否定疑問句的構(gòu)成和用法

1、否定疑問句的構(gòu)成和用法反意疑問句是在陳述句后邊加上一個簡短問句，對陳述句所敘述的內(nèi)容提出相反的疑問，這種 句子就叫作反意疑問句。反意疑問句可以表示真實的疑問，也可以表示提問人的傾向、強調(diào)或 反問。如果陳述句是肯定句時，后邊的反意疑問句通常要用否定式;反之,如果陳述句是否定句 時，后邊的反意疑問句通常要用肯定式。陳述句和后邊的反意疑問句的主語以及謂語動詞的人 稱、數(shù)、時態(tài)通常要保持一致。例如：He speaks English，doesnt he?Mary wont do it，will she?Lies cannot cover up the facts, can they?回答反意疑問句和回

2、答一般疑問句一樣，肯定回答用Yes, +肯定結(jié)構(gòu);否定回答用No, +否定 結(jié)構(gòu)。這與漢語習(xí)慣有所不同。例如：-Hes a doctor, isnt he?他是醫(yī)生,對吧？-Yes, he is.對，他是醫(yī)生。（No, he isnt不，他不是醫(yī)生。）-He isnt a doctor, is he?他不是醫(yī)生,對吧？-Yes, he is.不，他是醫(yī)生。（No, he isnt對，他不是醫(yī)生。）在使用反意疑問句時，特別要注意以下幾點：當(dāng)動詞have作有講時，可以有兩種反意疑問句形式。例如：He hasnt any sisters, has he?He doesnt have any sist

3、ers, does he?當(dāng)have表示其它含義（如:經(jīng)歷、遭受、得到、吃）講時,只有一種反意疑問句形式：You all had a good time, didnt you?He often has colds, doesnt he?They had milk and bread for breakfast, didnt they?如果陳述句的謂語動詞含有have to, had to時，反意疑問句通常用其適當(dāng)形式。例如：We have to get there at 8 a.m. tomorrow, dont we?They had to take the early train, did

4、nt they?need和dare既可以作情態(tài)動詞,又可以作實義動詞,注意有兩種反意疑問句形式。例如：You neednt hand in your paper today, need you?You dont need to hand in your paper today, do you?He dare ask the teacher, dare not he?He doesnt dare to ask the teacher, does he?如果陳述句的謂語動詞含有used to時，也可以有兩種反意疑問句形式。例如：He used to live in London, usednt/

5、didnt he?如果陳述句中出現(xiàn) never, seldom, hardly, scarcely, rarely, few, little, nobody, no one, nothing等含有否定意義的詞時,反意疑問句通常要用肯定式。例如：She seldom goes to the concert, does she?He has few good reasons for staying, has he?如果陳述句中的主語是不定式短語、動名詞短語、從句、everything或nothing時，反意 疑問句通常要用it作主語。例如：To sell/ Selling newspaper wa

6、s his job, wasnt it?What he said is true, isnt it?Everything is all right, isnt it?如果陳述句中的主語是不定代詞 everybody, everyone, somebody, someone, nobody, no one, each of等時,反意疑問句通常要用they或he作主語。例如：Somebody borrowed my bike, didnt they/ he?Each of them passed the exam, didnt they?No one was hurt, was he/were t

7、hey?8.如果陳述句用I am時,反意疑問句通常要用arent I?。例如：Im late, arent I?9如果陳述句是含有賓語從句的復(fù)合句式，反意疑問句的主語以及謂語動詞的人稱、數(shù)、時態(tài) 通常要與主句保持一致。例如：He never said that he would come, did he?I told that not everyone could do it, didnt I?但是,如果陳述句是I dont think (believe, suppose, imagine等)含有賓語從句的復(fù)合句式 ，反意疑問句的主語以及謂語動詞的人稱、數(shù)、時態(tài)通常要和從句保持一致，并且要用肯

8、定式。 例如：I dont think the lady can complete the difficult job alone, can she?I dont believe he knows it, does he?10.如果陳述句是含有there be結(jié)構(gòu)時，反意疑問句要用there，省去主語代詞.英語中的反意疑問句反意疑問句，又名附加疑問句，是英語中疑問句形式的一種。這一結(jié)構(gòu)由第一部分提出看法, 第二部分提出質(zhì)疑。如果第一部分為肯定形式，第二部分通常用否定形式；第一部分為否定 形式，第二部分就用肯定形式，兩部分的時態(tài)要一致。例如：It is a fine day, isnt it?I

9、t isnt a fine day, is it?從功能上講，特別是在口語中，同樣是反意疑問句，通過使用不同語調(diào)所表達的語意卻 大不相同。傳統(tǒng)的解釋是，句子后半部分讀作輕聲調(diào)時，表示信息咨詢；句子后半部分讀作 降調(diào)時，含有期望對方肯定之意。反意疑問句從語言功能上講有猶豫不決、避免沖突等底 蘊。這與西方文化對女性社會角色的認(rèn)定相吻合，故多為女子所使用。其次，來自方言變體 的研究表明，在英語文化中，反意疑問句常用來表示紆尊降貴的言外之意，暗含明顯的優(yōu) 越感。近年來，在我國的大學(xué)英語四、六級考試中，反意疑問句的考點屢有出現(xiàn)。例如在2002 年 6 月 CET-4 中 43 題為：There has

10、been a great increase in retail sales,?A) does there B) isnt there C) hasnt there D) isnt it這該如何選擇？反意疑問句是較容易掌握的一種語言現(xiàn)象，但在具體應(yīng)用時，當(dāng)主句中 含有特殊的詞或詞組，或主句為一種特殊句型時，有的學(xué)習(xí)者往往猶豫不決。針對這種情況, 筆者總結(jié)了以下幾點，希望能對學(xué)習(xí)者有所幫助。一、當(dāng)主句的主語或謂語為特殊的詞或詞組時：當(dāng)陳述部分的主語是 everybody, everyone, someone, no one , nobody, somebody等合成詞或詞組時，反意疑問句部分的主語

11、在非正式文體中，往往用they,有時 也用he;而當(dāng)陳述部分的主語為this, that, everything, nothing, something等時，反意 疑問句部分的主語用it,如：Somebody called on him yesterday, didnt they?當(dāng)陳述部分是there存在句時，反意疑問句主語也用there。如：There is no way out, is there?因此在上述考題中，應(yīng)選C。當(dāng)陳述部分帶有表示所有含義的have時，反意疑問句部分既可用have引導(dǎo)，也 可用do引導(dǎo)，但當(dāng)have不表示所有含義時，附加疑問句必須用do引導(dǎo)。You have

12、a good friend, havent you / dont you?We had a good time in the city, didnt we?當(dāng)陳述部分主語為used to時，反意疑問句部分動詞可用used to或did形式引導(dǎo), 如：Your father used to drink a lot, usednt he / didnt he?當(dāng)陳述部分的主語是one時，反意疑問句部分的主語在正式場合用one,在非正式場 合用you,如：One should be happy in this situation, shouldnt one/ shouldnt you?6如果陳述部分

13、的動詞或形容詞是加否定前綴構(gòu)成的，則反意疑問句中動詞仍用否定， 如：He is unmarried, isnt he?而當(dāng)陳述部分的主語為nothing時，則反意疑問句中動詞用肯定，如：There is nothing left, is there?當(dāng)陳述部分為ought to時，反意疑問句部分可用should引導(dǎo)，也可用ought to形 式，如：He ought to go by train, shouldnt/oughtnt he?當(dāng)陳述部分帶有情態(tài)動詞need,dare時，反意疑問句部分一般由need,dare等構(gòu)成, 如：The boy neednt make such a loud

14、 noise, need he?但當(dāng)need ,dare作行為動詞時，則應(yīng)按行為動詞構(gòu)成反意疑問句的方法，即加助動詞 來構(gòu)成反意疑問句部分。當(dāng)陳述句部分為動詞wish時，反意疑問句用may的肯定形式，如:I wish to shake hands with you, may I?當(dāng)陳述句部分含有情態(tài)動詞must時，要根據(jù)must的具體含義而定。1）當(dāng)陳述部分的must表示一定，”想必等推測意義時，反意疑問句部分不用must, 而必須根據(jù)must后的動詞而采用相應(yīng)的助動詞來構(gòu)成反意疑問句。如：You must be very happy, arent you？He must have taugh

15、t English for many years, hasnt he?2）當(dāng)陳述部分的must表示必須的含義時，反意疑問句部分用mustnt，如：They must hand in their papers right now, mustnt they?3）當(dāng)陳述部分的must表示有必要時，反意疑問句部分用neednt，如：He must go now , neednt he?4）當(dāng)陳述部分為mustnt表示禁止時，反意疑問句部分用must，如：You mustnt smoke in the room, must you?二、當(dāng)主句的主語或謂語動詞為特殊結(jié)構(gòu)時：當(dāng)陳述部分為Im.結(jié)構(gòu)時，反意疑

16、問句一般為arent I,如：I am right, arent I?當(dāng)陳述部分為youd better或youd rather時，反意疑問句用hadnt you或 wouldnt you, 如：Youd better finish your homework, hadnt you?動詞不定式，動名詞短語或其他短語作陳述句部分的主語時，反意疑問句的主語通常 用it，如：To get rid of a bad habit is not easy, is it?三、當(dāng)主句為特殊句型時：當(dāng)陳述句是一個主從復(fù)合句，反意疑問句部分一般應(yīng)根據(jù)主句的謂語動詞而定，但當(dāng) 陳述句為并列復(fù)合句時，依后一句謂語而定

17、，如：Its not colder than it was yesterday, is it?但當(dāng)主句是I suppose, I think, I believe等結(jié)構(gòu)時，反意疑問句往往應(yīng)根據(jù)從句的主、 謂來定，但要注意否定的轉(zhuǎn)移。如：I dont suppose he is serious , is he?2.祈使句也可用反意疑問句，其謂語形式通常用情態(tài)動詞will, shall, can等構(gòu)成，如:Pass me the sugar, will you?Dont talk like that, will you?如果是否定祈使句，反意疑問句部分則用all right, OK等，如：Lets

18、 not go to the park, OK?由Lets引導(dǎo)的祈使句的反意疑問句部分用shall we或will you,這取決于us的含義。 當(dāng)us包括說者與聽者在內(nèi)，陳述部分形式為Lets，疑問部分用shall we，而當(dāng)us只指聽 者，陳述部分形式為Let us,疑問部分用will you,如：Lets try harder, shall we?Let us go now, will you?3.感嘆句的反意疑問句，其動詞用to be的現(xiàn)在時，而且通常為否定，如：What a fanny man, isnt he?四、特殊形式的反意疑問句陳述部分與附加部分同時都是肯定或否定，則表示說話

19、人懷疑、嘲諷的態(tài)度。如：Your car is outside, is it?He doesnt like his job, doesnt he?有時反意疑問句部分主語為you,與陳述句主語不同，此時，反意疑問句相當(dāng)于How about you? What do you think of it?其謂語也跟主句謂語一致。如：I hope they wont have to wait all day, dont you?因此，英語中的反意疑問句是一種既簡單又復(fù)雜的語言現(xiàn)象，在我們的學(xué)習(xí)中，不但要 能夠全面地掌握其用法，還要能夠在正確的場合中正確地使用，這對于我們外語學(xué)習(xí)者是非 常重要的。1.當(dāng)陳述

20、部分的主語是I,而句子又用來征詢對方的意見時，附加疑問句中的主語用you。 女口：I find English very interesting, dont you?I dont like that film, do you?2 .當(dāng)陳述部分的主語是 everybody, everyone, someone, nobody, no one, somebody等合成代詞時，附加疑問句中的主語通常用they。但亦可用he,尤其是nobody, no one等作主語，具有否定概念時。如：Somebody phoned while I was out, didnt they?Everyone enjo

21、yed the party, didnt they?Nobody wants to go there, does he?當(dāng)陳述部分的主語是不定代詞everything, nothing, anything, something時，附 加 疑問句中的主語一般用it,不用they。如：Everything seems all right now, doesnt it?Nothing is kept in good order, is it?Something must be done to stop pollution, isnt it?當(dāng)陳述部分的主語是指示代詞this, that或these,

22、 those時，附加疑問句中的主語分 別用it和they。如：This is important, isnt it?That isnt correct, is it?These are your friends Tom and Jack, arent they?5.如果陳述部分是以代詞one作主語，附加疑問句中的主語在正式場合用one，非 正式場合用you,在美國英語中，在非正式場合還可以用he。如：One cant be too careful, can one?或 can you?One should do his duty, shouldnt he?6如果陳述部分用Im.結(jié)構(gòu)，附加疑問部

23、分一般用arent I。如：I am strong and healthy arent I。當(dāng)陳述句為there be結(jié)構(gòu)時，附加疑問句中的主語也用there。如：Theres no help for it, is there?Theres something wrong, isnt there?陳述部分帶有 seldom, hardly, never, rarely, few, little,nowhere, nothing 等否定詞或半否定詞時，附加疑問部分的動詞用肯定形式。如：Bob rarely got drunk, did he?Few people know him, do the

24、y?She seldom goes to the cinema, does she?如果陳述部分的否定詞帶有否定前綴，那么，該陳述部分作肯定處理，附加疑問部 分一般仍用否定形式。如：He was unsuccessful, wasnt he?Tom dislikes the book, doesnt he?當(dāng)陳述部分為主從復(fù)合句時，附加疑問部分一般應(yīng)與主句的主語和謂語動詞保持對 應(yīng)關(guān)系。如：She says that I did it, doesnt she?I told them not everybody could do it ,didnt I?但當(dāng)陳述部分的主語是I，謂語是think,

25、 believe, suppose, expect這類動詞時， 附加疑問部分則往往與從句中的主語和謂語動詞保持對應(yīng)關(guān)系，但要注意否定的轉(zhuǎn)移。I suppose that hes serious isnt he?I dont think she cares, does she?當(dāng)陳述部分是并列句，附加疑問句則需和就近的分句的主語和謂語一致。如：Xiao Lin has been writing letters all afternoon but he should finish them now, shouldnt he?11.在由“祈使句+附加疑問”構(gòu)成的附加疑問句中，附加疑問部分一般用wil

26、l you, wont you, would you,有時也可用 can you, cant you, why dont you, could you 等。如：Dont open the door, will you?Give me some cigarettes, can you?Take a rest, why dont you?但是，以lets開頭的祈使句，附加疑問部分用shall we;以let us開頭的祈使句，如果 含義是allow us，不包括聽話人在內(nèi)，疑問部分用will you。如：Lets have a basketball match this afternoon, sh

27、all we?Let us go out for a rest, will you?當(dāng)陳述部分帶有情態(tài)動詞must表示“必須”時，疑問部分用mustnt。如：You must work hard next term, mustnt you?I must answer the letter, mustnt I?但若表推測這層含義時，不能用must，而要根據(jù)陳述部分的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)(即must 之后的動詞)以及含義采用相應(yīng)的動詞形式。如：You must have made a mistake, havent you?They must have seen the film last week, di

28、dnt they?He must be in the library, isnt he?當(dāng)陳述部分含有情態(tài)動詞used to時，疑問部分可用usednt或didnt。如：The old man used to smoke, didnt he?或 usednt he?Tom used to live here, usednt he?或 didnt he?14當(dāng)陳述部分帶有情態(tài)動詞ought to時，疑問部分用oughtnt或shouldnto 如：He ought to know the answer, oughtnt he?We ought to read this book, oughtnt

29、 we?或 shouldnt we?15.當(dāng)陳述部分含有had better時，疑問部分用had。女如 DYoud better finish your homework now, hadnt you?感嘆句后的附加疑問句的謂語動詞需用be的現(xiàn)在時，且常用否定形式。如：What a clever boy, isnt he?What a lovely day, isnt it?陳述句子中的主語為動詞不定式短語、動名詞短語或其他短語時，疑問部分的 主語通常用it。如：Learning how to repair motors takes a long time, doesnt it?Between

30、 six and seven will suit you, wont it?Where to hold the meeting has not been decided, has it?在口語和非正式文體中，為了加強語氣，只是表示某種驚奇、懷疑、反感、諷 刺等感情而并不是為了尋求回答，這時前后兩部分的肯定、否定是一致的。如：Oh, he is a writer, is he?Youll not go, wont you?陳述句中的謂語動詞是wish，表示愿望時用may，且用肯定形式。如：I wish to have a chance to learn English, may I?當(dāng)陳述部分帶

31、有表示“所有”含義的動詞have (has)時，疑問部分既可用have 形式，也可用do形式。如：You have a new bike, havent you (或 dont you) ?She doesnt have any money in her pocket, does she?反意疑問句的鞏固練習(xí)： TOC o 1-5 h z dont think that the necklace is made of diamond,?do I B. do you C. isnt it D. is itHis wife had the carpets and the curtains clea

32、ned,?hadnt B. had C. didnt she D. did she3.Its my sons wedding next week, and I have to do my best for that,?havent I B. dont I C. dont he D. isnt it TOC o 1-5 h z Harry wouldnt become a teacher if it hadnt been for the holiday, ?would he B. had it C. would it D. had heNo one left here yesterday,?didnt theyB. did they C. didnt one D. did oneBirds rarely build nests in our garden,?dont they B. do they C. didnt they D. did theyYou must h