考研英語語法之非謂語動詞

1、本文格式為Word版，下載可任意編輯 考研英語語法之非謂語動詞 精品文檔 . 非謂語動詞 非謂語動詞是指那些在劇中不能單獨充當句子位于成分的動詞形式。基本形式有四種： 不定式（infinitive）、動名詞（gerund）、分詞（participle）、和獨立主格結構（absolute structure）。 一、不定式 動詞不定式是非謂語動詞中使用最廣泛的一種，在句子中，它除了做謂語外，可以擔當 其他任何成分，可以做主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語、補語。它在句中其名詞、形容詞和副詞的作用。 語態(tài) 一般式 （尚未發(fā)生） 進行式 （正在發(fā)生） 完成式 （先于謂語動詞發(fā)生） 主動to do to b

2、e doing to have done 被動to be done to be being done to have been done 舉例： It isnt cold enough for there to be a frost tonight, so I can leave Jims car out quite safely. He seems to be eating something. According to your market report, demand seems to be returning. The local health organization is rep

3、orted to have been set up twenty-five years ago when Dr. Audio became its first president. 不定式的語法功能： 1) 作主語 The traditional rule was that its safer (to stay where you are), but thats been f undamentally inverted. The people whove been hurt the worst are those whove stayed too long. 2) 作賓語 Most journ

4、alists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates (patterns) into which they plug each days events. He feels it his duty to help others. 3) 作表語 But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be j

5、ust the kind of market retailers need. 4) 作定語 Tom made the decision to go around the world in three years all alone. She has the ambition to learn other languages. The pressure to compete causes Americans to be energetic, but it also puts them under a 精品文檔constant emotional strain. 5) 作狀語 A sad thin

6、g about life is when you meet someone and fall in love, only to find out in the end that you have wasted years on someone who wasnt worth it. 6) 作補語 The man was seen to fall heavily to the ground and never get up again. 注：使役動詞如make、let、have等以及感官動詞hear、see、feel、watch、notice等之后所加的不定式要省略to，但是在被動語態(tài)中不可省略

7、。例如我們說see sb play on the ground，但被動態(tài)中我們說sb is seen to play on the ground。 不帶to的動詞不定式 1. 在dobut/except結構中，當but或except前有實義動詞do的某種形式時，后接不帶to 的動詞不定式。 The train is late, and I can do nothing but wait. 對比：There was so serious a matter that I had no choice but to call in the police. 2. 在had better, would r

8、ather/soonerthan, ratherthan, would just as soon, might just as well, cannot (help) but等之后都務必接動詞原形。 Tom cannot but ask his supervisor to help him solve the difficulty he has encountered in doing the project. 3. 在do far more than后面不定式省略to。 In the course of a day students do far more than just attend

9、classes. 4. 在感官動詞或使役動詞，如hear, listen to, feel, see, look at, watch, notice, observe, perceive, let, make, bid, have, note, leave等之后，不定式作賓語補足語時不帶to。 She felt someone pat her on the head. for + 名（代）詞+ 不定式 Its just inconceivable for a child to do that job. That is for you to decide. Its time for us to

10、go. He stood aside for her to pass. 不定式的完成式： 1. 不定式的一般式to do不能表示發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前的動作，若要表達此意，需用to have done Albert Einstein, the great American scientist, is estimated to have had the incredible IQ of 200. 2. 表示非真實的過去，本計劃做但實際上沒有實現的動作，如mean, intend, think, plan, hope, wish, purpose, would/should like, was/wer

11、e等。 . 精品文檔 . I meant to have telephoned, but I forgot. I planned to have visited you last night, but I was too busy. I was to have visited you last night. I was to have telephoned, but I forgot. 二、動名詞 語態(tài)一般式進行式 主動doing being done 被動having done having been done 舉例： Working with a personal search agent

12、 means having another set of eyes looking out for you. There is no sign that Mr. Jospin, who keeps a firm control on the party despite having resigned from leadership of it, would intervene personally. 以主動態(tài)表被動義：deserve, need, require, want, bear, take(需要), stand(忍受), worth等。 The method deserves reco

13、mmending. Your hair needs cutting. That novel is not worth reading. 動名詞的語法功能： 1) 作主語 Home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder kitchen rage. 2) 做賓語 The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecog

14、nized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. 3) 作表語 The high cost of raw materials is keeping prices up. Wasting time is robbing oneself. 4) 作定語 Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may

15、report their findings soon. 動名詞的復合結構：名詞屬格或物主代詞+ 動名詞 Sophias having seen them did not surprise us. Its no use your trying to deceive me. I cant bear his staying up so late. Excuse my interrupting you. 精品文檔 . 三、分詞 現在分詞：動詞原形 +ing 過去分詞：動詞原形+ed Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, t

16、he researchers studied the dynamics of social influence (by conducting thousands of computer simulations of populations), manipulating a number of variables relating to (people s ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced). 現在分詞與過去分詞區(qū)別 從語態(tài)角度講，現在分詞表主 動，過去分詞表被動 1. What he said was

17、 very touching. 2. I was touched by the sight. 從時態(tài)角度講：現在分詞表動作 正在進行，過去分詞表動作的完 成。 1. falling leaves, fallen leaves 2. the rising sun, the risen sun 3. developing countries, developed countries 現在分詞與動名詞的區(qū)別： 1）現在分詞是動詞的一種非限定形式， 主要起形容詞和副詞的作用，在句子中做定語、表語、狀語，有時也用在復合結構中。 This is an amusing story. The book is

18、interesting. The students came into the classroom, laughing and talking. I heard him singing in the room last night. 2）動名詞也是動詞的另一種非限定形式，顧名思義，它既源于動詞，又具著名詞的功 能，因此它在句子中起 名詞的作用，可單獨或以動名詞短語的形式做主語、賓語、定語、表語。 Learning a foreign language well is no easy job. My favorite sport is skating. Have you finished correcting the students pa per? We had better put off discussing it till next week. 當現在分詞和動名詞充當不同的功能時，很簡單區(qū)分： 1. My mother goes shopping every day. 2. My mother does shopping every