新視野大學英語第三版讀寫教程第四冊課文+翻譯

1、47814128915f804d2b 160b4e767f5acf8005 .html新視野大學英語第三版讀寫教程第四冊課文+翻譯Units 12456Love and logic: The story of fallacy愛情與邏輯:謬誤的故事I had my first date with Polly after I made the trade with my roommate Rob. That year every guy on campus had a leather jacket, and Rob couldnt stand the idea of being the only

2、football player who didnt, so he made a pact that hed give me his girl in exchange for my jacket. He wasnt the brightest guy. Polly wasnt too shrewd, either.在我和室友羅伯的交易成功之后,我和波莉有了第一次約會。那一年校園里每個 人都有件皮夾克，而羅伯是校足球隊員中唯一一個沒有皮夾克的,他一想到這個 就受不了，于是他和我達成了一項協(xié)議,用他的女友換取我的夾克。他可不那么 聰明，而他的女友波莉也不太精明。But she was pretty,

3、 well-off, didnt dye her hair strange colors or wear too much makeup. She had the right background to be the girlfriend of a dogged, brilliant lawyer. If I could show the elite law firms I appliedI laughed with somewhat less amusement, hiding my dread that she d learned her lessons too well. A few m

4、ore false steps would be my doom. I decided to change tactics and try flattery instead.我又笑了笑，不過不覺得那么有趣了，同時還不能表露出我害怕她學得太好了。 再錯幾步我可就無法挽回了。我決定改變策略,轉而嘗試奉承她的方法?！癙olly, I love you. Please say you 11 go out with me. Im nothing without you.“波莉,我愛你。請容許做我的女朋友,沒有你我什么也不是。”Ad Misericordiam, /z she said.“文不對題，”她說

5、。“You certainly can discern a fallacy when you see it, I said, my hopes starting to crumble. /zBut dont take them so literally. I mean this is all academic. You know the things you learn in school dont have anything to do with real life. “你還真是能在遇到邏輯謬誤時一一區(qū)分它們了，我說,心里的希望已經開始動搖?！安贿^不要對它們太死板，我是說這都是些學術的東西。

6、你知道，學校里學 的東西和實際生活根本沒有什么聯(lián)系?！盌icto Simpliciter, /z she said. Besides, you really should practice what you preach. “絕對判斷，”她說道，“而且，你自己教的東西應該自己身體力行?！盜 leaped to my feet, my temper flaring up. Will you or will you not go out with me?z/我一下跳了起來,怒火中燒，“你到底愿不愿意做我的女朋友？”“No to your proposition, /z she replied.“我

7、不愿意，”她答道。Why? I demanded.“為什么？”我追問道.Im more interested in a different petitioner - Rob and I are back together.“我對另一位求愛者更感興趣一一羅伯和我重歸于好了?！盬ith great effort, I said calmly, How could you give me the axe over Rob?Look at me, an ingenious student, a tremendous intellectual, a man with an assured future.

8、 Look at Rob, a muscular idiot, a guy who?11 never where his next meal is coming from. Can you give me one good reason why you should be with him?”我極力地保持著平靜,說道：“你怎么會甩了我而選擇羅伯？看看我,一個聰明過 人的學生,一個不同凡響的學者,一個前途無量的人。再看看羅伯,一個肌肉興旺 的蠢材,一個有了上頓沒下頓的家伙。你是否能給我一個充足的理由，為什么要 選擇跟他？”“ Wow, what presumption! I?ll put it

9、in a way someone as brilliant as you can understand, “ retorted Polly,her voice dripping with sarcasm. Full disclosure -I like Rob in leather. I told him to say yes to you so he should have your jacket!”“喔，這是什么假設啊!為了讓像你這樣聰明的人能夠明白，我這么說吧，波莉 反駁道，聲音里充滿了挖苦，“事情的真相是一一我喜歡羅伯穿皮衣。是我讓他 同意你們的協(xié)議的,這樣他就能擁有你的夾克！”Uni

10、t 2The confusing pursuit of beauty令人困惑的對美的追求If youre a man, at some point a woman will ask you how she looks.如果你是一位男士,肯定在某個時候會有女士問你她看起來怎么樣。You must be careful how you answer this question. The best technique is to form an honest yet sensitive response, then promptly excuse yourself for some kind of

11、emergency. Trust me, this is the easiest way out. No amount of rehearsal will help you come up with the right answer.對于如何應對這個問題,你一定得小心。最好的對策就是給一個老實但又謹慎的 回答,然后借口有急事馬上脫身。相信我，這是最簡單的方法。對于她的這一問 題,無論你事先練習多少次,都不會找到正確答案。The problem is that men do not think of their looks in the same way women do. Most men f

12、orm an opinion of themselves in seventh grade and stick to it for the rest of their lives. Some men think theyre irresistibly desirable, and they refuse to change this opinion even when they grow bald and their faces visibly wrinkle as they age.其原因是，男性和女性對外表的看法截然不同。大多數(shù)男性對自己外表的評價在 七年級時就形成了，而且終生不變。有些男

13、性認為自己有不可抗拒的魅力，即使 隨著年齡的增長,他們頭發(fā)掉光了,臉上布滿皺紋，他們仍然拒絕改變這種看法。Most men, I believe, are not arrogant about their looks. If the transient thought passes through their minds at all, they like to think of themselves as average-looking. Being average doesn5 t bother them; average is fine. They dont affix much val

14、ue to their looks, or think ofthem in terms of aesthetics. Their primary form of beauty care is to shave themselves, which is essentially the same care they give to their lawns. If, at the end of his four-minute allotment of time for grooming, a man has managed to wipe most of the shaving cream out

15、of the strands of his hair and isnt bleeding too badly, he feels hes done all he can.我相信,大多數(shù)男性都不會對自己的相貌感到過分自傲。如果他們偶爾想到自己 外表的話,他們愿意認為自己樣貌中等。長相普通不會使他們有任何煩惱，因為 普通就已經是很好了。男性不是特別注重自己的外貌,也不會從美學的角度去審 視自己。他們的打扮方式主要就是刮刮胡子，就像打理自家草坪一樣。對于一位 男性來說，如果能花四分鐘刮刮胡子，結束之后再把粘到頭發(fā)上的剃須膏擦凈,又沒有出血太厲害，他就覺得自己已經盡心盡力了。Women do not

16、look at themselves this way. If I had to guess what most women think about their appearance, it would be: Not good enough. No matter how attractive a woman may be, her perception of herself is eclipsed by the beauty industry. She has trouble thinking Im beautiful, She magnifies the smallest imperfec

17、tions in her body and imagines them as glaring flaws the whole world will notice and ridicule.女性可不是這樣看待自己的。如果非要我猜想大多數(shù)女性對自己的相貌是如何 評價的話，那肯定是：“還不夠好?！?一位女士，無論她看起來多么吸引人，她對自 己的看法總是由于受美容業(yè)的影響而蒙著一層陰影。要她認為“我很漂亮”是 一件難事。她把身體上的極小的不完美之處加以放大,并且幻想這些缺點十清楚 顯，以至于全世界的人都會注意到并且嘲笑她。Why do women consider their looks so def

18、icient? This chronic insecurity isn t inborn, but created through the interaction of many complex psychological and societal factors, beginning with the dolls we give them as children. Girls grow up playing with dolls proportioned so that, if they were human, they wou 1 d be seven feet tall and weig

19、h 61 pounds, with tiny thighs and a large upper body. This is an absurd standard to live up to, especially when you consider the size of the dolT s waist, a relative measurement physically impossible for a living human to achieve.Contrast this absurd standard with that presented to little boys with

20、their action figures”. Most of the toys that young boys have played with were weird-looking, like the one called Buzz-Off that was part human, part flying insect. This guy was not a looker, but he was still extremely self-confident. You could not imagine him saying to the others, Is this accessory t

21、he right shade of violet for this outfit?”為什么女性會把自己的外貌想得這么差呢？這種長期的不平安感并不是與生俱 來的,而是由許多復雜的心理和社會因素的相互作用造成的，從小時候大人們給 她們買洋娃娃時就開始了。女孩成長過程中擺弄的洋娃娃,如果按照身材比例還 原為真人大小的話,就會是7英尺高,61英磅重，大腿纖細，上身飽滿。要到達這 樣的標準是很荒唐的,尤其是當我們想想那種洋娃娃的腰圍尺寸,就知道其相對 尺寸對任何一個活人來說都是不可企及的。與女孩玩具的這種荒唐標準相比，小 男孩們得到的“動作玩偶”卻是完全不同的模樣。大多數(shù)男孩的玩具都樣貌古 怪,例如那個

22、叫作“蜜蜂俠”的玩偶，一半像人,一半像會飛的昆蟲。這個玩偶盡 管樣子不好看，但仍然非常自信。你肯定無法想象他會問別人說：“這個配飾的 紫羅蘭色和這件外套配不配呢？”But women grow up thinking they need to look like Barbie dolls or girls on magazine covers, which for most women is impossible. Nonetheless, the multibillion-dollar beauty industry, complete with its own aisle in the g

23、rocery store, is devoted to constant warfare on female self-esteem, convincing women that they must buy all the newest moisturizing creams, bronzing powders and appliances that promise to stimulate and restore” their skin. I once saw an Oprah Show in which supermodel Cindy Crawford dispensed makeup

24、tips to the studio audience. Cindy had all these middle-aged women apply clay masks and other wrinkle-removing products to their faces; she stressed how important it was to adhere to the guidelines, like applying products via the tips of their fingers to protect elasticity. All the women dutifully d

25、id this, even though it was obvious to any rational observer that, no matter how carefully they applied these products, they would never have Cindy Crawfords face or complexion.然而，女性在成長過程中卻認為自己應該長得像芭比娃娃或雜志的封面女郎那 樣,這對大多數(shù)女性來說是不可能的。盡管如此,產值達幾十億美元的美容業(yè),在 超市化妝品銷售專區(qū)的配合下，總是在不停地攻擊著女性的自尊，使其相信自己 只有購買最新的保濕面霜、古銅散

26、粉，以及各種美容器具，才能“激發(fā)和恢復” 肌膚活力。我曾經看過一期奧普拉脫口秀，在節(jié)目中，超級名模辛迪?克勞馥 和演播室里的觀眾提供了自己的化妝秘訣。辛迪要求這些中年婦女在臉上敷上 黏土面膜和其他去皺產品；她還強調一定要遵守這些方法，例如：往臉上涂抹這 些產品時,要用指尖,這樣可以保護皮膚的彈性。所有這些婦女都非常忠實地按 照辛迪說的做了。可是對任何一個理智的旁觀者來說,無論她們如何認真地使用 這些產品,她們都不可能擁有辛迪那樣的面容或膚色。r m not saying that men are superior. Im just saying that youre not going to

27、get a group of middle-aged men to plaster cosmetics to themselves under the instruction of Brad Pitt in hopes of looking more like him. Men dont face the same societal focus purely on physical beauty, and they re encouraged to reach out to other characteristics to promote their self-esteem. They mig

28、ht say to Brad: 0h yeah? Well, what do you know about lawn care, pretty boy?我并不是說男性優(yōu)于女性。我的意思是你不可能讓一群中年男子在布拉德?皮特 的指導下把化妝品敷到自己臉上,期望自己能看起來更像布拉德。與女性不同， 男性的外貌美不是社會所關注的唯一焦點。人們會鼓勵男性借助其他特征來提 升自尊。他們也許會對布拉德說：“是嗎?那么帥哥，你對草坪維護又知道多少？”O(jiān)f course women argue that they become obsessed with appearance as a reaction to

29、 pressure from men. The truth is that most men think beauty is more than just lipstick and perfume and take no notice of these extra details. I have never once, in more than 40 years of listening to men talk about women, heard a man say, “She had gorgeous fingernails!/z To most men, little things li

30、ke fingernails are all homogeneous anyway, and one womans flawless pink polish is exactly as invisible as anothers bare nails.當然，女性會爭辯說她們對外表的熱衷追求是出于對來自男性的壓力的一種反 應。而事實是,大多數(shù)男性認為美麗不僅僅來自于口紅和香水,而且他們也不會 去注意這些額外的細節(jié)。四十多年來,我在聽男性談論女性時,從來沒有一次聽 到過哪位男性這樣說：“她的指甲真漂亮?。　睂Υ蠖鄶?shù)男性來說,像指甲這樣小 的東西看起來都一樣,無論一個女士的指甲是用粉色指甲油涂得完美

31、無瑕,還是 光光的毫無修飾,男性都一概視而不見。By participating in this system of extreme conformity, women are actually opening themselves up to the scrutiny of other women, the only ones qualified to judge their efforts. What is the real benefit of working this hard to appease men who dont notice when it only exposes wo

32、men to prosecution from other women?女性參與這種極端的從眾行為,實際上是把自己置于其他女性的審視之下，因為 只有那些女性才有資格評價她們所付出的努力。但是,如此費力地去取悅男性而 他們卻根本不會注意，同時又只是招致其他女性的指責,這樣做究竟有什么好處 呢？Anyway, to get back to my original point: If youre a man, and a woman asks you how she looks, you can t say she looks bad without receiving immediate and

33、well-deserved outrage. But you also cant shower her with empty compliments about how her shoes complement her dress nicely because shell know youre lying. She has spent countless hours worrying about the differences between her looks and Cindy Crawford s. Also, she suspects to that I had a radiant,

34、well-spoken counterpart by my side, I just might edge past the competition.但她漂亮而且富有,也沒有把頭發(fā)染成奇怪的顏色或是化很濃的妝。她擁有合適 的家庭背景,足以勝任一名堅忍而睿智的律師的女友。如果我能夠讓我所申請的 頂尖律師事務所看到我身邊伴隨著一位光彩照人、談吐優(yōu)雅的另一半,我就很有 可能在競聘中以微弱優(yōu)勢獲勝。“Radiant she was already. I could dispense her enough pearls of wisdom to make her well-spoken.“光彩照人”，她

35、已經是了。而我也能施予她足夠多的“智慧之珠”，讓她變得 “談吐優(yōu)雅”。After a banner day out, I drove until we were situated under a big old oak tree on a hill off the expressway. What I had in mind was a little eccentric. I thought the venue with a perfect view of the luminous city would lighten the mood. We stayed in the car, and I

36、 turned down the stereo and took my foot off the brake pedal. What are we going to talk about?” she asked.在一起外出度過了美好的一天之后，我驅車來到了高速公路旁一座小山上一棵 古老的大橡樹下。我的想法有些怪異。而這個地方能夠俯瞰燈火燦爛的城區(qū)，我 that youre not qualified to voice a subjective opinion on anybodys appearance. This may be because you have shaving cream i

37、n your hair and inside the folds of your ears.不管怎樣,言歸正傳:如果你是一位男性，當有女士問你她看起來怎么樣時，你千 萬不能說她看起來很糟糕,那樣肯定會使她立刻遷怒于你,這也是你咎由自取。 但是,你也不能慷慨地大放空洞之詞，贊美她的鞋子和裙子是多么相配，因為她 知道你是在說謊。她已經花費了無數(shù)個小時發(fā)愁自己的容貌不能和辛迪?克勞馥 的一樣。而且,也許因為你的頭發(fā)和耳廓上粘著剃須膏,她會懷疑你根本沒有資 格對任何人的外表給出主觀評價。Unit 4Achieving sustainable environmentalism實現(xiàn)可持續(xù)性開展的環(huán)保主義E

38、nvironmental sensitivity is now as required an attitude in polite society as is, say, belief in democracy or disapproval of plastic surgery. But now that everyone from Ted Turner to George H. W. Bush has claimed love for Mother Earth, how are we to choose among the dozens of conflicting proposals, r

39、egulations and laws advanced by congressmen and constituents alike in the name of the environment? Clearly, not everything with an environmental claim is worth doing. How do we segregate the best options and consolidate our varying interests into a single, sound policy?在上流社會,對環(huán)境的敏感就如同信仰民主、反對整容一樣,是一種

40、不可或缺的 態(tài)度。然而，既然從泰德?特納到喬治?w. H.布什,每個人都聲稱自己熱愛地球母 親,那么，在由議員、選民之類的人以環(huán)境名義而提出的眾多的相互矛盾的提案、 規(guī)章和法規(guī)中，我們又該如何做出選擇呢？顯而易見，并不是每一項冠以環(huán)境保 護名義的事情都值得去做。我們怎樣才能別離出最正確選擇,并且把我們各自不同 的興趣統(tǒng)一在同一個合理的政策當中呢？There is a simple way. First, differentiate between environmental luxuries and environmental necessities. Luxuries are those t

41、hings that would be nice to have if costless. Necessities are those things we must have regardless. Call this distinction the definitive rule of sane environmentalism, which stipulates that combating ecological change that directly threatens the health and safety of people is an environmental necess

42、ity. All else is luxury.有一種簡便的方法。首先要區(qū)分什么是環(huán)境奢侈品,什么是環(huán)境必需品。奢侈品 是指那些無需人類付出代價就能擁有的給人美好感受的東西。必需品那么是指那 些無論付出什么代價,都一定要去擁有的東西。這一區(qū)分原那么可以被稱為理性環(huán) 保主義的至高原那么。它規(guī)定,對那些直接威脅人類健康與平安的生態(tài)變化采取應 對措施是環(huán)境保護的必需品，而其他那么都屬于奢侈品。For example, preserving the atmosphere - stopping ozone depletion and the greenhouse effect - is an envir

43、onmental necessity. Recently, scientists reported that ozone damage is far worse than previously thought. Ozone depletion has a correlation not only with skin cancer and eye problems, it also destroys the oceans ecology, the beginning of the food chain atop which we humans sit.例如，保護大氣層一一阻止臭氧損耗及控制溫室效

44、應一一是環(huán)境保護的必需品。 近來,科學家報告說臭氧層遭受破壞的程度遠比我們先前認為的要嚴重得多。臭 氧損耗不僅與皮膚癌及眼疾有關,而且它還會破壞海洋生態(tài)。而海洋生態(tài)是食物 鏈的起點,人類那么位于該食物鏈的頂端。The possible thermal consequences of the greenhouse effect are far deadlier: melting ice caps, flooded coastlines, disrupted climate, dry plains and, ultimately, empty breadbaskets. The American

45、Midwest feeds people at all corners of the atlas. With the planetary climate changes, are we prepared to see Iowa take on New Mexicos desert climate, or Siberia take on Iowas moderate climate?溫室效應所可能引發(fā)的熱效應是非常具有毀滅性的:冰川融化、海岸線被淹沒、 氣候遭受破壞、平原干涸,最終食物消失殆盡。美國中西部地區(qū)的糧食供養(yǎng)著全 世界。隨著全球氣候的變化,我們難道準備看到衣阿華州變成新墨西哥州的沙漠

46、氣候,而西伯利亞變成衣阿華州的溫和氣候嗎?Ozone depletion and the greenhouse effect are human disasters, and they are urgent because they directly threaten humanity and are not easily reversible. A sane environmentalism, the only kind of environmentalism that will strike a chord with the general public, begins by openly

47、 declaring that nature is here to serve human beings. A sane environmentalism is entirely a human focused regime: It calls upon humanity to preserve nature, but merely within the parameters of self-survival.臭氧損耗和溫室效應是人類的災難,而且是需要緊急處理的災難，因為它們直接 威脅到人類,且后果很難扭轉。理性環(huán)保主義一一唯一能夠引起公眾共鳴的環(huán)保 主張一一首先公開聲明，自然是服務于人類的。

48、理性環(huán)保主義是一種完全以人類 為中心的思想。它號召人類保護自然，但是是在人類自我生存得到保證的前提之 下。Of course, this human focus runs against the grain of a contemporary environmentalism that indulges in overt earth worship. Some people even allege that the earth is a living organism. This kind of environmentalism likes to consider itself spiritu

49、al. It is nothing more than sentimental. It takes, for example, a highly selective view of the kindness of nature, one that is incompatible with the reality of natural disasters. My nature worship stops with the twister that came through Kansas or the dreadful rains in Bangladesh that eradicated who

50、le villages and left millions homeless.當然,這種以人類為中心的主張與當下盛行的環(huán)保主義是格格不入的，后者已經 沉溺于對地球的公然崇拜。有的人甚至聲稱地球是一個活的生物體。這種環(huán)保 主義喜歡把自己看作是神圣的,其實它只是感情用事而已。比方,在自然是否友 善的問題上，當下的環(huán)保主義采取了高度選擇性的片面的觀點，而這種觀點與自 然造成的災難這一現(xiàn)實是不相協(xié)調的。當龍卷風肆虐堪薩斯州，當瓢潑大雨襲擊 孟加拉國，毀滅了整座整座的村莊，使幾百萬人失去家園的時候，我對自然的崇 拜便停止了。Anon-sentimental environmentalism is one

51、 founded on Protagoras，s idea that Man is the measure of all things. In establishing the sovereignty of man, such a principle helps usthrough the dense forest of environmental arguments. Take the current debate raging over oil drilling in a corner of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR). Envir

52、onmentalist coalitions, mobilizing against a legislative action working its way through the US Congress for the legalization of such exploration, propagate that Americans should be preserving and economizing energy instead of drilling for it. This is a false either-or proposition. The US does need a

53、 sizable energy tax to reduce consumption. But it needs more production too. Government estimates indicate a nearly fifty-fifty chance that under the ANWR rests one of the five largest oil fields ever discovered in America. It seems illogical that we are not finding safe ways to drill for oil in the

54、 ANWR.非感情用事的環(huán)保主義是建立在普羅泰哥拉的格言“人是萬物的尺度”的基礎 上的。在建立人類權威的過程中,這條原那么會幫助我們梳理各種錯綜復雜的關于 環(huán)境保護的爭議。就以當前關于是否在北極國家野生動物保護區(qū)的某一角落開 采石油的激烈爭論為例吧。環(huán)保主義者聯(lián)盟發(fā)動人們反對目前正在試圖通過美 國國會審議、使這一開采行為變得合法化的一項立法行動。他們散布說美國應 該保護并且節(jié)約能源而不是開采能源。這其實是一個錯誤的非此即彼的主張。 美國確實需要征收高額的能源稅以減少能源消耗，但同時也需要生產更多的能 源。政府的估測說明，在北極國家野生動物保護區(qū)的地下蘊藏著美國五大油田之 一的可能性幾乎到達50

55、%o我們沒有尋找平安的方法開采北極國家野生動物保護 區(qū)地下的石油，這看上去是不符合情理的。The US has just come through a war fought in part over oil. Energy dependence costs Americans not just dollars but lives. It is a bizarre sentimentalism that would deny oil that is peacefully attainable because it risks disrupting the birthing grounds of

56、Arctic caribou.美國剛剛經歷了一場戰(zhàn)爭,其局部原因就是為了獲取石油。對能源的依賴使美國 不但付出了金錢的代價,而且也付出了生命的代價。就因為可能破壞北美馴鹿的繁衍地而放棄能夠以和平手段獲得的石油，這是一種十分怪異的感情用事。I like the caribou as much as the next person. And I would be rather sorry if their mating patterns were disturbed. But you cant have your cake and eat it too. And in the standoff o

57、f the welfare of caribou versus reducing an oil reliance that gets people killed in wars, I choose people over caribou every time.我像別人一樣喜歡馴鹿。如果他們的交配模式受到干擾,我會感到非常遺憾。但 是,魚和熊掌不能兼得。是要保護馴鹿,還是要為了防止人們在戰(zhàn)爭中喪生而減 少對石油的依賴,面對這一僵局,我每次都會選擇人類而不是馴鹿。I feel similarly about the spotted owl in Oregon. I am no enemy of t

58、he owl. If it could be preserved at a negligible cost, I would agree that it should be - biodiversity is after all necessary to the ecosystem. But we must remember that not every species is needed to keep that diversity. Sometimes aesthetic aspects of life have to be sacrificed to more fundamental o

59、nes. If the cost of preserving the spotted owl is the loss of livelihood for 30,000 logging families, I choose the families (with their saws and chopped timber) over the owl.我對俄勒岡州的斑點貓頭鷹的態(tài)度也是一樣。我絕不是仇視貓頭鷹。如果花很 少的代價就可以保護貓頭鷹,我會贊同它應受保護一一畢竟,生物多樣性對生態(tài) 系統(tǒng)是非常必要的。但是,我們必須記住，保持生物多樣性并不意味著要留住每 一種物種。有時候,為了更加根本的利益,

60、我們不得不犧牲一局部生活中美的東 西。如果為了保護斑點貓頭鷹而讓三萬伐木工家庭失去生計,我會選擇伐木工家 庭（包括他們的鋸子和砍伐的木材），而不是貓頭鷹。覺得它會使人的心情變輕松。我們呆在車子里,我調低了音響并把腳從剎車上挪開?！拔覀円勑┦裁?？”她問道。TLogic.“邏輯學?！薄癈ool, she said over her gum.“好酷啊，”她一邊嚼著口香糖一邊說?！癟he doctrine of logic, “ I said, is a staple of clear thinking. Failures in logic distort the truth, and some o