《化學工程與工藝專業(yè)英語》課文翻譯(不全)

1、 PAGE PAGE 21Unit1ChemicalIndustry化學工業(yè)Before reading the text below, try to answer followingBefore reading the text below, try to answer following question:When did the modern chemical industry start?Can you give a definition for the chemical industry?What are the contribution which the chemical ind

2、ustry has made to meet and satisfy our needs?Is the chemical industry capital- or labor-intensive? Why?Origins of the Chemical IndustryAlthough the use of chemicals dates back to the ancient civilizations, the evolution of what we know as the modern chemical industry started much more recently. It m

3、ay be considered to have begun during the Industrial Revolution, about 1800, and developed to provide chemicals roe use by other industries. Examples are alkali for soapmaking, bleaching powder for cotton, and silica and sodium carbonate for glassmaking. It will be noted that these are all inorganic

4、 chemicals. The organic chemicals industry started in the 1860s with the exploitation of William Henry Perkins discovery if the first synthetic dyestuffmauve. At the start of the twentieth century the emphasis on research on the applied aspects of chemistry in Germany had paid off handsomely, and by

5、 1914 had resulted in the German chemical industry having 75% of the world market in chemicals. This was based on the discovery of new dyestuffs plus the development of both the contact process for sulphuric acid and the Haber process for ammonia. The later required a major technological breakthroug

6、h that of being able to carry out chemical reactions under conditions of very high pressure for the first time. The experience gained with this was to stand Germany in good stead, particularly with the rapidly increased demand for nitrogen-based compounds (ammonium salts for fertilizers and nitric a

7、cid for explosives manufacture) with the outbreak of world warin 1914. This initiated profound changes which continued during the inter-war years (1918-1939).化學工業(yè)的起源盡管化學品的使用可以追溯到古代文明時代1800 用的硅及 Na2CO3. 我們會注意到所有這些都是無機物。有機化學工業(yè)的開始是在十九世紀六十年代以William Henry Perkin 苯胺紫并加以開發(fā)利用為標志的。20 世紀初，德國花費大量資金用于實用化學方面的重點

8、研究，到1914 年，德國的化學工業(yè)在世界化學產品市場上占有 75%的份額。這要歸因于新染料的發(fā)現(xiàn)以及硫酸的接觸法生產的壓力條件下進行。這方面所取得的成績對德國很有幫助。特別是由于1914 年第一次世界大仗的爆發(fā)，對以氮為基礎的化合物的需求飛速增長。這種深刻的改變一直持續(xù)到戰(zhàn)后1918-193。date bake to/from: 回溯到dated: 過時的，陳舊的stand sb. in good stead: Since 1940 the chemical industry has grown at a remarkable rate, although this has slowed s

9、ignificantly in recent years. The lions share of this growth has been in the organic chemicals sector due to the development and growth of the petrochemicals area since 1950s. The explosives growth in petrochemicals in the 1960s and 1970s was largely due to the enormous increase demand for synthetic

10、 polymers such as polyethylene, polypropylene, nylon, polyesters and epoxy resins.1940 年以來，化學工業(yè)一直以引人注目的速度飛速發(fā)展。盡管這種發(fā)展的速度近年來已大大減慢?；瘜W工業(yè)的發(fā)展由于 1950 60 70 乙烯、聚丙烯、尼龍、聚脂和環(huán)氧樹脂的需求巨大增加。The chemical industry today is a very diverse sector of manufacturing industry, within which it plays a central role. It makes

11、 thousands of different chemicals which the general public only usually encounter as end or consumer products. These products are purchased because they have the required properties which make them suitable for some particular application, e.g. a non-stick coating for pans or a weedkiller. Thus chem

12、icals are ultimately sold for the effects that produce.今天的化學工業(yè)已經是制造業(yè)中有著許多分支的部門，并且在制造業(yè)中起著核心的作一種殺蟲劑。這些化學產品歸根到底是由于它們能產生的作用而被購買的。Definition of the Chemical IndustryAt the turn of the century there would have been little difficulty in defining what constituted the chemical industry since only a very limi

13、ted range of products was manufactured and these were clearly chemicals, e.g., alkali, sulphuric acid. At present, however, many intermediates to products produced, from raw materials like crude oil through (in some cases) many intermediates to products which may be used directly as consumer goods,

14、or readily converted into them. The difficulty cones in deciding at which point in this sequence the particular operation ceases to be part of the chemical industrys sphere of activities. To consider a specific example to illustrate this dilemma, emulsion paints may contain poly (vinyl chloride) / p

15、oly (vinyl acetate). Clearly, synthesis of vinyl chloride (or acetate) and its polymerization are chemical activities. However, if formulation and mixing of the paint, including the polymer, is carried out by a branch of the multinational chemical company which manufactured the ingredients, is this

16、still part of the chemical industry of does it mow belong in the decorating industry?化學工業(yè)的定義一些原料物質像用于制備許多的半成品的石油/聚醋酸乙烯。顯然， 氯乙烯（或醋酸乙烯）配制和混合是由一家制造配料的跨國化學公司完成的話It is therefore apparent that, because of its diversity of operations and close links in many areas with other industries, there is no simple d

17、efinition of the chemical industry. Instead each official body which collects and publishes statistics on manufacturing industry will have its definition as to which operations are classified as the chemical industry. It is important to bear this in mind when comparing statistical information which

18、is derived from several sources.因此，很明顯，由于化學工業(yè)經營的種類很多并在很多領域與其它工業(yè)有密切的聯(lián)系，The Need for Chemical IndustryThe chemical industry is concerned with converting raw materials, such as crude oil, firstly into chemical intermediates and then into a tremendous variety of other chemicals. These are then used to p

19、roduce consumer products, which make our lives more comfortable or, in some cases such as pharmaceutical produces, help to maintain our well-being or even life itself. At each stage of these operations value is added to the produce and provided this added exceeds the raw material plus processing cos

20、ts then a profit will be made on the operation. It is the aim of chemical industry to achieve this.對化學工業(yè)的需要It may seem strange in textbook this one to pose the question “do we need a chemical industry?” However trying to answer this question will provide( ) an indication of the range of the chemical

21、 industrys activities, ( ) its influence on our lives in everyday terms, and ( ) how great is societys need for a chemical industry. Our appro ach in answering the question will be to consider the industrys contribution to meeting and satisfying our major needs. What are these?Clearly food (and drin

22、k) and health are paramount. Other which we shall consider in their turn are clothing and (briefly) shelter, leisure and transport.在這樣的一本教科書中提出呢？然而，先回答下面幾個問題將給我們提供一些信息（）化學工業(yè)的活動范圍（）化學工業(yè)對我們日常生活的影響（(1) Food. The chemical industrymakes a major contribution to food production in at least three ways. Firs

23、tly, by making available large quantities of artificial fertilizers which are used to replace the elements (mainly nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) which are removed as nutrients by the growing crops during modern intensive farming. Secondly, by manufacturing crop protection chemicals, i.e., pest

24、icides, which markedly reduce the proportion of the crops consumedby pests. Thirdly, by producing veterinary products which protect livestock from disease or cure their infections.食物。化學工業(yè)對糧食生產所做的巨大貢獻至少有三個方面。第一，提供大量可以獲得的肥料以補充由于密集耕作被農作物生長時所帶走的營養(yǎng)成分（主要是氮、磷和鉀。 產獸藥保護家禽免遭疾病或其它感染的侵害。Health. We are all aware

25、 of the major contribution which the pharmaceutical sector of the industry has made to help keep us all healthy, e.g. by curing bacterial infections with antibiotics, and even extending life itself, e.g. blockers to lower blood pressure.（2）健康。我們都很了解化學工業(yè)中制藥這一塊在維護我們的身體健康甚至延長壽命方面所做出的巨大貢獻，例如，用抗生素治療細菌感染，

26、用-抗血栓降低血壓。Clothing. The improvement in properties of modern synthetic fibers over the traditional clothing materials (e.g. cotton and wool) has been quite remarkable. Thus shirts, dresses and suits madefrompolyesterslikeTeryleneandpolyamideslikeNylonaremachine-washable, and drip-dry or non-iron. The

27、y are also cheaper than natural materials.衣物。在傳統(tǒng)的衣服面料上，現(xiàn)代合成纖維性質的改善也是非常顯著的。用聚脂如滌綸或聚酰胺如尼龍所制作的 T 料便宜。Parallel developments in the discovery of modern synthetic dyes and the technology to “bond” them to the fiber has resulted in a tremendous increase in the variety of colors available to the fashion des

28、igner. Indeed they now span almost every color and hue of the visible spectrum.Indeed if a suitable shade is not available, structural modification of an existing dye to achieve this can readily be carried out, provided there is a satisfactory market for the product.與此同時，現(xiàn)代合成染料開發(fā)和染色技術的改善使得時裝設計師們有大量的

29、色彩可以利只要這種產品確有市場，就可以很容易地通過對現(xiàn)有的色彩進行結構調整而獲得。Other major advances in this sphere have been in color-fastness, i.e., resistance to the dye being washed out when the garment is cleaned.這一領域中另一些重要進展是不褪色，即在洗滌衣物時染料不會被洗掉。Shelter, leisure and transport. In terms of shelter the contribution of modern synthetic

30、polymers has been substantial. Plastics are tending to replace traditional building materials like wood because they are lighter, maintenance-free (i.e. they are resistant to weathering and do not needpainting).Otherpolymers,e.g.urea-formaldehyde andpolyurethanes,areinsulating materials for reducing

31、 heat losses and hence reducing energy usage.（4）住所，休閑和旅游。講到住所方面現(xiàn)代合成高聚物的貢獻是巨大的。塑料正在取代像木材一類的傳統(tǒng)建筑材料，因為它們更輕，免維護（Plastics and polymers have made a considerable impact on leisure activities with applications ranging from all-weather artificial surfaces for athletic tracks, football pitches and tennis cour

32、ts to nylon strings for racquets and items like golf balls and footballs made entirely from synthetic materials.塑料和高聚物的應用對休閑活動有很重要的影響，從體育跑道的全天候人造篷頂，足球和網球的經緯線，到球拍的尼龍線還有高爾夫球的元件，還有制造足球的合成材料。Likewise the chemical industrys contribution to transport over the years has led to major improvements. Thus deve

33、lopment of improved additives like anti-oxidants and viscosity index improves for engine oil has enabled routine servicing intervals to increase from 3000 to 6000 to 12000 miles. Research and development work has also resulted in improved lubricating oils and greases, and better brake fluids. Yet ag

34、ain the contribution of polymers and plastics has been very striking with the proportion of the total automobile derived from these materialsdashboard, steering wheel, seat padding and covering etc.now exceeding 40%.多年來化學工業(yè)對旅游方面所作的貢獻也有很大的提高3000 6000 12000 英超過 40%So it is quite apparent even from a b

35、rief look at the chemical industrys contribution to meeting our major needs that life in the world would be very different without the products of the industry. Indeed the level of a countrys development may be jud ged by the production level and sophistication of its chemical industry.很顯然簡單地看一下化學工業(yè)

36、在滿足我們的主要需求方面所做的貢獻就可以知道的生產水平和精細程度來加以判斷。Research and Development(R&D) in Chemical IndustriesOne of the main reasons for the rapid growth of the chemical industry in the developed world has been its great commitment to, and investment in research and development (R&D). A typical figure is 5% of sales i

37、ncome, with this figure being almost doubled for the most research intensive sector, pharmaceuticals. It is important to emphasize that we are quoting percentages here not of profits but of sales income, i.e. the total money received, which has to pay for raw materials, overheads, staff salaries, et

38、c. as well. In the past this tremendous investment has paid off well, leading to many useful and valuable products being introduced to the market. Examples include synthetic polymers like nylons and polyesters, and drugs and pesticides. Although the number of new products introduced to the market ha

39、s declined significantly in recent years, and in times of recession the research department is usually one of the first to suffer cutbacks, the commitment to R&D remains at a very high level.化學工業(yè)的研究和開發(fā)。發(fā)達國家化學工業(yè)飛速發(fā)展的一個重要原因就是它在研究和開發(fā)方面的投入和投資5%資仍然保持在較高的水平。The chemical industry is a very high technology

40、industry which takes full advantage of the latest advances in electronics and engineering. Computers are very widely used for all sorts of applications, from automatic control of chemical plants, to molecular modeling of structures new compounds, to the control of analytical instruments in the labor

41、atory.化學工業(yè)是高技術工業(yè)，它需要利用電子學和工程學的最新成果。計算機被廣泛應用，從化工廠的自動控制，到新化合物結構的分子模擬，再到實驗室分析儀器的控制。Individual manufacturing plants have capacities ranging from just a few tones per year in the fine chemicals area to the real giants in the fertilizer and petrochemical sectors which range up to 500,000 tonnes. The latte

42、r requires enormous capital investment, since a single plant of this size can now cost $520 million! This, coupled with the widespread use of automatic control equipment, helps to explain why the chemical industry is capital-rather than labor-intensive.一個制造廠的生產量很不一樣，精細化工領域每年只有幾噸，而巨型企業(yè)如化肥廠和石油化工廠有可能高達

43、 500,000 2 5 The major chemical companies are truly multinational and operate their sales and marketing activities in most of the countries of the world, and they also have manufacturing units in a number of countries. This international outlook for operations, or globalization, is a growing trend w

44、ithin the chemical industry, with companies expanding their activities either by erecting manufacturing units in other countries or by taking over companies which are already operating there.大部分化學公司是真正的跨國公司，他們在世界上的許多國家進行銷售和開發(fā)市場，他勢。大公司通過在別的國家建造制造廠或者是收購已有的工廠進行擴張。Unit2Research andDevelopment研究和開發(fā)Resear

45、ch and development, or R&D as it is commonly referred to, is an activity which is carried out by all sectors of manufacturing industry but its extent varies considerably, as we will see shortly. Let us first understand, or at least get a feel for, what the terms mean. Although the distinction betwee

46、n research and development is not always clear-cut, and there is often considerable overlap, we will attempt to separate them. In simple terms research can be thought of as the activity which produces new ideas and knowledge whereas development is putting those ideas into practice as new process and

47、 products. To illustrate this with an example, predicting the structure of a new molecule which would have a specific biological activity and synthesizing it could be seen as research whereas testing it and developing it to the point where it could be marketed as a new drug could be described as the

48、 development part.研究和開發(fā)，或通常所稱R&D Fundamental Research and Applied ResearchIn industry the primary reason for carting out R&D is economic and is to strengthen and improve the companys position and profitability. The purpose of R&D is to generate and provide information and knowledge to reduce uncerta

49、inty, solve problems and to provide better data on which management can base decisions. Specific projects cover a wide range of activities and time scales, from a few months to 20 years.基礎研究和應用研究R&D 管理層提供更好的數(shù)據(jù)以便他們能據(jù)此做出決定20 年。We can pick out a number of areas of R&D activity in the following paragrap

50、hs but if we were to start with those which were to spring to the mind of the academic, rather than the industrial, chemist then these would be basic, fundamental (background) or exploratory research and the synthesis of new compounds. This is also labeled “blue skies” research.我們可以在后面的段落里舉出大量的R&D 活

51、動。但是如果我們舉出的點子來源于研究院而不是工業(yè)化學家的頭腦，這就是基礎的或探索性的研究Fundamental research is typically associated with university research. It may be carried out for its own intrinsic interest and it will add to the total knowledge base but no immediate applications of it in the “real world” well be apparent. Note that it w

52、ill provide a valuabletraining in defining and solving problems, i.e. research methodology for the research student who carries it out under supervision. However, later “spin offs” from such work can lead to useful applications. Thus physicists claim that but for the study and development of quantum

53、 theory we might not have had computers and nuclear power. However, to take a specifically chemical example, general studies on a broad area such as hydrocarbon oxidation might provide information which would be useful in more specific areas such as cyclohexane oxidation for the production of nylon

54、intermediates.基礎研究通常與大學研究聯(lián)系在一起，它可能是由于對其內在的興趣而進行研究并。而且，從這些工作中產生的“有用的副產品”隨后也能帶Aspects of synthesis could involve either developing new, more specific reagents controlling particular functional group interconversions, i.e. developing synthetic methodology or complete synthesis of an entirely newmolecul

55、e which is biologically active. Although the former is clearly fundamental the latter encompasses both this and applied aspects. This term applied has traditionally been more associated with research out in industrial laboratories, since this is more focused or targeted. It is a consequence of the w

56、ork being business driven.通過合成可以生產出一些新的、更特殊的試劑以控制特殊的官能團轉換，即發(fā)展合成方法或完成一些具有生物活性的新分子的合成系在一起的，因為它更具目的性，它是商業(yè)行為驅動的結果。Note, however, that there has been a major change in recent years as academic institutions have increasingly turned to industry for research funding, with the result that much more of their

57、research effort is mow devoted to more applied research. Even so, in academia the emphasis generally is very much on the research rather than the development.然而，請注意。近幾年有很大的變化，大學研究機構正越來越多地轉向工業(yè)界尋求研重點通常還是在于研究而不是開發(fā)。Types of Industrial Research and DevelopmentThe applied or more targeted type of research

58、 and development commonly carried out in industry can be of several types and we will briefly consider each. They are: ()product development, () process development, () process improvement and () applications development. Even under these headings there are a multitude of aspects so only a typical e

59、xample can be quoted in each case. The emphasis on each of these will vary considerably within the different sectors of the chemical industry.工業(yè)研究和開發(fā)的類型通常在生產中完成的實用型的或有目的性的研究和開發(fā)可以分為好幾類1）產品開發(fā)2）工藝開發(fā)（）工藝改進4）下還有許多分支。我們.對每一類舉一個典型的例子來加以說明。在化學工業(yè)的不同部門內每類的工作重點有很大的不同。(1)Product development. Product development

60、 includes not only the discovery and development of a new drug but also, for example, providing a new longer-active anti-oxidant additive to an automobile engine oil. Development such as this have enabled servicing intervals to increase during the last decade from 3000 to 6000 to 9000 and now to 120