給老外科普中國歷史主題講座課件

1、Preface: We have a big family1. China has a land area of 9.6 millions square kilometers, making it the third-biggest country in the world.2. China is a unified, multi-national country, with 56 nationalities in all.3. A country with a population of 1.3 billion.Preface: We have a big family1Many famou

2、s archeology and beautiful scenery in this landMany famous archeology and bea crowded crowdedPangu（The Very Beginning of Chinese Civilization)Chinese civilization， as described in mythology， begins with Pangu， the creator of the universe， and a succession of legendary sage-emperors and culture heroe

3、s （among them are Huang Di ， Yao， and Shun） who taught the ancient Chinese to communicate and to find sustenance， clothing， and shelter.Pangu（The Very Beginning of CBrief introduction of Chinese historyThe Xia Dynasty is the first unified country in Chinese history, 20701600 BC, established its capi

4、tal in Anyi (red point) 今山西夏縣 Brief introduction of Chinese The First Prehistoric DynastyXia is the first prehistoric dynasty. From about the twenty-first to the sixteenth century B.C， scientific excavations were made at early bronze-age sites at Anyang， Henan Province.In regard to the Xia，it was di

5、fficult to separate myth from reality.By now， archaeologists have uncovered urban sites， bronze implements， and tombs that point to the existence of Xia civilization in the same locations cited in ancient Chinese historical texts. At minimum， the Xia period marked an evolutionary stage between the l

6、ate neolithic cultures and the typical Chinese urban civilization of the Shang dynasty.The First Prehistoric DynastyBrief introduction of Chinese historyShang dynasty(1600 - 1046 B.C.), established capital in Shangqiu (early) and Anyang (late).Brief introduction of Chinese Shang dynasty endured roug

7、hly from 1700 to 1027 B.C. The Shang dynasty （also called the Yin dynasty in its later stages） is believed to have been founded by a rebel leader who overthrew the last Xia ruler. Its civilization was based on agriculture， augmented by hunting and animal husbandry. Two important events of the period

8、 were the development of a writing system， as revealed in archaic Chinese inscriptions found on tortoise shells and flat cattle bones， and the use of bronze metallurgy. A number of ceremonial bronze vessels with inscriptions date from the Shang period； the workmanship on the bronzes attests to a hig

9、h level of civilization.Shang dynasty endured roughly Brief introduction of Chinese historyZhou Dynasty replaced the Shang Dynasty in the 1029BC, established its capital in Xian. We call it West Zhou Dynasty(1029-771BC). Three hundreds years later, the empire moved its capital to Luoyang, be called

10、East Zhou Dynasty(770-256BC) .Brief introduction of Chinese According to standard Chinese accounts， the last Shang ruler， a despot was overthrown by a chieftain of a frontier tribe called Zhou， which had settled in the Wei Valley in modern Shaanxi Province. The Zhou dynasty had its capital at Hao， n

11、ear the city of Xian， or Changan， as it was known in its heyday in the imperial period.In 771 B.C， The capital was moved eastward to Luoyang in present-day Henan Province. Because of this shift， historians divide the Zhou era into Western Zhou （1027-771 B.C.） and Eastern Zhou （770-221 B.C.）。And East

12、ern Zhou divides into two subperiods. The first， from 770 to 476 B.C.， is called the Spring and Autumn Period ； the second is known as the Warring States Period （475-221 B.C. ）。Sharing the language and culture of the Shang， the early Zhou rulers， through conquest and colonization， gradually sinicize

13、d， that is， extended Shang culture through much of China Proper north of the Chang Jiang （or Yangtze River）。 The Zhou dynasty lasted longer than any other， from 1027 to 221 B.C.Initially from Shang ，there waw the notion that the ruler （the son of heaven ）governed by divine right but that his dethron

14、ement would prove that he had lost the mandate.給老外科普中國歷史主題講座課件Brief introduction of Chinese historyIn the following five hundreds years, The East Zhou Dynasty(770-256BC) divides into many small states. The states fight with each other, which lasts for 250 years, we also call this age Warring StatesB

15、rief introduction of Chinese Brief introduction of Chinese historyThe Qin Dynasty reunited china again in 221BC.(221-207BC)Xian (capital)Brief introduction of Chinese In 221 B.C， much of what came to constitute China Proper was unified for the first time. In subjugating the six other major states of

16、 Eastern Zhou， the Qin kings had relied heavily on Legalist scholar-advisers.Centralization， achieved by ruthless methods， was focused on standardizing legal codes and bureaucratic procedures， the forms of writing and coinage， and the pattern of thought and scholarship. To silence criticism of imper

17、ial rule， the kings banished or put to death many dissenting Confucian scholars and confiscated and burned their books . To fend off barbarian intrusion， the fortification walls built by the various warring states were connected to make a 5，000-kilometer-long great wall .Revolts broke out as soon as

18、 the first Qin emperor died in 210 B.C. The imperial system initiated during the Qin dynasty， however， set a pattern that was developed over the next two millenniaIn 221 B.C， much of what came Brief introduction of Chinese historyThe Han Dynasty became Chinas new empire in 206BC, established its cap

19、ital in Xian, we call it the West Han Dynasty in the history. It moved the capital to Luoyang in 25, called East Han Dynasty.(206BC220)Brief introduction of Chinese Another new dynasty， called Han （206 B.C.-A.D. 220）， emerged with its capital at Changan . The new empire retained much of the Qin admi

20、nistrative structure but retreated a bit from centralized rule. Confucian ideals of government， were adopted as the creed of the Han empire. Intellectual， literary， and artistic endeavors revived and flourished. The Han period produced Chinas most famous historian， Sima Qian （ 145-87 B.C.？）， whose S

21、hiji （ Historical Records） provides a detailed chronicle from the time of a legendary Xia emperor to that of the Han emperor Wu Di （ 141-87 B.C.）。 Technological advances also marked this period. After 200 years， Han rule was interrupted briefly （in A.D. 9-24 by Wang Mang ， a reformer）， and then rest

22、ored for another 200 years. And A.D. 220 the Han empire collapsed.Another new dynasty， called HaBrief introduction of Chinese historyThe Han Dynasty is split into three states, they are: Wei, Shu, Wu. The three countries fight with each other for more than 60 years.Hundreds of thousands of people ar

23、e killde in the war.Brief introduction of Chinese The collapse of the Han dynasty was followed by nearly four centuries of rule by warlords. The age of civil wars and disunity began with the era of the Three Kingdoms （Wei， Shu， and Wu， which had overlapping reigns during the period A.D. 220-80）。 In

24、later times， fiction and drama greatly romanticized the reputed chivalry of this period. Unity was restored briefly in the early years of the Jin dynasty （A.D. 265-420）， but the Jin could not long contain the invasions of the nomadic peoples. In A.D. 317 the Jin court was forced to flee from Luoyang

25、 and reestablished itself at Nanjing to the south. The transfer of the capital coincided with Chinas political fragmentation into a succession of dynasties that was to last from A.D. 304 to 589. During this period the process of sinicization accelerated among the non-Chinese arrivals in the north an

26、d among the aboriginal tribesmen in the south. This process was also accompanied by the increasing popularity of Buddhism （introduced into China in the first century A.D.） in both north and south China. Despite the political disunity of the times， there were notable technological advances. The inven

27、tion of gunpowder （at that time for use only in fireworks） and the wheelbarrow is believed to date from the sixth or seventh century. Advances in medicine， astronomy， and cartography are also noted by historians.The collapse of the Han dynastBrief introduction of Chinese historyThe Jin Dynasty unifi

28、ed the whole country in 265, established its capital in Luoyang, called East Jin Dynasty.(265316)Brief introduction of Chinese Brief introduction of Chinese historyThe West Jin Dynasty was attacked by other countries, became smaller and smaller, it had no choice but moved its capital to Nanjing, cal

29、led East Jin Dynasty.(317420)Brief introduction of Chinese Unity was restored briefly in the early years of the Jin dynasty （A.D. 265-420）， but the Jin could not long contain the invasions of the nomadic peoples. In A.D. 317 the Jin court was forced to flee from Luoyang and reestablished itself at N

30、anjing to the south. The transfer of the capital coincided with Chinas political fragmentation into a succession of dynasties that was to last from A.D. 304 to 589.During the process of sinicization accelerated among the non-Chinese arrivals in the north and among the aboriginal tribesmen in the sou

31、th. This process was also accompanied by the increasing popularity of Buddhism in both north and south China. Despite the political disunity of the times， there were notable technological advances. The invention of gunpowder and the wheelbarrow is believed to date from the sixth or seventh century.

32、Advances in medicine， astronomy， and cartography are also noted by historians.Unity was restored briefly in Brief introduction of Chinese historyFrom 420 to 581, China was split into many parts. Flames of war burn up on the land again , lasted three hundred years.Brief introduction of Chinese Brief

33、introduction of Chinese historySui Dynasty unified China in the 581, became the powerful empire, but the Sui Dynasty was a short-lived Dynasty, it was replaced by the Tang Dynasty in the 681. Luoyang is the capital.Brief introduction of Chinese China was reunified in A.D. 589 by the short-lived Sui

34、dynasty （A.D. 581-617）， which has often been compared to the earlier Qin dynasty in the ruthlessness of its accomplishments.The Sui dynastys early demise was attributed to the governments tyrannical demands on the people， who bore the crushing burden of taxes and compulsory labor. These resources we

35、re overstrained in the completion of the Grand Canal，and in the undertaking of other construction projects， including the reconstruction of the Great Wall.Weakened by costly and disastrous military campaigns against Korea in the early seventh century， the dynasty disintegrated through a combination

36、of popular revolts， disloyalty， and assassination.China was reunified in A.D. 58Brief introduction of Chinese historyThe Tang Dynasty(618907) is very famous in the world, and very powerful and rich.It has two capital, Xian and Luoyang.Brief introduction of Chinese The Tang dynasty （A.D. 618-907）， wi

37、th its capital at Changan， is regarded by historians as a high point in Chinese civilizationequal， or even superior， to the Han period.Its territory， acquired through the military exploits of its early rulers， was greater than that of the Han. Stimulated by contact with India and the Middle East， th

38、e empire saw a flowering of creativity in many fields. Buddhism became a permanent part of Chinese traditional culture. Block printing was invented， making the written word available to vastly greater audiences.The Tang period was the golden age of literature and art. A government system supported b

39、y a large class of Confucian literati selected through civil service examinations was perfected under Tang rule.By the middle of the eighth century A.D.， Tang power had ebbed. Domestic economic instability and military defeat in 751 by Arabs， marked the beginning of five centuries of steady military

40、 decline for the Chinese empire.The Tang dynasty （A.D. 618-907Brief introduction of Chinese historyAfter 300 years, the Tang Empire was destroyed.Time come to Five Dynasties and Ten KingdomsBrief introduction of Chinese Brief introduction of Chinese historyThe Song Dynasty unified most of china from

41、 900 to 1279. But the empire is very weak, so that wars never stopped in the land. China needs a strong, unified government.Brief introduction of Chinese But in 960 a new power， Song （960-1279）， reunified most of China Proper. The Song period divides into two phases： Northern Song （960-1127） and Sou

42、thern Song （1127-1279）。 The division was caused by the forced abandonment of north China in 1127 by the Song court， which could not push back the nomadic invaders.The founders of the Song dynasty built an effective centralized bureaucracy staffed with civilian scholar-officials. Regional military go

43、vernors and their supporters were replaced by centrally appointed officials. This system of civilian rule led to a greater concentration of power in the emperor and his palace bureaucracy than had been achieved in the previous dynasties.The Song dynasty is notable for the development of cities not o

44、nly for administrative purposes but also as centers of trade， industry， and maritime commerce.Culturally， the Song refined many of the developments of the previous centuries. Included in these refinements were not only the Tang ideal but also historical writings， painting， calligraphy， and hard-glaz

45、ed porcelain.But in 960 a new power， Song （Brief introduction of Chinese historyThe Yuan Dynasty(12061368) has the most vast territory in China history.The capital is Beijing, its the first time Beijing as the capital.Brief introduction of Chinese In 1206， Genghis Khan unified all the tribes in Mong

46、olia and founded the Mongol Khanate. In 1271， his grandson， Kublai Khan， conquered the Central Plain， founded the Yuan Dynasty （1271-1368） and made Dadu （todays Beijing） the capital. During the Song and Yuan dynasties， handicraft industry and domestic and foreign trade boomed. Many merchants and tra

47、velers came from abroad. Marco Polo came from Venice and traveled extensively in China， later describing the countrys prosperity in his Travels. The four great inventions of the Chinese people in ancient times-paper making， printing， the compass and gunpowder-were further developed in the Song and Yuan dynasties， and introduced to foreign countries during this time， making great contributions to world civilization. In 1206， Genghis Khan unifiedBrief introduction of Chinese historyThe Ming Dynasty (13681644) is another