可再生能源情況說(shuō)明書(shū)：微型渦輪機(jī)Renewable Energy Fact Sheet Microturbines

1、Renewable Energy Fact Sheet: Microturbines可再生能源情況說(shuō)明書(shū)：微型渦輪機(jī)Environmental Protection Agency Office of Wastewater Management. EPA 832-F-13-018. August 2013DESCRIPTION 描述This fact sheet describes the use of microturbines as auxiliary and supplemental power sources (ASPSs) for wastewater treatment plants

2、 (WWTPs). Microturbines are a new, innovative technology based on jet engines (more specifically the turbo charger equipment found in jet engines) that use rotational energy to generate power.本情況說(shuō)明書(shū)描述使用微型渦輪機(jī)作為污水處理廠(WWTP)輔助和補(bǔ)充電源 (ASPS)o微型渦輪機(jī)是一種基于噴氣發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)(更具體地說(shuō)是噴氣發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)中的渦輪增壓設(shè)備) 創(chuàng)新技術(shù)，使用旋轉(zhuǎn)能量發(fā)電。Most microturb

3、ines have four main components: compressor, combustion chamber, turbine blades, and drive shaft. The compressors operate by taking in the surrounding air at one end of the microturbine and then condensing the air by increasing the airs pressure and density. This air is fed into the combustion chambe

4、r where it is mixed with fuel, and then burned. This combustion releases enormous amounts of heat energy and high-pressure exhaust gases. The exhaust gases are discharged through exhaust vents into a series of turbine fan blades that are attached to a central shaft. As the gases are discharged, they

5、 spin the turbine fans, which in turn spin the drive shaft at high speeds (100,000 revolutions per minute). The rotational energy produced by the shaft, spins copper coils, which excite the electrons in the wire, producing electricity. The quantity of electricity depends on how fast the shaft can sp

6、in in the magnetic field, the strength of the magnetic field, and the quantity and arrangement of the copper coils. To produce electricity at a relatively low cost, the shaft must rotate at high speeds.大多數(shù)微型渦輪機(jī)有四個(gè)主要組件：壓縮機(jī)、燃燒室、渦輪葉片和驅(qū)動(dòng)軸。壓縮機(jī)通 過(guò)在微型渦輪機(jī)的一端吸入周?chē)諝膺\(yùn)行，之后通過(guò)增加空氣的壓力和密度冷凝空氣。這 種空氣送入燃燒室，在那里與燃料混合，之后

7、燃燒。這種燃燒釋放大量的熱能和高壓廢氣。 廢氣通過(guò)排氣口排放到連接中心軸一系列渦輪風(fēng)扇葉片中。隨著氣體的排放，使渦輪風(fēng)扇 旋轉(zhuǎn)，而渦輪風(fēng)扇又以高速(每分鐘100,000轉(zhuǎn))旋轉(zhuǎn)驅(qū)動(dòng)軸。軸產(chǎn)生的旋轉(zhuǎn)能量使銅線圈在磁場(chǎng)中旋轉(zhuǎn)，激發(fā)導(dǎo)線中的電子發(fā)電。電量取決于軸在磁場(chǎng)中的旋轉(zhuǎn)速度、磁場(chǎng)的強(qiáng) 度，以及銅線圈數(shù)量和排列方式。為了以相對(duì)較低的本錢(qián)發(fā)電，軸必須高速旋轉(zhuǎn)。Microturbines can run on bio-gas, natural gas,Intake AirIntake AirIntake Airpropane, diesel, kerosene, methane, and other

8、 fuel sources, making them suitable for backup power in a variety of applications. Since each individual microturbine produces anywhere from 15 to 300 kilowatts (kW) of energy, they are often grouped to produce the required energy for a given application. Most microturbines are about the size of a r

9、efrigerator and have very low nitrogen oxide emissions.Intake Air微型渦輪機(jī)可以使用沼氣、天然氣、丙烷、柴油、煤油、甲烷和其他燃料源運(yùn)行，使 其適用于各種應(yīng)用中的備用電源。由于每個(gè)單獨(dú)微型渦輪機(jī)產(chǎn)生15到300千瓦(kW) 能量，因此，通常分組，產(chǎn)生給定應(yīng)用所需能量。大多數(shù)微型渦輪機(jī)大小與冰箱差不多， 且氮氧化物排放非常低。Figure1:MicroturbineFlowDiagram(Source: wastegaspower /images/microturbine.jpg)微型渦輪機(jī)流程圖 ADVANTAGES & DISA

10、DVANTAGES 優(yōu)點(diǎn)和缺點(diǎn)There are numerous advantages that make microturbines appealing. From an economic standpoint, the microturbine generators are cheaper to build and run in comparison to larger conventional gas or diesel powered generators. The technology is well understood and has been implemented in m

11、any applications throughout the U.S. They are also relatively inexpensive, easy to manufacture, and have few moving parts. These power plants can also use various types of fuels. Another advantage of microturbines is durability and reliability; they function for about 40,000 hours and require little

12、 maintenance. These systems can also be ready to operate only ten minutes after being turned on. Microturbines create a large amount of energy relative to their size. Because of their size, microturbines can be placed on site, easing security and maintenance. Microturbines have the ability to work a

13、lone or in groups. If one microturbine fails while in use, this does not necessarily mean that the entire system of microturbines will fail.有很多優(yōu)點(diǎn)使微型渦輪機(jī)具有吸引力的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。從經(jīng)濟(jì)角度來(lái)看，與大型傳統(tǒng)燃?xì)饣虿裼桶l(fā)電機(jī)相比，微型渦輪發(fā)電機(jī)建造和運(yùn)行本錢(qián)更低。這一技術(shù)廣為人知，且美國(guó)的很多 應(yīng)用中實(shí)施。也較為廉價(jià)，易于制造，且?guī)缀鯖](méi)有動(dòng)部件。這些發(fā)電裝置也可使用各種類(lèi) 型燃料。微型渦輪機(jī)的另一個(gè)優(yōu)點(diǎn)是耐用性和可靠性。可運(yùn)行約40000小時(shí)，幾乎不需 要維

14、護(hù)。這些系統(tǒng)也可在開(kāi)啟僅十分鐘即可運(yùn)行。相對(duì)其大小，微型渦輪機(jī)產(chǎn)生能量大。 由于其尺寸，微型渦輪機(jī)可放置在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)，便于安全和維護(hù)。微型渦輪機(jī)能夠單獨(dú)或成組工 作。如果一臺(tái)微型渦輪機(jī)在使用中發(fā)生故障，并不一定意味著整個(gè)微型渦輪機(jī)系統(tǒng)都故障。From an environmental standpoint, these new machines pollute less and take up less space. The increased efficiency means that they use less fuel, which means fewer emissions into the

15、 air. Increased efficiency and less fuel also result in a lower reliance on finding the natural resources necessary to power the turbines.從環(huán)境的角度來(lái)看，這些新機(jī)器污染更少，占用空間更少。提高效率意味著使用更少 燃料，意味著更少的空氣排放。提高效率和更少燃料也減少依靠尋找為渦輪機(jī)提供動(dòng)力所 需的自然資源。One disadvantage of microturbines is a limit on the number of times they can

16、be turned on. Microturbines also run at very high speeds and high temperatures, causing noise pollution for nearby residents and potential risks for operators and maintenance staff. It may also take several microturbines set in a series to provide enough energy to power a small WWTP.微型渦輪機(jī)的一個(gè)缺點(diǎn)是可開(kāi)啟的次

17、數(shù)有限。微型泯輪機(jī)可以非常高的速度和高溫運(yùn) 行，造成附近居民的噪音污染、操作人員員和維護(hù)人員的潛在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。也可能需要串聯(lián)幾臺(tái) 微型渦輪機(jī)，提供足夠能量，為小型WWTP供電。COST本錢(qián)Capstone Microturbine and Ingersoll Rand are two of the larger microturbine manufacturers. Each offers different models of microturbines that vary based on the power output that is needed. Based on estimates b

18、y the Gas Research Institute and National Renewable Energy Laboratory, the total plant cost varies from about $2,600 per kW for a 30 kW system to around $1,800 per kW for a 100 kW system. Interviews with several municipalities suggested annual savings of $25,000 to $216,000 through use of microturbi

19、nes over conventional gas or diesel powered engines.Capstone Microturbine和Ingersoll Rand是兩家較大的微型渦輪機(jī)制造商。每個(gè)都提 供不同型號(hào)的微型渦輪機(jī)，基于所需的功率輸出而有所不同。根據(jù)天然氣研究所和國(guó)家可再生能源實(shí)驗(yàn)室估算，工廠總本錢(qián)從30 kW系統(tǒng)的每千瓦約2600美元到100千瓦系統(tǒng) 的每千瓦約1,800美元。幾個(gè)城市的面談?wù)f明，與傳統(tǒng)燃?xì)饣虿裼桶l(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)相比，使用微 型渦輪機(jī)每年可節(jié)省25000至216000美元。CASE STUDY案例研究The Sheboygan Regional Wastewat

20、er Treatment Plant situated in Sheboygan, Wisconsin has a permitted flow of 18.4 million gallons per day (MGD) and an average flow of 11 MGD. In 2006, as a part of Sheboygans goal of becoming energy self-sufficient, a combined heat and power project consisting of ten 30 kW Capstone microturbines and

21、 heat recovery systems was commissioned. Using the biogas produced from the WWTPs anaerobic digesters, the microturbines produced 2,300 megawatts (MW) of electricity annually which translates to energy cost savings of $78,000. The microtuines also produced 84,000 therms of heat, which is equivalent

22、to $60,000 in prevailing natural gas rates. These turbines were installed at a capital cost of $300,000, In 2011, the City of Sheboygan, won the Wege Small Cities Sustainability Best Practices Award from the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Cities Initiative, for being nearly energy self sufficient.WWTP許可流量為每天1840萬(wàn)加侖(MGD),平均流量為11 MGDo 2006年，作為 Sheboygan實(shí)現(xiàn)能源自給自足目標(biāo)的組成局部，一個(gè)由10臺(tái)30 kWCapstone微型渦輪機(jī) 和熱回收系統(tǒng)組成的熱電聯(lián)產(chǎn)工程投入使用。采用WWTP厭氧消化器產(chǎn)生的沼氣，微型 渦輪機(jī)每年發(fā)現(xiàn)2,300兆瓦(MW),換算為能源本錢(qián)節(jié)省78,000美元。微型渦輪機(jī)也 產(chǎn)熱84,000千卡，相當(dāng)現(xiàn)行天然氣價(jià)格的6000美元。這些