點(diǎn)53分,星期三Adj into verbTo dry, to blind, to narrow, to empty, to freeAdv into verbTo yes, to better, to further, to up, to outPrep. Into verbTo round, crossExclamation into verbTo shoo(“噓噓”地趕), to shush(to be quiet)第34頁,共63頁,2022年,5月20日,7點(diǎn)53分,星期三2.2 into n.Verb into n.The nouns from verb
33、 mostly indicate the original action and state, so they always collocate with to have, to take, to make and to give .Eg. Have a look,have a try, a rest.第35頁,共63頁,2022年,5月20日,7點(diǎn)53分,星期三Semantically, nouns from verb may refer to:Doer of the action: cook, cheat, sneakResult of verb: import, find, refuse
34、Tool: catch, cover, wrapPlace: dump, turn, divide, pass第36頁,共63頁,2022年,5月20日,7點(diǎn)53分,星期三e.英語中有不少短語動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞,構(gòu)成名詞化短語動(dòng)詞。名詞化短語動(dòng)詞從其成分之間的組合關(guān)系來看可分成兩大類:右分枝結(jié)構(gòu)(right branching)和左分枝結(jié)構(gòu)(left branching)。E.g. break-up,fallout, cut-back outlay, upstart, outcome第37頁,共63頁,2022年,5月20日,7點(diǎn)53分,星期三同源對似詞(cognates/etymological
35、 doublets)Eg.repeat重奏,重演/repetition重復(fù):command(指揮;指令)/commandment(戒律;圣訓(xùn))combine(聯(lián)合企業(yè);聯(lián)合收割機(jī))/combination(聯(lián)合;結(jié)合體)exhaust(排出的氣;排氣裝置)/exhaustion(筋疲力盡;耗盡)第38頁,共63頁,2022年,5月20日,7點(diǎn)53分,星期三Adj into n.Fullcomplete conversion and partial conversionFull conversion refers to the converted nouns have all the gramm
36、atical features of the noun.(-s, s,theaan n.) Eg. native第39頁,共63頁,2022年,5月20日,7點(diǎn)53分,星期三Partial conversion refers to the converted nouns only have some features of the noun.The poor, the very unfortunate, the poorer than oneself, the most corrupt of them.這一類詞大致可分成以下五種:a.表示一種類的概念,指具有某種特點(diǎn)的一類人,不指個(gè)別人。例如:
37、These books are intended for the deaf and mute.b.以-s, -se, -sh, -ch結(jié)尾表示民族概念的形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞,與定冠詞連用,指整個(gè)民族。例如:The Danish are a seafaring nation.第40頁,共63頁,2022年,5月20日,7點(diǎn)53分,星期三c.表示抽象概念,指具有某種特點(diǎn)的東西。例如:It is highly important to distinguish between the false and the true.d.最高級形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞,其中有一些詞用在固定詞組或習(xí)語詞組中。例如:He was
38、 at his best when talking about music.e.由過去分詞構(gòu)成的形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞。這類詞如果前面加定冠詞,則不指一般人,而指特定的人,如the deceased(死者),the accused(被告),the deserted(被遺棄的人),the betrothed(訂婚者),the bereaved(死難者的家屬),the condemned(被定罪的人)等。第41頁,共63頁,2022年,5月20日,7點(diǎn)53分,星期三上述名詞化形容詞前均加上定冠詞,但也有例外的情況。在表示兩個(gè)相對概念的詞并列時(shí),定冠詞可以省略。例如:Both old and young
39、took part in the run.Well stand by you through thick and thin.有些名詞化形容詞出現(xiàn)在固定詞組中,也不用定冠詞。例如:He hoped that the repairs would stop the leak for good.第42頁,共63頁,2022年,5月20日,7點(diǎn)53分,星期三Others into n.The haves and havenots, ins and outs, pros and cons, ,ups and downs, ifs and buts, whys and hows, a must第43頁,共6
40、3頁,2022年,5月20日,7點(diǎn)53分,星期三2.3 converted into adj.(nounce words)Over-the-counterOut-of-the-wayOut-of-the-controlOut-of-the-shapeOut-of-the-conditionOut-of-the-powerOut-of-action第44頁,共63頁,2022年,5月20日,7點(diǎn)53分,星期三3.Abbreviation 縮略法The abbreviated words are made by omitting or shortening the word syllables.
41、The word-formation is called abbreviation or shortening.第45頁,共63頁,2022年,5月20日,7點(diǎn)53分,星期三Why?A.The trend of simplificationmonosyllabism (Chinese-doublesyllabism)B. to save time and space, past only in political and military areas, now nearly every field.漢語中6萬,英語中45萬第46頁,共63頁,2022年,5月20日,7點(diǎn)53分,星期三Side-
42、effects:過分求簡,影響準(zhǔn)確,造成混亂。南大,三等公民,省長,白領(lǐng),你永別了,前夫第47頁,共63頁,2022年,5月20日,7點(diǎn)53分,星期三3.1 Clipped word 截短詞The word is made by cutting out the original words one or more syllables.3.1.1 out the head 掐頭型Buscellocyclephonequakevanwigscopeplane3.1.2 out the end 去尾型Adautobikegaslavmemophotomiketele3.1.3 out the hea
43、d and end 掐頭去尾型Flutecdeptscriptfridge3.1.4contractions 縮約形式It refers to the abbreviated words with suspension points. GovtRecdeerneercant第48頁,共63頁,2022年,5月20日,7點(diǎn)53分,星期三3.2Initialism 首字母縮略詞It refers to the abbreviated word made by the first letter of each word of a phrase, it would be read by its let
44、ter sound.BBCEECWTOMTVIOCV-DayOPEC=Organization of Petroleum Exporting CountriesGATT=General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeCEO=chief executive officierDIY=do it yourselfIOU=I own youKiss= keep it simple stupid(保持簡單笨拙)co,p.s第49頁,共63頁,2022年,5月20日,7點(diǎn)53分,星期三Acronyms 首字母拼音詞The word is formed by the first letter of each word of a phrase, read as a word.NilkdinkyNATOUNESCOSOHO=Small office, Home OfficeRadar=radio detection and rangingLaser=lightwave amplification by
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