馬清河灌區(qū)灌溉特別篇

1、馬清河灌區(qū)澆灌系統(tǒng)規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)校：揚(yáng)州大學(xué)專業(yè)：水利水電工程班級：1204班姓名：杜云皓指導(dǎo)老師：蔡守華目錄基本資料.11.1大體.11.2氣象.11.3栽種計(jì)劃及澆灌經(jīng)驗(yàn).31.4灌區(qū)開發(fā)的必要性和可行性.52早稻及棉花的澆灌制度計(jì)算.62.1早稻的澆灌制度計(jì)算62.2棉花的澆灌制度計(jì)算103注水率計(jì)算174灌排渠系及渠系建筑物規(guī)劃部署.214.1水源與取水口選擇.214.2各級渠道與排水渠部署.214.3渠系建筑物部署.215水位計(jì)算.245.1初擬各級渠道比降.245.2選擇地面控制點(diǎn).245.3計(jì)算典型支渠渠首設(shè)計(jì)水位.245.4計(jì)算干渠設(shè)計(jì)水位.255.5確定引水方式.256計(jì)算渠道設(shè)

2、計(jì)流量.266.1確定工作制度.266.2計(jì)算典型支渠設(shè)計(jì)流量.267渠道橫斷面設(shè)計(jì).307.1干渠各斷面設(shè)計(jì).307.2支渠斷面設(shè)計(jì).317.3斗渠斷面設(shè)計(jì).327.4農(nóng)渠斷面設(shè)計(jì).338干、支渠水位連結(jié)校核.359繪制干渠縱橫斷面圖.36基本資料1.1大體灌區(qū)位于界榮山以南，馬清河以北，總面積（20m等高線以下的）約12萬畝。天氣平易，無霜期長，合適于農(nóng)作物生長。年平均氣溫16.5，多年平均蒸發(fā)量1065mm，多年平均降水量1112mm，馬清河灌區(qū)地形圖見附圖1。灌區(qū)人口總數(shù)約8萬，勞動(dòng)力1.9萬。申溪以西屬興盛鄉(xiāng)，以東屬大勝鄉(xiāng)。依照農(nóng)業(yè)規(guī)劃，界榮山上以林、牧、副業(yè)為主，馬頭山以林為主，2

3、0m等高線以下則以大田作物為主，栽種稻、麥、棉、豆等作物。灌區(qū)上游土質(zhì)屬中壤，下游龍尾河一帶屬輕砂壤土。地下水埋深一般為45m，土壤及地下水的pH值屬中性，無鹽堿化威脅。界榮山、龍尾山等屬土質(zhì)丘陵，表土屬中粘壤土，地表56m以下為巖層，申溪及吳家溝等溝溪均有巖石露頭，馬頭山陳村以南至馬清河畔巖石遍布地表。吳家溝等溝溪縱坡較大，下切較深，一般為78m，上游寬5060m，下游寬7090m，遇暴雨時(shí)易暴發(fā)洪水，近來幾年來已在各溝、溪上游修筑多處小型水庫，山洪已基本獲得控制，對灌區(qū)無威脅。馬清河灌區(qū)為馬清河流域規(guī)劃的組成部分。依照規(guī)劃要求，已在興盛峪上游20km處83建大型水庫一座，壩頂高程50.2m

4、，正常水位43.0m，興利庫容1.210m，總庫容83A斷面處修筑攔河壩式取水樞紐，引取水庫水2.310m。馬清河灌區(qū)擬在該水庫下游A發(fā)電尾水進(jìn)行澆灌。AA斷面處河底高程30m，砂、卵石覆蓋層厚2.5m，下為基巖，河道比降1/100，河底寬82m，河面寬120m。水庫所供之水水質(zhì)優(yōu)秀，含沙量極微，水量亦能完滿知足灌區(qū)用水要求。1.2氣象依照當(dāng)?shù)貧庀笳举Y料，設(shè)計(jì)的中等干旱年（相當(dāng)于1972年）411月水面蒸發(fā)量（80cm口徑蒸發(fā)皿）及降水量見表1-1及表1-2。1表1-1設(shè)計(jì)年c蒸發(fā)量統(tǒng)計(jì)月份4567蒸發(fā)量（mm）97.5118.0143.7174.9月份891011蒸發(fā)量（mm）196.514

5、4.7101.175.6表1-2設(shè)計(jì)年降水量統(tǒng)計(jì)日月份4567891017.64.6212.717.418.533.41.97.3492.055.31.210.864.87.92.878.628.582.5919.1103.6112.52.1121.96.4137.52.31412.11.91.91510.0166.04.13.532.81724.5181.3191.6204.312.611.5211.818.5222.110.649.22.53.62231.410.74.52435.47.4256.2261.5271.1281.53.729307.7313.6月計(jì)72.9108.5107.3

6、39.825.037.3103.51.3栽種計(jì)劃及澆灌經(jīng)驗(yàn)灌區(qū)以栽種水稻為主，兼有少量旱作物，各樣作物栽種比率見表1-3。表1-3作物栽種比率作物旱稻中稻雙季晚稻棉花栽種比率（%）50305020依照該地區(qū)澆灌試驗(yàn)站觀察資料，土壤縫隙率為48%（占土體的%），田間持水率為88%（占縫隙%）。設(shè)計(jì)年（1972）早稻全生育期需水系數(shù)3=1.0，泡田定額為70m/畝；棉花計(jì)劃產(chǎn)量120kg，需水系數(shù)k=2.67m3/kg，土壤合適含水率上限為88%，下限為61.6%（占縫隙%），播前灌計(jì)劃潤濕層深為0.4m，播前計(jì)劃潤濕層平均含水率65.3%（占縫隙%），播種時(shí)計(jì)劃潤濕層土壤實(shí)質(zhì)儲(chǔ)水量為3102m/

7、畝。早稻及棉花的基本觀察數(shù)據(jù)如表1-4及表1-5所示；中稻及晚稻的豐收澆灌制度計(jì)算見表1-6。表1-4早稻試驗(yàn)基本數(shù)據(jù)生育階段復(fù)苗分蘗前分蘗后孕穗抽穗乳熟黃熟全生育期起止日期25/45/515/52/617/61/712/725/4(日/月)4/514/51/616/630/611/720/720/73天數(shù)101018151411987模比系數(shù)(%)78182521138100田間贊同水層10-30-10-40-820-50-20-50-20-50-10-40-潤濕深(mm)500901009050浸透強(qiáng)度1.31.31.31.31.31.31.3(mm/d)表1-5棉花試驗(yàn)基本數(shù)據(jù)生育階段幼

8、苗期現(xiàn)蕾期開花結(jié)鈴期吐絮期全生育期起止日期(日21/416/617/628/729/726/827/86/1121/46/11/月)模比系數(shù)(%下水補(bǔ)給量占作物需10202225水量的(%)計(jì)劃潤濕層0.40.50.50.60.60.70.7深(m)表1-6中稻、雙季晚稻設(shè)計(jì)年豐收澆灌制度中稻雙季晚稻注水序次注水時(shí)間注水定額注水序次注水時(shí)間注水定額（日/月）3（日/月）3（m/畝）（m/畝）1（泡田）7/5751（泡田）19/770226/525227/71534/62531/825410/62547/820520/630512/82562/730623/83078/

9、730727/830814/730831/830922/73096/9301029/7251012/9301110/8201119/93041230/920澆灌定額3澆灌定額3345（m/畝）355（m/畝）1.4灌區(qū)開發(fā)的必要性和可行性灌區(qū)開發(fā)的必要性剖析從作物需水要求來說，該灌區(qū)澆灌面積近12萬畝，地形相對平展，合適農(nóng)作物的成長，其栽種的作物包括有早稻、中稻、雙季稻和棉花，都是相對來說耗水的經(jīng)濟(jì)作物，栽種比率為50:30:50:20。多年平均蒸發(fā)量和降雨量基本持平，現(xiàn)有的自然條件不能夠知足作物的需水要求。就眼前的澆灌與排水條件來說，在灌區(qū)有兩條河流，但都是流量比較小的河流且散布不平均，無法

10、知足整個(gè)灌區(qū)的注水要求，因此修筑澆灌系統(tǒng)十分必要。灌區(qū)開發(fā)的可行性剖析就灌區(qū)開發(fā)的有利條件來說，該灌區(qū)位于河流沖擊所形成的平原帶，其正南方有馬清河經(jīng)過，而在馬清河上游有一興利庫容1.21380m,總庫容2.31380m的水庫，取水水源方便、水質(zhì)優(yōu)秀，吻合澆灌的基本條件。其次引取水庫水發(fā)電則利用尾水進(jìn)行澆灌，既考慮了資源充分利用，又兼顧經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。綜上所述，該地區(qū)修筑澆灌系統(tǒng)，實(shí)質(zhì)上必要，技術(shù)上可行，同時(shí)能實(shí)現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)效益、社會(huì)效益、生態(tài)效益的一致。5早稻及棉花的澆灌制度計(jì)算2.1早稻的澆灌制度計(jì)算由已知的氣象資料可知，在早稻的全生育期的蒸發(fā)量為:E097.5118.0174.9206143.7303

11、1ET全E01.0ET全394.06因此可得各生育階段的需水量ETikiET全，既而可得出每天耗水量,計(jì)算結(jié)果如表2-1。表2-1每天耗水量計(jì)算表生育期復(fù)苗分蘗前分蘗后孕穗抽穗乳熟黃熟全生育期起止日月25/44/55/514/515/51/62/616/617/630/1/711/12/72025/420/67/77天數(shù)101018151411987模比系數(shù)78182521138100階段需水量27.5831.5270.9398.5282.7551.2331.52394.06(mm)階段滲漏量131323.419.518.214.311.7113.1(mm)階段耗水量40.5844.5294.

12、33118.02100.9565.5343.22507.16(mm)每天耗水量4.064.455.247.877.215.964.8(mm)注：稻田滲漏量為1mm/d當(dāng)淹注水層減去每天耗水量，加上每天降雨量后若小于最小田間贊同最小水層深度則設(shè)計(jì)注水，當(dāng)大于最大田間贊同水層深度則設(shè)計(jì)排水。水量平衡方程：WtW0WrP0KMET6早稻生育期澆灌制度計(jì)算結(jié)果見表2-2。表2-2早稻生育期澆灌制度計(jì)算表日期設(shè)計(jì)淹注水每天耗水每天降淹注水層變注水量排水量生育期層量雨化月日424202515.942611.882727.8220281.525.262910-30-504.0621.2復(fù)苗期17.14305

13、113.08229.022033.428.364226.351.223.0567.926.5728.550.55846.1910-40-804.4541.65分蘗期37.210112.535.25126.437.21332.751428.31548.062516648.821724.568.081820-50-905.2462.84分蘗末57.6192052.362147.122210.652.4872310.757.942452.72547.462642.22271.138.08283.736.542931.33026.063145.82256140.586217.450.1131.944.

14、14436.27528.4620.53747.6635839.799孕穗20-50-1007.8731.921024.051146.18301238.311330.44141.924.471546.6301638.731731.521824.311947.13020抽穗20-50-907.2139.892132.682249.274.672367.462435.4905.6582582.79261.577.082769.872862.662955.453048.247142.28236.32330.36424.4518.446乳熟10-40-505.9612.48736.5230830.569

15、24.61018.641112.68127.88133.081415103.4816黃熟潤濕4.84.12.7817181920463.97217.32455.65校核：hPdmWC20217.35.65245（）463.9712.68mm與7月11日淹注水層基真吻合?？傻迷绲旧谠O(shè)計(jì)澆灌制度，見表2-3。9表2-3早稻澆灌制度表注水次數(shù)注水日期注水定額mmm3/畝14月27日2013.325月2日2013.335月15日2516.745月31日2516.756月7日3523.366月11日3020.076月15日3020.086月19日3020.097月5日3523.3107月10日302

16、0.02.2棉花的澆灌制度計(jì)算棉花全生育期的需水量為：ETKY2.67120320.4（m3）即其各生育階段的需水量為：ETikiET各生育階段地下水補(bǔ)給量為：KiiETi由于計(jì)劃潤濕層增加而增加的水量：WTi667(H2H1)n計(jì)劃潤濕層的最大、最小蓄水量：Wmax667nHWmin667nHmaxmin計(jì)劃潤濕層深度H(m)：W667(H2H)n(m3/畝）r110有效降雨量，用降雨入滲系數(shù)法求?。篜0P的選用按表2-4計(jì)：表2-4取值表次降雨量5mm550mm50mm01.00.80.70.8棉花澆灌制度表見表2-5。表2-5棉花澆灌定額計(jì)算表生日期育計(jì)劃濕WmaxWminPP0WtKe

17、Wms階潤層深段4/200.400112.69678.8874.30102.0004/210.400112.69678.8871.800.0000.1011.012101.0894/220.402113.19179.2332.100.4200.1011.012100.5994/230.404113.68579.5791.400.4200.1011.012100.1084/240.405114.17979.92500.4200.1011.01299.6184/250.407114.67380.27100.4200.1011.01299.1284/260.409115.16880.61700.42

18、00.1011.01298.6374/270.411115.66280.96300.4200.1011.01298.1474/280.412116.15681.3091.500.4200.1011.01297.6564/29幼0.414116.65181.65500.4200.1011.01297.1664/30苗0.416117.14582.00100.4200.1011.01296.6755/1期0.418117.63982.34700.4200.1011.01296.1855/20.419118.13382.69300.4200.1011.01295.6945/30.421118.628

19、83.0393.400.4200.1011.01295.2045/40.423119.12283.385200.4200.1011.01294.7135/50.425119.61683.7311.200.4200.1011.01294.2235/60.426120.11184.0777.94.740.4200.1011.01298.4725/70.428120.60584.42328.517.10.4200.1011.012115.0825/80.430121.09984.76900.4200.1011.012114.5925/90.432121.59385.11500.4200.1011.0

20、12114.1015/100.433122.08885.46100.4200.1011.012113.611115/110.435122.58285.8072.500.4200.1011.012113.1205/120.437123.07686.1536.43.840.4200.1011.012116.4705/130.439123.57186.49900.4200.1011.012115.9795/140.440124.06586.84500.4200.1011.012115.4895/150.442124.55987.19100.4200.1011.012114.9985/160.4441

21、25.05387.53763.60.4200.1011.012118.1085/170.446125.54887.88324.514.70.4200.1011.012125.5486.7705/180.447126.04288.22900.4200.1011.012125.0575/190.449126.53688.57500.4200.1011.012124.5675/200.451127.03188.92100.4200.1011.012124.0765/210.453127.52589.26700.4200.1011.012123.5865/220.454128.01989.61310.

22、66.360.4200.1011.012128.0191.4365/230.456128.51389.95910.76.420.4200.1011.012128.5135.4355/240.458129.00890.30500.4200.1011.012128.0235/250.460129.50290.65100.4200.1011.012127.5325/260.461129.99690.99700.4200.1011.012127.0425/270.463130.49091.3431.100.4200.1011.012126.5515/280.465130.98591.6893.700.

23、4200.1011.012126.0615/290.467131.47992.03500.4200.1011.012125.5715/300.468131.97392.38100.4200.1011.012125.0805/310.470132.46892.72700.4200.1011.012124.5906/10.472132.96293.07300.4200.1011.012124.0996/20.474133.45693.41917.410.440.4200.1011.012133.4560.5936/30.475133.95093.7651.900.4200.1011.012132.

24、9666/40.477134.44594.11100.4200.1011.012132.4756/50.479134.93994.45700.4200.1011.012131.9856/60.481135.43394.80300.4200.1011.012131.4946/70.482135.92895.14900.4200.1011.012131.0046/80.484136.42295.49500.4200.1011.012130.5136/90.486136.91695.84100.4200.1011.012130.0236/100.488137.41096.18700.4200.101

25、1.012129.5326/110.489137.90596.53300.4200.1011.012129.0426/120.491138.39996.87900.4200.1011.012128.552126/130.493138.89397.22500.4200.1011.012128.0616/140.495139.38897.5711.900.4200.1011.012127.5716/150.496139.88297.91700.4200.1011.012127.0806/160.498140.37698.26300.4200.1011.012126.5906/170.500140.

26、87098.60900.4200.4582.289125.1796/180.502141.54199.07900.5700.4582.289123.9186/190.505142.21299.54800.5700.4582.289122.6586/200.507142.883100.01800.5700.4582.289121.3976/210.510143.554100.48800.5700.4582.289120.1376/220.512144.224100.95749.229.520.5700.4582.289144.2254.1716/230.514144.895101.42700.5

27、700.4582.289142.9646/240.517145.566101.89635.421.240.5700.4582.289145.56617.3776/250.519146.237102.36600.5700.4582.289144.3056/260.521146.908102.8351.500.5700.4582.289143.0456/270.524147.579103.30500.5700.4582.289141.7846/280.526148.249103.77500.5700.4582.289140.5246/29現(xiàn)0.529148.920104.24400.5700.45

28、82.289139.2636/30蕾0.531149.591104.71400.5700.4582.289138.0027/1期0.533150.262105.18300.5700.4582.289136.7427/20.536150.933105.65300.5700.4582.289135.4817/30.538151.603106.12200.5700.4582.289134.2217/40.540152.274106.59200.5700.4582.289132.9607/50.543152.945107.06200.5700.4582.289131.6997/60.545153.61

29、6107.53100.5700.4582.289130.4397/70.548154.287108.00100.5700.4582.289129.1787/80.550154.957108.47000.5700.4582.289127.9187/90.552155.628108.94000.5700.4582.289126.6577/100.555156.299109.40900.5700.4582.289125.3967/110.557156.970109.87900.5700.4582.289124.1367/120.560157.641110.34800.5700.4582.289122

30、.8757/130.562158.311110.81800.5700.4582.289121.6157/140.564158.982111.28800.5700.4582.289120.354137/150.567159.653111.7571060.5700.4582.289125.0937/160.569160.324112.2274.100.5700.4582.289123.8337/170.571160.995112.69600.5700.4582.289122.5727/180.574161.666113.16600.5700.4582.289121.3117/190.576162.

31、336113.63500.5700.4582.289120.0517/200.579163.007114.10500.5700.4582.289118.7907/210.581163.678114.57500.5700.4582.289117.5307/220.583164.349115.0442.500.5700.4582.289116.2697/230.586165.020115.5144.500.5700.4582.289160.008457/240.588165.690115.9837.44.440.5700.4582.289163.1887/250.590166.361116.453

32、00.5700.4582.289161.9277/260.593167.032116.92200.5700.4582.289160.6677/270.595167.703117.39200.5700.4582.289159.4067/280.598168.374117.86200.5700.4582.289158.1457/290.600169.044118.33100.5700.5832.651156.6477/300.603170.016119.0117.74.620.8260.5832.651160.0257/310.607170.988119.6913.600.8260.5832.65

33、1158.7838/10.610171.959120.37100.8260.5832.651157.5418/20.614172.931121.05100.8260.5832.651156.2988/30.617173.902121.73100.8260.5832.651155.0568/40.621174.874122.41200.8260.5832.651153.8148/50.624175.845123.09210.86.480.8260.5832.651159.052開8/6花0.628176.817123.77200.8260.5832.651157.8098/7結(jié)0.631177.

34、788124.45200.8260.5832.651156.5678/8鈴0.634178.760125.13200.8260.5832.651155.3258/9期179.731125.81200.8260.5832.651154.0820.6388/100.641180.703126.49200.8260.5832.651152.8408/110.645181.674127.17200.8260.5832.651151.5988/120.648182.646127.85200.8260.5832.651150.3568/130.652183.617128.53200.8260.5832.6

35、51149.1138/140.655184.589129.21200.8260.5832.651147.8718/150.659185.560129.89200.8260.5832.651146.6298/160.662186.532130.57200.8260.5832.651145.387148/170.666187.503131.25200.8260.5832.651144.1448/180.669188.475131.93200.8260.5832.651142.9028/190.672189.446132.6121.600.8260.5832.651141.6608/200.6761

36、90.418133.29312.67.560.8260.5832.651147.9778/210.679191.389133.97300.8260.5832.651146.7358/220.683192.361134.65300.8260.5832.651145.4938/230.686193.332135.33300.8260.5832.651144.2518/240.690194.304136.01300.8260.5832.651143.0088/250.693195.276136.69300.8260.5832.651141.7668/260.697196.247137.37300.8

37、260.5832.651140.5248/270.700197.219138.05300.8260.3121.246140.4158/280.700197.219138.05300.0000.3121.246139.4818/290.700197.219138.05300.0000.3121.246138.5468/300.700197.219138.05300.0000.3121.246192.612558/310.700197.219138.05300.0000.3121.246191.6779/10.700197.219138.05300.0000.3121.246190.7439/20

38、.700197.219138.05300.0000.3121.246189.8089/30.700197.219138.0537.34.380.0000.3121.246193.2549/40.700197.219138.05300.0000.3121.246192.3199/50.700197.219138.05300.0000.3121.246191.3859/6吐0.700197.219138.05300.0000.3121.246190.4509/7絮0.700197.219138.05300.0000.3121.246189.5169/8期0.700197.219138.05300.

39、0000.3121.246188.5819/90.700197.219138.05300.0000.3121.246187.6479/100.700197.219138.05300.0000.3121.246186.7129/110.700197.219138.0532.100.0000.3121.246185.7789/120.700197.219138.05300.0000.3121.246184.8439/130.700197.219138.0532.300.0000.3121.246183.9099/140.700197.219138.05300.0000.3121.246182.97

40、49/150.700197.219138.05300.0000.3121.246182.0409/160.700197.219138.0533.500.0000.3121.246181.1059/170.700197.219138.05300.0000.3121.246180.1719/180.700197.219138.05300.0000.3121.246179.236159/190.700197.219138.05300.0000.3121.246178.3029/200.700197.219138.05300.0000.3121.246177.3679/210.700197.21913

41、8.05318.511.10.0000.3121.246187.5339/220.700197.219138.0533.600.0000.3121.246186.5989/230.700197.219138.05300.0000.3121.246185.6649/240.700197.219138.05300.0000.3121.246184.7299/250.700197.219138.05300.0000.3121.246183.7959/260.700197.219138.05300.0000.3121.246182.8609/270.700197.219138.05300.0000.3

42、121.246181.9269/280.700197.219138.05300.0000.3121.246180.9919/290.700197.219138.05300.0000.3121.246180.0579/300.700197.219138.05300.0000.3121.246179.12210/10.700197.219138.0534.600.0000.3121.246178.18810/20.700197.219138.05318.511.10.0000.3121.246188.35310/30.700197.219138.05300.0000.3121.246187.419

43、10/40.700197.219138.05300.0000.3121.246186.48410/50.700197.219138.05300.0000.3121.246185.55010/60.700197.219138.0532.800.0000.3121.246184.61510/70.700197.219138.05300.0000.3121.246183.68110/80.700197.219138.0532.500.0000.3121.246182.74610/90.700197.219138.05319.111.460.0000.3121.246193.27210/100.700

44、197.219138.0533.600.0000.3121.246192.33710/110.700197.219138.05300.0000.3121.246191.40310/120.700197.219138.05300.0000.3121.246190.46810/130.700197.219138.05300.0000.3121.246189.53410/140.700197.219138.0531.900.0000.3121.246188.59910/150.700197.219138.05300.0000.3121.246187.66510/160.700197.219138.0

45、5332.819.680.0000.3121.246197.2199.19210/170.700197.219138.05300.0000.3121.246196.28410/180.700197.219138.05300.0000.3121.246195.35010/190.700197.219138.05300.0000.3121.246194.41510/200.700197.219138.05311.56.90.0000.3121.246197.2193.16210/210.700197.219138.05300.0000.3121.246196.2841610/220.700197.

46、219138.05300.0000.3121.246195.35010/230.700197.219138.05300.0000.3121.246194.41510/240.700197.219138.05300.0000.3121.246193.48110/250.700197.219138.0536.23.720.0000.3121.246196.26610/260.700197.219138.05300.0000.3121.246195.33210/270.700197.219138.05300.0000.3121.246194.39710/280.700197.219138.05300

47、.0000.3121.246193.46310/290.700197.219138.05300.0000.3121.246192.52810/300.700197.219138.05300.0000.3121.246191.59410/310.700197.219138.05300.0000.3121.246190.65911/10.700197.219138.05300.0000.3121.246189.72511/20.700197.219138.05300.0000.3121.246188.79011/30.700197.219138.05300.0000.3121.246187.856

48、11/40.700197.219138.05300.0000.3121.246186.92111/50.700197.219138.05300.0000.3121.246185.98711/60.700197.219138.05300.0000.3121.246185.05217注水率計(jì)算依照所計(jì)算得的早稻、棉花及給出的中稻、雙季晚稻的澆灌制度以及作物比率分別計(jì)算出其澆灌率，各次注水的注水率為：miqi8.64Ti計(jì)算列入表3-1。表3-1注水率計(jì)算表作物栽種比率%注水次數(shù)注水時(shí)間注水定額連續(xù)時(shí)間注水率（月/日）m3/畝1(泡田）4月19日70.060.6824月27日13.340.1935月

49、2日13.340.1945月15日16.740.24早稻5055月31日16.740.2466月4日23.350.2776月11日20.040.2986月15日20.040.2996月19日20.040.29107月7日20.050.231(泡田）5月7日75.060.4325月26日25.040.2236月4日25.050.1746月10日25.050.1756月20日30.040.26中稻3067月2日30.040.2677月8日30.040.2687月14日30.040.2697月22日30.040.26107月29日25.040.22118月10日20.040.17181(泡田）7月1

50、9日70.060.6827月27日15.040.2238月1日25.040.3648月7日20.040.2958月12日25.040.36雙季晚稻68月23日30.040.43508月27日30.040.43788月31日30.050.3599月6日30.050.35109月12日30.050.35119月19日30.040.43129月30日20.040.2917月23日45.070.15棉花208月30日55.070.182將所得注水率繪在方格紙上得初步注水率圖,如圖3-1，后經(jīng)修正后得最后的注水率圖，如圖3-2，選用連續(xù)時(shí)間較長的最大注水率值。圖3-1初步注水模數(shù)圖19圖3-2修正后注水

51、模數(shù)圖取修正后的注水率q為0.41m3/(s*萬畝)。20灌排渠系及渠系建筑物規(guī)劃部署4.1水源與取水口選擇灌區(qū)的水源主若是以馬清河為澆注水源。馬清河上游，水位較高，河岸堅(jiān)硬，河槽較牢固，還有一座水庫水質(zhì)優(yōu)秀，含沙量極微，灌區(qū)上游土質(zhì)屬中壤，下游龍尾河一帶屬輕砂壤土。地下水埋深一般為45m，土壤及地下水的PH值屬中性，無鹽堿化威脅。取水口宜取在凹岸中點(diǎn)偏下游處，取水口在這里可利用橫向環(huán)流作用，使主流湊近取水口，加大進(jìn)流量，有效防備泥沙淤積渠口和進(jìn)入渠道，預(yù)防水直接沖擊渠道，有利于渠道的保護(hù)。4.2各級渠道與排水渠部署本灌區(qū)澆灌渠道分為干、支、斗、農(nóng)四級固定渠道。本灌區(qū)屬于小坡度地區(qū)。一支布置在

52、整個(gè)灌區(qū)的西面，與等高線成必然的角度。二支部署在吳家溝和申溪之間，三支部署在小坳與新村連線，四支部署在枯石村與陳流連線，即整個(gè)灌區(qū)由四條支渠控制。第三支渠澆灌面積適中，可作為典型支渠，該支渠有12條斗渠，斗渠長1800m。每條斗渠有8條農(nóng)渠，長750m,間距250m。4.3渠系建筑物部署渠系建筑物是指與渠道配套的水閘、涵洞、橋梁、渡槽、倒虹吸、跌水、斜坡等建筑物。渠系建筑物的選型與部署原則盡量采用定型設(shè)計(jì)和裝置式建筑物；盡量利用當(dāng)?shù)刭Y料修筑；渠系建筑物的地點(diǎn)應(yīng)依照渠系平面部署圖、渠道縱橫斷面圖及當(dāng)?shù)厍闆r合理布局；渠系建筑物應(yīng)知足渠道輸水、配水、量水、泄水和防洪等要求，保證渠道正常運(yùn)行，最大限度

53、地知足作物需水要求；渠系建筑物部署盡可能集中，結(jié)合修筑，形成樞紐，降低造價(jià)，便于管理；21部署渠系建筑物應(yīng)使水流流態(tài)牢固，水頭損失小。主要的渠系建筑物引水建筑物進(jìn)水閘：在渠道取水處，調(diào)治干渠的進(jìn)水流量，知足澆灌對水位、流量的要求。配水建筑物1）分水閘：部署在各支渠、斗渠和農(nóng)渠渠首。上級渠道的分水閘就是下級渠道的進(jìn)水閘。分水閘的作用是控制和調(diào)治向下級渠道的配水流量，其構(gòu)造形式有開敞式和涵洞式兩種。2）控制閘：垂直于渠道中心線部署，其作用是控制渠道水位或流量。以下情況需要設(shè)置控制閘：在上級渠水位不能夠保證下級渠正常引水時(shí)，需在上級渠建控制閘抬高水位，保證下級渠引水。推行輪灌時(shí)，在輪灌組分界處需設(shè)控

54、制閘。在重要建筑物或險(xiǎn)工渠段前需結(jié)合修筑控制閘和泄水閘，以防備漫溢，保證建筑物和渠道的安全。交叉建筑物常有的交叉建筑物有：隧洞、渡槽、倒虹吸、涵洞、橋梁等。隧洞：當(dāng)渠道碰到山崗時(shí)，或因石質(zhì)堅(jiān)硬，或因開挖工程量過大，經(jīng)常不能夠采用深挖方渠道，如沿等高線繞行，渠道線路又過長，工程量如故較大，而且增加了水頭損失。在這種情況下，可選擇山崗單薄的地方鑿洞而過。倒虹吸：渠道穿過河溝、道路時(shí)，若是渠道水位高出河溝洪水位，但渠底高程卻低于河溝洪水位時(shí)；或渠底高程雖高于路面，但凈空不能夠知足交通要求時(shí)，就要用壓力管道代替渠道，從河溝、道路下面經(jīng)過，壓力管道的軸線向下波折，形似倒虹。渡槽：渠道穿過河溝、道路時(shí)，若

55、是渠底高于河溝最高洪水位或渠底高于路面的凈空大于行駛車輛要求的安全高度時(shí)，可架設(shè)渡槽；渠道穿越洼地時(shí)，如采用高填方渠道工程量太大，也可采用渡槽。涵洞：渠道與道路訂交，渠道水位低于路面，而且流量較小時(shí)，常在路面下面埋設(shè)平直的管道，叫做涵洞。橋梁：渠道與道路訂交，渠道水位低于路面，而且流量較大，水面較寬時(shí)，要在渠道上修筑橋梁，知足交通要求。連結(jié)建筑物當(dāng)渠道經(jīng)過坡度較大的地段時(shí)，為防備渠道沖刷，保持渠道的設(shè)計(jì)比降，就把渠道分22成上、下兩段，中間用連結(jié)建筑物聯(lián)系，常有的連結(jié)建筑物有跌水或斜坡。（1）跌水：水位落差小于時(shí)，宜建跌水。（2）斜坡：水位落差大于時(shí)，宜建斜坡。泄水建筑物用于除去渠道中余水或入

56、渠洪水。（1）退水閘：部署在較大的干、支、斗渠尾端，以排泄渠中余水（防備滋生雜草和蚊蟲）。（2）泄水閘：與控制閘結(jié)合修筑，保護(hù)重要建筑物和險(xiǎn)工渠段。量水建筑物（1）利用閘、涵、渡槽等量水。在干支渠上量水一般利用這些渠系建筑物量水。（2）利用特設(shè)計(jì)量水設(shè)施量水。如三角堰、梯形堰、巴歇爾量水槽、噴嘴等。一般斗、農(nóng)渠上可采用特設(shè)量水設(shè)施。渠系建筑物的部署詳細(xì)見干渠縱斷面圖23水位計(jì)算5.1初擬各級渠道比降一般干渠比降為1/10000左右，支渠比降為1/5000左右，斗渠比降為1/2000左右，農(nóng)渠比降為1/1000左右。5.2選擇地面控制點(diǎn)地面控制點(diǎn)即澆灌地區(qū)內(nèi)最難控制的點(diǎn)，可經(jīng)過比較渠道比降和地面

57、比降來確定控制點(diǎn)在渠道首部，仍是在渠道尾端。一般經(jīng)過以下步驟確定控制點(diǎn)地點(diǎn)：若干渠比降干渠沿線地面比降，則控制點(diǎn)位于灌區(qū)尾部，反之位于灌區(qū)首部；若支渠比降支渠沿線地面比降，則控制點(diǎn)位于支渠尾部，反之位于支渠首部；若斗渠比降斗渠沿線地面比降，則控制點(diǎn)位于斗渠尾部，反之位于斗渠首部；若農(nóng)渠比降農(nóng)渠沿線地面比降，則控制點(diǎn)位于農(nóng)渠尾部，反之位于農(nóng)渠首部，最后確定控制點(diǎn)地點(diǎn)。5.3計(jì)算典型支渠渠首設(shè)計(jì)水位各級渠道入口處的水位是依照澆灌面積上控制點(diǎn)的高程加各樣水頭損失，自下而上逐級計(jì)算出來的。水位公式以下:nnH進(jìn)A0hLiiiii1i1水里經(jīng)過渠系建筑物的水頭損失如表5-1所示。表5-1渠道建筑物水頭損

58、失最小數(shù)值表渠別控制面積（萬畝）進(jìn)水閘控制閘渡槽倒虹吸公路橋干渠10400.10.20.10.150.40.05支渠160.10.20.070.070.30.03斗渠0.30.40.050.150.050.050.20農(nóng)渠0.0524取第四支渠為典型支渠。1.支渠：i設(shè)支0.0002，i地0.00124；i地i設(shè)支，取支渠首為控制點(diǎn)。2.斗渠：i設(shè)斗0.0005，i地10.000111，i地20.000222；i地i設(shè)農(nóng)，取農(nóng)渠渠首為控制點(diǎn)。4.計(jì)算支渠渠首設(shè)計(jì)水位nnH4支進(jìn)A0hLiiiii1i1190.2500/50001800/20000.20.150.0520（.6m）5.4計(jì)算干渠

59、設(shè)計(jì)水位HEH4支LEFi干（）20.64176/1000021.0176mHD下HELDEi干21.01762321/10000（）21.2497mHD上HD下渡槽21.2497（）0.221.4497mHCHD上LCDi干21.44972009/10000（）21.6506mHB下HCLBCi干21.65062345/10000（）21.8851mHB上HB下渡槽21.8851（）0.222.0851mHAHB上LABi干22.98511490/10000（）22.2341mHOHALOAi干22.23414450/10000（）22.6791m5.5確定引水方式依照渠首設(shè)計(jì)水位和設(shè)計(jì)年取

60、水口水位，確定取水方式是無壩取水。25計(jì)算渠道設(shè)計(jì)流量6.1確定工作制度干支渠續(xù)灌，斗、農(nóng)渠輪灌（各分兩組）。6.2計(jì)算典型支渠設(shè)計(jì)流量灌區(qū)總面積約為11.5萬畝，干渠長為18.005km，各支渠的長度及澆灌面積列入表5-1。表5-1支渠長度及澆灌面積渠別一支二支三支四支共計(jì)長度（km）3.9224.1834.1964.516.801澆灌面積（萬畝）1.7842.8903.2093.58011.463典型支渠（三支渠）及其所屬斗、農(nóng)渠的設(shè)計(jì)流量(1)計(jì)算農(nóng)渠的設(shè)計(jì)流量三支渠的田間凈流量為:Q3支田凈A3支q設(shè)3.209（3/s）0.411.32m因斗、農(nóng)渠分兩組輪灌，同時(shí)工作的斗渠有6條，同時(shí)