單片機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯-單片機(jī)的歷史

1、附錄A譯單片機(jī)的歷1971 年十一月，一家名為英特爾的公司公開推出了世界上第一個(gè)單芯片微美國(guó)專利3821715），這是由英特爾的工程師Mazor 費(fèi)FagginHoff和斯坦創(chuàng)造的。在創(chuàng)造了集成電路這一革命性的電腦4004芯片通過將全部的電腦系統(tǒng)（即中心處理單元，存儲(chǔ)器，輸入和輸出把握）英特爾的歷史1968Fairchild半導(dǎo)體公司工作的鮑勃諾伊斯和戈登摩爾兩個(gè)當(dāng)時(shí) Fairchild 人寵愛被昵稱為Fairchildren 。鮑勃諾伊斯自己寫了一網(wǎng)頁關(guān)于他想要?jiǎng)?chuàng)辦的新公司的構(gòu)思，而這些構(gòu)思也足已說服舊金ft上羅克在不到兩天內(nèi)就賺了$250 萬美元。一個(gè)芯片是否能具有 12 種功能1969

2、Busicom 12 Busicom 制造的計(jì)算器。12Busicom協(xié)議。FagginMazor果誕生了，它填補(bǔ)了之前芯片的一些不足之處。40046 Busicom Busicom 變破產(chǎn)了，他們生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品從未使用過4004 芯片。英特爾又提出了4004芯片在幾個(gè)月之內(nèi)便得到了人們的廣泛使用。英特爾 4004 微處理器4004 是世界上第一個(gè)通用的微處理器。在 60 TedHoffMOSCPU（中心處理單元）的制造成為可能，因此他也就成為史上有這前衛(wèi)意識(shí)的第一人?；舴蚝陀⑻貭栭_發(fā)團(tuán)隊(duì)在一個(gè)只有4毫米長(zhǎng)3毫米寬的電腦內(nèi)部安裝了超過23004CPU是一個(gè)一個(gè)小的創(chuàng)造啦！今日的 64 位微處550

3、單片機(jī)構(gòu)架NVIDIA nForce媒體與通訊處理器（MCP）NVIDIA 于領(lǐng)先地位。NVIDIA 架構(gòu)供應(yīng)了一種固N(yùn)VIDIAnForceMCP也顯著提高者設(shè)備HyperTransportCPUNVIDIAMCP度高達(dá) 0.220.15的熱量，簡(jiǎn)化了庫存管理和成本。NVIDIA RAID NVIDIA NVIDIAnForce解決方案供應(yīng)了支持最新圖片的功能。AVR 單片機(jī)AVR 單片機(jī)了。AVR 內(nèi)核具有豐富的指令集32 (ALU) 相連接，使CISC10ATmega8:8KFlash( 具有同時(shí)讀寫的力量RWW)，512EEPROM，1KSRAM，32I/O口線，32 個(gè)通用工作寄存器

4、，三個(gè)具有比較模式的機(jī)敏的定時(shí)器/ 計(jì)數(shù)器(T/C), 片內(nèi)/ 外中斷，可編程串行USART，面對(duì)字節(jié)的兩線串行接口，10 位6 路(8 路為TQFP 與MLF 封裝)ADC，具有片內(nèi)振蕩器的可編程看門狗定時(shí)器，一個(gè)SPI 串行端口，以及五種可以通過軟件進(jìn)行選擇的省電模式。工作于空閑模式時(shí)CPU 停止工作，而SRAM、T/C、SPI 端口以及中斷系統(tǒng)連續(xù)工作；掉電模式時(shí)晶體振蕩器停止振蕩，全部功能除了中斷和硬件復(fù)位之外都停止工作在省電模式下異步定時(shí)器連續(xù)運(yùn)行允許用戶保持一個(gè)時(shí)間基準(zhǔn)而其余功能模塊處于休眠狀態(tài)；ADC 噪聲抑制模式時(shí)終止CPU和除了異步定時(shí)器與ADC以外全部I/O模塊的工作以降低

5、ADC轉(zhuǎn)換時(shí)的開關(guān)噪聲；Standby模式下只有晶體或諧振振蕩器運(yùn)行其余功能模塊處于休眠狀態(tài)使得器件只消耗極少的電流，同時(shí)具有快速啟動(dòng)力量。Atmel ISP Flash ISP 串行接口，或者通用編程器進(jìn)行編程，也可以通過運(yùn)行于 AVR 內(nèi)核之中的引導(dǎo)程序進(jìn)行編程。引導(dǎo)程序可以使用任意接口將應(yīng)用程Flash 存儲(chǔ)區(qū)(Application Flash Memory)Flash 存儲(chǔ)區(qū)Flash區(qū)(BootFlashMemory)RWW 8RISCCPUFlash集成在一個(gè)芯片內(nèi)，ATmega8案。但由于單片機(jī)對(duì)成本是敏感的， 所以目前占統(tǒng)治地位的軟件還是最低級(jí)匯編語言，它是除了二進(jìn)制機(jī)器碼以

6、上最低級(jí)的語言了，既然這么低級(jí)為什么還要用呢？很多高級(jí)的語言已經(jīng)達(dá)到了可視化編程的水平為什么不用呢？緣由很簡(jiǎn)潔，就是單片機(jī)沒有家用計(jì)算機(jī)那樣的CPU ，也沒有像硬盤那樣也會(huì)達(dá)到幾十 K 的尺寸！對(duì)于家用 PC 的硬盤來講沒什么， 可是對(duì)于單片機(jī)來講是不能接受的。單片機(jī)在硬件資源方面的利用率必需很高才行，所以但由于單片機(jī)對(duì)成本是敏感的， 所以目前占統(tǒng)治地位的軟件還是最低級(jí)匯編語言，它是除了二進(jìn)制機(jī)器碼以上最低級(jí)的語言了，既然這么低級(jí)為什么還要用呢？很多高級(jí)的語言已經(jīng)達(dá)到了可視化編程的水平為什么不用呢？緣由很簡(jiǎn)潔，就是單片機(jī)沒有家用計(jì)算機(jī)那樣的CPU ，也沒有像硬盤那樣也會(huì)達(dá)到幾十 K 的尺寸！對(duì)

7、于家用 PC 的硬盤來講沒什么， 可是對(duì)于單片機(jī)來講是不能接受的。單片機(jī)在硬件資源方面的利用率必需很高才行，所以匯編雖然原始卻還是在大量使用。一樣的道理，假如把巨型計(jì)算機(jī)上的操作系統(tǒng)和應(yīng)用軟件拿到家用 PC 上來運(yùn)行，家用 PC 的也是承受不了的。可以說，二十世紀(jì)跨越了三個(gè)電 的時(shí)代，即電氣時(shí)代、電子時(shí)代和現(xiàn)已進(jìn)入的電腦時(shí)代。不過，這種電腦，通常是指?jìng)€(gè)人計(jì)算機(jī)，簡(jiǎn)稱PC 機(jī)它由主機(jī)、鍵盤、顯示器等組成。還有一類計(jì)算機(jī)，大多數(shù)人卻不怎么熟悉。這種計(jì)算機(jī)就是把智能賜予各種機(jī)械的單片機(jī)（亦稱微把握器）和把握由于它體積小通常都藏在被控機(jī)械的肚子 里它在整個(gè)裝置中起著有如人類頭腦的作用，它出了毛病，整個(gè)

8、裝置就癱瘓了?，F(xiàn)在，這種代的功效，常在產(chǎn)品名稱前冠以形容詞 智能型 ，如智能型洗衣機(jī)等現(xiàn)在有些工廠的技術(shù)人員或其它業(yè)余電子開發(fā)者搞出來的某些產(chǎn)品，不是單片機(jī)的應(yīng)用電路太簡(jiǎn)單，就是功能太簡(jiǎn)潔且極易被仿制。究其緣由，可能就卡在產(chǎn)品未使用單片機(jī)或其它可編程規(guī)律器件上。單片機(jī)的應(yīng)用目前單片機(jī)滲透到我們生活的各個(gè)領(lǐng)域，幾乎很難找到哪個(gè)領(lǐng)域沒有單片機(jī)的蹤跡。導(dǎo)彈的導(dǎo)航裝置，飛機(jī)上各種儀表的把握，計(jì)算機(jī)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)通訊與數(shù)據(jù)傳輸，工業(yè)自動(dòng)化過程的實(shí)時(shí)把握和數(shù)據(jù)處理，廣泛使用的各種智能 IC 卡，民用豪華轎車的安全保障系統(tǒng)，錄像機(jī)、攝像機(jī)、全自動(dòng)洗衣機(jī)的把握，以及程控玩具、電子寵物等等，這些都離不開單片機(jī)。更不用說

9、自動(dòng)把握領(lǐng)域的機(jī)器人、智能儀表、醫(yī)療器械以及各種智能機(jī)械了。因此，單片機(jī)的學(xué)習(xí)、開發(fā)與應(yīng)用將造就一批計(jì)算機(jī)應(yīng)用與智能化把握的科學(xué)家、工程師。單片機(jī)廣泛應(yīng)用于儀器儀表、家用電器、醫(yī)用設(shè)備、航空航天、專用設(shè)備的智能化管理及過程把握等領(lǐng)域，大致可分如下幾個(gè)范疇：在智能儀器儀表上的應(yīng)用單片機(jī)具有體積小、功耗低、把握功能強(qiáng)、擴(kuò)展機(jī)敏、微型化和使用便利等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，廣泛應(yīng)用于儀器儀表中，結(jié)合不同類型的傳感器，可實(shí)現(xiàn)諸如電壓、功率、頻率、濕度、溫度、流量、速度、厚度、角度、長(zhǎng)度、硬度、元素、壓力等物理量的測(cè)量。接受單片機(jī)把握使得儀器儀表數(shù)字化、智能化、微型化，且功能比起接受電子或數(shù)字電路更加強(qiáng)大。例如精密的測(cè)量設(shè)

10、備（功率計(jì)，示波器，各種分析儀）。這里面最好的例子便是電子秤了。現(xiàn)代社會(huì)的進(jìn)展對(duì)其稱重技術(shù)提出了更高的要求。目前，臺(tái)式電了秤在商業(yè)貿(mào)易中的使用已相當(dāng)普遍，但存在較大的局限性：體積大、成本高需要工頻溝通電源供應(yīng)、攜帶不便、應(yīng)用場(chǎng)所受到制約。但是在工業(yè)測(cè)量中還沒有讓人們期盼的電子秤消滅。多年來，人們始終期盼測(cè)量精確、價(jià)格低廉的在工業(yè)進(jìn)展中起到巨大作用的電子秤投放市場(chǎng)。2.在工業(yè)把握中的應(yīng)用2.在工業(yè)把握中的應(yīng)用用單片機(jī)可以構(gòu)成形式多樣的把握系統(tǒng)、數(shù)據(jù)采集系統(tǒng)。例如工廠流水線的智能化管理，電梯智能化把握、各種報(bào)警系統(tǒng)，與計(jì)算機(jī)聯(lián)網(wǎng)構(gòu)成二級(jí)把握系統(tǒng)等。在家用電器中的應(yīng)用可以這樣說，現(xiàn)在的家用電器基本上

11、都接受了單片機(jī)把握，從電飯煲洗衣機(jī)、電冰箱、空調(diào)機(jī)、彩電、其他音響視頻器材、再到電子秤量設(shè)備， 五花八門，無所不在。在計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)和通信領(lǐng)域中的應(yīng)用現(xiàn)代的單片機(jī)普遍具備通信接口，可以很便利地與計(jì)算機(jī)進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)通信，為在計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)和通信設(shè)備間的應(yīng)用供應(yīng)了極好的物質(zhì)條件，現(xiàn)在的通信設(shè)備基本上都實(shí)現(xiàn)了單片機(jī)靈能把握，從手機(jī)，電話機(jī)、小型程控交換機(jī)、樓宇自動(dòng)通信呼叫系統(tǒng)、列車無線通信、再到日常工作中隨處可見的移動(dòng)電話，集群移動(dòng)通信，無線電對(duì)講機(jī)等。單片機(jī)在醫(yī)用設(shè)備領(lǐng)域中的應(yīng)用單片機(jī)在醫(yī)用設(shè)備中的用途亦相當(dāng)廣泛，例如醫(yī)用呼吸機(jī)，各種分析儀，監(jiān)護(hù)儀，超聲診斷設(shè)備及病床呼叫系統(tǒng)等等。在各種大型電器中的模塊化應(yīng)用

12、某些專用單片機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)用于實(shí)現(xiàn)特定功能，從而在各種電路中進(jìn)行模塊化應(yīng)用，而不要求使用人員了解其內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)。如音樂集成單片機(jī)，看似簡(jiǎn)潔的功能，微縮在純電子芯片中（有別于磁帶機(jī)的原理），就需要簡(jiǎn)單的類似于計(jì)算機(jī)的原理。如：音樂信號(hào)以數(shù)字的形式存于存儲(chǔ)器中（類似于ROM），由微把握器讀出，轉(zhuǎn)化為模擬音樂電信號(hào)（類似于聲卡）。在大型電路中，這種模塊化應(yīng)用極大地縮小了體積，簡(jiǎn)化了電路，降低了損壞、錯(cuò)誤率，也便利于更換。單片機(jī)在電子設(shè)備領(lǐng)域中的應(yīng)用單片機(jī)在各種電子中的應(yīng)用格外廣泛，例如汽車中的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)把握器，基于CAN 總線的汽車發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)靈能電子把握器，GPS 導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)，abs 防抱系統(tǒng)，制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)等等。此外，單片機(jī)

13、在工商，金融，科研、教育，國(guó)防航空航天等領(lǐng)域都有著格外廣泛的用途。在這方面最好的例子便是單片機(jī)在先進(jìn)液晶電視把握器當(dāng)中的運(yùn)用。一、能量回饋單元工作原理在變頻調(diào)速系統(tǒng)中，當(dāng)電機(jī)的負(fù)載是位能式負(fù)載如：油田抽油機(jī)、礦用提升機(jī)等；或大慣量負(fù)載如：風(fēng)機(jī)、水泥制管、動(dòng)平衡機(jī)等；以及軋鋼機(jī)、大型龍門刨床、機(jī)床主軸等需要快速制動(dòng)類負(fù)載時(shí)，電機(jī)都不行避開地存在發(fā)電過程，即電機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)子在外力的拖動(dòng)或負(fù)載自身轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量的維持下，使得電機(jī)的實(shí)際轉(zhuǎn)速大于變頻器輸出的同步轉(zhuǎn)速，電機(jī)所發(fā)出的電能將會(huì)儲(chǔ)存在變頻器的直流母線濾波電容中，假如不把這部分能量消耗掉，那么直流母線電壓就會(huì)快速上升，影響變頻器的正常工作。流環(huán)節(jié)的直流電壓逆變

14、成與電網(wǎng)電壓同頻同相的溝通電壓，經(jīng)多重噪聲濾波環(huán)節(jié)后連接到溝通電網(wǎng)，從而達(dá)到能量回饋電網(wǎng)的目的，回饋到電網(wǎng)的電能達(dá)到發(fā)電能量的 97%以上，有效節(jié)省電能。二、能量回饋單元留意事項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤的操作或不當(dāng)?shù)陌惭b可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致人身財(cái)產(chǎn)的損失，因此建議由受過專 門訓(xùn)練的人員安裝操作。、安裝和接線時(shí)，為確保安全，請(qǐng)務(wù)必將能量回饋單元和與其相連 的變頻器電源全部斷開，并且等待510分鐘，待變頻器內(nèi)部電容上儲(chǔ)的電能全部放電完畢后，才可操作。、能量回饋單元與變頻器的距離盡可能靠近，最遠(yuǎn)不要超過2 米。、由于能量回饋單元內(nèi)部的特殊設(shè)計(jì)，使得用戶可以不考慮電網(wǎng)的相序，即：能量回饋單元的A、B、C 接線端子不用與電網(wǎng)的A、B

15、、C 或變頻器的輸入 R、S、T一一對(duì)應(yīng)。但是接線時(shí)要求能量回饋單元的A、BC 端子必需和變頻器的溝通輸入端子R、S、T 直接相連，不行以通過任何中間開關(guān)或接觸器，也不行以連接到其他溝通回路。、能量回饋單元的DC(+)端子與變頻器的直流母線正相連接，DC(-)與變頻器的直流母線負(fù)相聯(lián)接，這兩根電纜建議接受軟電纜，并且絞合連接，以削減輻射。、位于散熱器上的 PE 以連接電網(wǎng)的零線 (中性線)。100mm 內(nèi)、左右 30mm 內(nèi)不能有其他遮擋物影響空氣流淌。三、能量回饋單元適用場(chǎng)合能量回饋單元應(yīng)用在位能式負(fù)載如：油田抽油機(jī)、礦用提升機(jī)等；能量回饋單元適用于大慣量負(fù)載如：風(fēng)機(jī)水泥制管、動(dòng)平衡機(jī)離心機(jī)

16、等；刨床、機(jī)床主軸等，四、能量回饋單元與制動(dòng)單元的區(qū)分能量回饋單元是將電機(jī)再生發(fā)電的電能反饋回電網(wǎng)(此時(shí)電表反轉(zhuǎn)其他設(shè)備使用，回饋效率可以高達(dá)97%以上。而制動(dòng)單元需和制動(dòng)電阻一起使用，將電機(jī)再生發(fā)電的電能消耗在制動(dòng)電阻上變成熱能鋪張掉。小，無法實(shí)現(xiàn)電機(jī)的精密制動(dòng).參考文獻(xiàn)和東，稀土（1992 ）。 IBM 公司的RISC 處理器（RSC）的 。 處理器的電腦程序， 1991 IEEE 國(guó)際會(huì)議及超大規(guī)模集成電路計(jì)算機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)。 IEEE 200-204 頁，書號(hào) 0-8186-3110-4 。附錄B外文原文InNovember,1971,acompanycalledIntelpubliclyin

17、troducedtheworldsfirst singlechipmicroprocessor,theIntel4004(U.S.Patent#3,821,715),inventedbyIntel engineersFedericoFaggin,TedHoff,andStanMazor.Aftertheinvention ofintegratedcircuitsrevolutionizedcomputerdesign,theonlyplacetogowasdown- insizethatis.TheIntel4004chiptooktheintegratedcircuitdownonestep

18、furtherby placingallthepartsthatmadeacomputerthink(i.e.centralprocessingunit,memory, inputandoutputcontrols)ononesmallchip.Programmingintelligenceintoinanimate objects had now becomepossible.The History of IntelIn1968,BobNoyceandGordonMooreweretwounhappyengineersworking fortheFairchildSemiconductorC

19、ompanywhodecidedtoquitandcreatetheirown companyatatimewhenmanyFairchildemployeeswereleavingtocreatestart-ups.People like Noyce and Moore were nicknamed the Fairchildren.BobNoycetypedhimselfaonepageideaofwhathewantedtodowithhisnew company,andthatwasenoughtoconvinceSanFranciscoventurecapitalistArtRock

20、 tobackNoycesandMooresnewventure.Rockraised$2.5milliondollarsinless than 2days.One Chip Does the Work of TwelveInlate1969,apotentialclientfromJapancalledBusicom,askedtohavetwelve customchipsdesigned.Separatechipsforkeyboardscanning,displaycontrol,printer controlandotherfunctionsforaBusicom-manufactu

21、redcalculator.Inteldidnothavethemanpowerforthejobbuttheydidhavethebrainpowerto comeupwithasolution.Intelengineer,TedHoffdecidedthatIntelcouldbuildone chip to do the work of twelve. Intel and Busicom agreed and funded the programmable, general-purpose logicchip.FedericoFagginheadedthedesignteamalongw

22、ithTedHoffandStanMazor, whowrotethesoftwareforthenewchip.Ninemonthslater,arevolutionwasborn.At 1/8thinchwideby1/6thinchlongandconsistingof2,300MOS(metaloxidesemiconductor) transistors, the baby chip had as much power as the ENIAC, which had filled 3,000 cubic feet with 18,000 vacuum tubes.Cleverly,I

23、nteldecidedtobuybackthedesignandmarketingrightstothe4004 from Busicomfor$60,000.The nextyearBusicomwent bankrupt,theyproducedaproductusingthe4004.Intelfollowedaclevermarketingplanencouragethedevelopmentofapplicationsforthe4004chip,leadingtoits widespread use withinmonths.The Intel 4004 Microprocesso

24、rThe4004wastheworldsfirstuniversalmicroprocessor.Inthelate1960s,many scientistshaddiscussedthepossibilityofacomputeronachip,butnearlyeveryone feltthatintegratedcircuittechnologywasnotyetreadytosupportsuchachip.Intels TedHofffeltdifferently;hewasthefirstpersontorecognizethatthenew silicon-gatedMOStec

25、hnologymightmakeasingle-chipCPU(centralprocessingunit) possible.HoffandtheIntelteamdevelopedsuchanarchitecturewithjustover2,300 transistors in an area of only 3 by 4 millimetres. With its 4-bit CPU, command register, decoder, decoding control, control monitoring of machine commands and interimregist

26、er,the4004wasoneheckofalittleinvention.Todays64-bit microprocessorsarestillbasedonsimilardesigns,andthemicroprocessorisstillthe most complex mass-produced product ever with more than 5.5 million transistors performinghundredsofmillionsofcalculationseachsecond-numbersthataresure to be outdatedfast.Th

27、e single chip structureThe NVIDIA nForce media and communications processors (MCPs) deliver advanced technologies and unmatched performance to desktop, mobile, professionalsystems,andcontinuetheNVIDIAtraditionofindustry-leadingplatform technology. Coupled with the NVIDIA Unified Driver Architecture

28、(UDA),which ensures a stable software image for simplified deployment and upgrades inthe enterprise, the feature-rich NVIDIA MCP platforms deliver value withoutcompromisingperformance,andenableanewgenerationofhighlyefficientscalablesystems:Loweredlatencies: Thesingle-chipNVIDIAarchitectureprovidesin

29、herentperformanceadvantagecomparedtodual-chipimplementationsofthesame functionality. In addition to overall latency reductions, the NVIDIA nForcesignificantly boosts device throughput. Anextremelyfastdedicated HyperTransport linkletstheNVIDIAMCPscommunicatewiththeCPUatupto8.0GBps,which ensuresamples

30、ystembandwidth.Thisisespeciallybeneficialwhenmultipledevices areactive,orforsupportinghigh-bandwidthdevices.Design efficiency: The NVIDIA single-chip architecture uses 0.15 micron processtechnologycomparedwiththe0.22micronprocessusedbyexistingsolutions onthemarkettoday.Thissolutionoffersunmatchedint

31、egrationoffeaturesfunctionalityandresultsin:Simplifiedboardlayoutsandmoreroomforon-board features and add-on chipsets. Lower power consumption and dissipated Simplifiedinventorymanagementandcostefficiencies.Advanced technology features: Built-in NVIDIA RAID technology delivers optimized disk perform

32、ance through disk striping and fault tolerance through disk mirroring.SelectversionsoftheNVIDIAnForceMCPsincorporateanativeGigabit EthernetportTCP/IPacceleration.NVIDIAdeliversthehighestnetworkingsolutionfordesktopsandworkstations.Inaddition,NVIDIAnForce solutionsoffersupportforthelatestgraphicsproc

33、essors.The NVIDIA nForce MCPs uphold NVIDIAs traditionsofreliability,stability, and compatibility. Adherence to the Companys standards for engineering excellence continuestoensurethesuccessofagrowingbaseofdesignpartnersbuildingsystems andsolutionswithAMDandNVIDIAtechnology.AVR single chipThebestexam

34、pleisAVRsinglechip.Itscorecombinesarichinstructionwith32generalpurposeworkingregisters.Allthe32registersaredirectlyconnectedtotheArithmeticLogicUnit(ALU), allowingtwoindependentregisterstobeaccessedinonesingleinstructionexecutedinoneclockcycle.Theresultingarchitectureismorecodeefficientwhileachievin

35、g throughputsuptotentimesfasterthanconventionalCISCmicrocontrollers.TheATmega8providesthefollowingfeatures:8KbytesofIn-System Programmable Flash with Read-While-Write capabilities, 512 bytes of EEPROM, 1K byteofSRAM,23generalpurposeI/Olines,32generalpurposeworkingregisters, threeflexibleTimer/Counte

36、rswithcomparemodes,internalandexternalinterrupts,a serialprogram-mableUSART,abyteorientedTwo-wireSerialInterface,a6-channel ADC(eightchannelsinTQFPandMLFpackages)wherefour(six)channelshave 10-bit accuracy and two channels have 8-bit accuracy, a programmable Watchdog TimerwithInternalOscillator,anSPI

37、serialport,andfivesoftwareselectablepower savingmodes.TheIdlemodestopstheCPUwhileallowingtheTimer/Counters,SPIport,andinterruptsystemtocontinuefunctioning.The Power-downmodesavestheregistercontentsbutfreezestheOscillator,disablingall otherchipfunctionsuntilthenextInterruptorHard-wareReset.InPower-sa

38、vemode, theasynchronoustimercontinuestorun,allowingtheusertomaintainatimerbase whiletherestofthedeviceissleeping.TheADCNoiseReductionmodestopsthe CPUandallI/OmodulesexceptasynchronoustimerandADC,tominimizeswitching noiseduringADCconversions.InStandbymode,thecrys-tal/resonatorOscillatoris runningwhil

39、etherestofthedeviceissleeping.Thisallowsvery fastcombinedwithlow-powerconsumption.The device is manufactured using Atmels high density non-volatile memory technology.TheFlashProgrammemorycanbereprogrammedIn-Systemthroughan SPIserialinterface,byaconventionalnon-volatilememoryprogrammer,orbyan On-chip

40、bootprogramrunningontheAVRcore.Thebootprogramcanuseany interfacetodownloadtheapplicationprogramintheApplicationFlashMemory. SoftwareintheBootFlashSectionwillcontinuetorunwhiletheApplicationFlash Sectionisupdated,providingtrueRead-While-Writeoperation.Bycombiningan 8-bitRISCCPUwithIn-SystemSelf-Progr

41、ammableFlashonamonolithicchip,the AtmelATmega8isapowerfulmicrocontrollerthatprovidesahighly-flexiblecost-effectivesolutiontomanyembedded.Control applicationsThe ATmega8 AVR is supported with a full suite of program and system development tools, including C compilers, macro assemblers, program debugg

42、er/simulators, In-Cir- cuit Emulators, and evaluation kits.Duetocostthatissensitivetomicrocontroller,so,atpresent,thedominant softwareorlowestassemblylanguage,besidesthebinarymachine，codeisabovethe lowestlanguage.Manyseniorlanguagehasreachedthelevelofvisualprogramming. Thatistheresultswhythecostises

43、sential.Thereasonisverysimple,thatisnohome computermicrocontrollerastheCPU,alsodidnotlikeharddiskthatmassstorage device.Avisualsmallprogramswritteninhigh-levellanguagesinsidehasevenbutton,alsocanachievedozensofKsize!ForhouseholdPCharddiskspeaking nothing,buttheSCMspeakingisunacceptable.Microcomputer

44、inhardwareresources utilizationmusthightojustgo,soassemblyalthoughoriginalbutstillinuselarge.Cansaythat,thetwentiethcenturyacrossthethreeelectricityage,namelytheageofelectricity,electroniceraandnowhasenteredCansaythat,thetwentiethcenturyacrossthethreeelectricityage,namelytheageofelectricity,electron

45、iceraandnowhasenteredthecomputerera.However,this kindofcomputer,usuallyreferstothepersonalcomputer,theabbreviationPCS.consists of host,keyboard,displayetc.Andthosecomputer,mostpeopledonotsofamiliarwith.ThiscomputerisintelligencegivesallkindsofmechanicalSCM(alsocalledmicrocontroller).Asthenamesuggest

46、s,thecomputerisminimalsystemsthat onlytookapieceofintegratedcircuits,simpleoperationandcontrolcanbecarried out.Becauseofitssmallsize,usuallyhiddenintheaccusedofmechanicalstomach. Itinthewholedevice,playstheroleoflikethehumanmind,itwentwrong,thewholedevicebrokedown.Now,thisSCMusefieldhasbeenwidely,su

47、chasintelligentinstruments,householdreal-timecontrol,communicationequipment,navigationsystem,electricappliances,etc.Variousproductsonceusingsingle-chipmicrocomputer,canhavetheeffectthatproductupgrading,ofteninproductspecialtybariatricadjectives-intelligent,suchasintelligentwashingmachinesetc.somefac

48、toriestechniciansorotherleisureelectronicdevelopersoutsomeofproducts,products,notthecircuitsaretoocomplex,isfunctionaltoosimpleandtheeasybeimitators.Investigateitsreason,maybestuckinproductwithoutusingSCMorother programmable logicdevices.MCU applicationSCM is widely applied in instrumentation, house

49、hold appliance, medical equipment, aerospace, special equipment of intelligent management and process control and other fields, roughly can divide the following several categories:1. In intelligent instruments on theapplicationCurrentlymicrocontrollerpenetratedintoeveryaspectofourlives,almosthard to

50、findwhichfieldnotraceofsinglechip.Missilenavigationdevices,theplaneon various kinds of instrument control, computer network communication and data transmission,industrialautomationprocessreal-timecontrolanddataprocessing,is widelyusedinallkindsofintelligentICcard,civilluxurycarsecuritysystem,video c

51、amera,videocamera,full-automaticwashingmachinecontrol,aswellprogram-controlledtoys,electronicpets,etc,theseareinseparablemicrocontroller. Mention automatic control field of robot, intelligent medicalequipmentandvariouskindsofintelligentmachinery.Therefore,SCMs study,developmentandapplicationofcomput

52、erapplicationwillcreateandintelligent controlofSCM is widely applied in instrumentation, household appliance, medical equipment, aerospace, special equipment of intelligent management and process control and other fields, roughly can divide the following several categories:1. In intelligent instrume

53、nts on theapplicationSingle-chipmicrocomputerwithsmallsize,lowpowerconsumption,control functionisstrong,flexible,miniaturizationandextendeduseconvenienceetc,which arewidelyusedininstrumentation,combinedwithdifferentkindsofsensors,which canrealizesuchasvoltage,power,frequency,humidity,temperatureandf

54、lowrate, speed,thickness,Angle,length,hardness,elementsandpressures,measurement.AdoptingSCMcontrolmakesinstrumentdigital,miniaturization,andfunctionalthanbyelectronicordigitalcircuitstronger.For exampleprecisionmeasuringequipment(powermeter,oscilloscope,analyzer).The best illustration of this field

55、is desk-top electronic scales.The development of the modern society has put forward higher request on weighingtechnology.Thedesk-topelectronicscaleshavebeengreatapplicationcommercialtrade,buttheyhavemanyshortcomingssuchaslargevolume,highcost, ACsupplypowerandnotcovenincetocarry,sotheyarerestrictedto

56、use.Theusual portablescalesareleverscaleswhicharemostlyusedbyresidents,andspringbalance whichmeasurethroughcompressionordrawingofspring.Theyarebeingrejectedfor theirbigmeasuringerrors.Peoplehavebeenexpectingcheapportableelectronic scaleswhichcanmeasureaccuratelyandbecarriedconvenientlyformanyyears.T

57、heportableelectronicscalesconsistofpower,weighingsensor,microchip, keyboard/switchLEDandetc.Itstechnicalindictorsinclude10kgmaximalmeasuring range,10gdivisionvalue,IIIprecision,1.5Vworkvoltage.Itstechnicalindictorsrefer totheindictorsoftheelectriconicmeasuringtoolsofmostpopularityinthemarkets andofl

58、argeoutputathomeandboard,sotheinstrumentisstrengthenedcompetitivepowerafterputtingonmarkets.Itpossessesmanyintelligentfunctions, suchasshelling,lack-of-powerdisplay,overloadalarm,unitpriceaccumulation computation, self-calibrating and etc. It can sleep automatically in fiveminutesifitisnotmeasuring.

59、New-typeportableelectronicscalescanmeasuremassrapidlyandaccuratelyand communicatevalue.Furthermore,itissmall,simplystructured,easytooperateand convenienttocarry.Theinstrumentisabletomeettheneedsofcommercialtradeand residents,soitsapplicationhasabrightfuture.The application in industrialcontrolMCUcan

60、constitutethevariousformsofcontrolsystem,thedataacquisition system.Forexampletheproductionlineoftheintelligentpipeprinciple,theelevator intelligentcontrol,variousalarmsystem,networkwithcomputerconstitutesecondary control system,etc.The application in householdappliancesItcanbesaidthatnowofhouseholda