資本運(yùn)動(dòng)公式

1、應(yīng)用文寫作要求：考生根據(jù)所給情景寫出一篇約100詞(標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)不計(jì) 算在內(nèi))的應(yīng)用性短文，包括私人和公務(wù)信函、備忘錄、摘要、 報(bào)告等?？忌诖痤}卡2上作答。滿分10分。注意事項(xiàng)：格式：稱呼，結(jié)尾，署名簡明扼要，清楚明確。遵照要求，內(nèi)容齊全。言語得體，真心誠意。二、備忘錄備忘錄是一種錄以備忘的公文。在公文函件中，它的等級(jí)是 比較低的，主要用來提醒、督促對(duì)方，或就某個(gè)問題提出自己的 意見或看法。在業(yè)務(wù)上，它一般用來補(bǔ)充正式文件的不足。它的 內(nèi)容可以分為以下幾項(xiàng)：書端(Heading)收文人的姓名、頭銜、地址(Addressees Name, Title, Address)稱呼(Salutation)

2、事因(Subject)正文(Body)結(jié)束語(C omplimentary Close)署名(Signature)寫作注意事項(xiàng)1、書端部分包括發(fā)文機(jī)關(guān)的名稱、地址、發(fā)文日期，有的 還包括電報(bào)掛號(hào)、電傳號(hào)、電話號(hào)碼等。許多機(jī)關(guān)有自己特制的 信箋，在寫書端時(shí)，其格式和標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的使用與一般信件的相同。2、稱呼從左邊頂格寫起，對(duì)一般機(jī)關(guān)、團(tuán)體的負(fù)責(zé)人一般 用DearSir，對(duì)政府官員可用Sir。3、正文、結(jié)束語和署名等項(xiàng)與一般信件的格式相同?！笆乱颉?一項(xiàng)目前采用得較少。范文Directions: Write a memorandum of about 100 words to the student

3、 service department and ask them to fix a telephone for each dormitory.MEMOAugust 16, 2005To: The leader of student service departmentFrom: Li MingSubject: TelephoneDear Sir,I would like to remind you that we are in want of a telephone for each dormitory. As a university student, we need to cope wit

4、h the daily increasing communications with teachers, friends and people outside the campus.We need a telephone to get and send message, which is important for us. Though most of us have mobile phones and e-mail address, a telephone in the dormitory is after all the most convenient and cheapest tool

5、of communication. I hope that you will pay attention to this problem and solve it as soon as possible.Regards.Yours,Li Ming三、摘要文章摘要是對(duì)所寫文章主要內(nèi)容的精煉概括。美國人稱摘要 為“Abstract”，而英國人則喜歡稱其為“Summary”。通常國際刊物要求所要刊登的文章字?jǐn)?shù)，包括摘要部分不超 過1萬字。而對(duì)文章摘要部分的字?jǐn)?shù)要求則更少。因此寫摘要時(shí)， 應(yīng)用最為簡練的語言來表達(dá)論文之精華。論文摘要的重點(diǎn)應(yīng)放在 所研究的成果和結(jié)論上?？茖W(xué)書籍、論文和學(xué)術(shù)報(bào)告一般都附有

6、內(nèi)容摘要，這樣可以 節(jié)省讀者的時(shí)間，使他們不必讀完整個(gè)文章就能夠了解它的主要 內(nèi)容。書籍摘要，一般放在封二或封三；論文和學(xué)術(shù)報(bào)告的摘要， 一般放在正文前面。摘要應(yīng)做到簡明扼要，切題，能獨(dú)立成文， 使讀者能準(zhǔn)確地了解書籍的要義。寫摘要時(shí)，最好用第三人稱的 完整的陳述句，文長一般不超過200個(gè)詞。英文摘要分類摘要分陳述性的(Descriptive)和資料性的(Informational) 兩類。陳述性摘要只陳述書籍或文章的主題，不介紹內(nèi)容。資料 性的摘要除了介紹主題外，還應(yīng)介紹文章的要點(diǎn)和各個(gè)要點(diǎn)的主要內(nèi)容。它可以包括三個(gè)組成部分：點(diǎn)明主題，解析文章或書籍的目的或意圖；介紹主要內(nèi)容，使讀者迅速了解

7、文章或書籍的概貌；提出結(jié)論或建議，以供讀者參考。英文摘要常見句型This paper deals with.This article focuses on the topics of (that, having, etc).This eassy presents knowledge that.This thesis discusses.This thesis analyzes.This paper provides an overview of.This paper elaborates on .This article gives an overview of.This article co

8、mpares.and summarizes key findings.This paper includes discussions concerning.This paper presents up to date information on.This article covers the role of chemicals in.This paper addresses important topics including.This paper touches upon.This paper strongly emphasizes.This eassy represents the pr

9、eceedings of .This article not only describes.but also suggests.This paper considers.This paper provides a method of .This paper introduces an applicable procedure to analyze.摘要題型寫作要點(diǎn)：動(dòng)筆之前，考生一定要認(rèn)真仔細(xì)地閱讀所給原文，弄懂 原文大意，掌握原文要點(diǎn)。摘要的長度一般是原文的四分之一或五分之一，考試時(shí) 應(yīng)遵守規(guī)定的字?jǐn)?shù)限制。在做摘要時(shí)考生切忌照搬原文。摘要應(yīng)與原文的觀點(diǎn)保持一致，并且仍按原文的邏輯順 序排列。

10、重點(diǎn)反映主要觀點(diǎn)，刪除細(xì)節(jié)。簡化從句，用簡短的語句代替冗長的語句。檢查與修改時(shí)，考生應(yīng)重點(diǎn)檢查是否遺漏了原文的要點(diǎn) 或包含了細(xì)節(jié)。信件開頭與結(jié)尾用語開頭： Dear Sir, Dear Madam, Dear sir or Madam, Dear President, Dear Sales Manager, Dear Dean, Dear Professor, To whom it may concern, Dear Mr. Smith,結(jié)尾： Yours faithfully, Yours truly, Yours, Yours sincerely, Best regards, Best w

11、ishes, lovingly yours, sincerely yours,正文第一句朋友：Hi! How are you?Hello! I hope everything is fine.Hi! How is everything going?如不認(rèn)識(shí)： I was a guest at your hotel from June 25 to 28.I am a student at your college, enrolled in the computer course.致謝：Thank you for your invitation to the international medic

12、al conference on October 11.Thank you for your letter dated October 11.解釋寫信原因： I am writing to advise you for the loss of my credit card.Id like to inquire about course details.I am writing to complain about/of the poor service at your restaurant.結(jié)尾段發(fā)出請(qǐng)求： I am looking forward to your prompt reply.Pl

13、ease reply to us at your earliest convenience.表達(dá)歉意： once again, I am sorry for any inconvenience caused.Please accept my apologies once again.提出投訴：I expect to hear from you very soon.Please give this matter your immediate attention. 常用信件寫作介紹投訴信開頭：自我介紹，交代投訴內(nèi)容，表明本信的目的和要求正文：說明情況，講清利害，分析利弊。告訴對(duì)方你因此受 到的傷害

14、或不便，提出解決問題的建議，表明希望如何處理。結(jié)尾：表達(dá)希望問題得到迅速恰當(dāng)解決的強(qiáng)烈愿望。希望盡 快得到滿意的答復(fù)。常用句型：I am writing to you to complain about.I am writing to express my dissatisfaction with/at.I beg to call your attention to the fact that.I wish to refer you to an incident which occurred., calling for some remedial action.I very much regr

15、et to have to inform you that.I am totally/completely disappointed/upset to find.I find it awful/quite distressing that.My experience in.on.（date） shocked me. I can hardly put up with it.There are some problems with the . that I wish to bring to attention. For one thing, there is. For another,I can

16、hardly stand/bear/tolerate/put up with it any more.To improve the situation/solve the above problem, it is advisable for you to take the following measures:.I look forward to a day when we could really enjoy a more efficient service.I hope that the above situation will be improved as soon as possibl

17、e.If it is not properly settled, I would ask you to give my money back, or I would complain to the Consumers Association.I request you to be kind enough to solve the problem as soon as possible.應(yīng)注意：禮貌用詞，不能過激。提出希望/要求，句型要多樣化。反映問題集中，不要聯(lián)想其他。Ex. 1Last Saturday, you ate at a restaurant and found a fly in

18、one of the dishes you ordered. Write a letter of complaint to the manager of the restaurant and offer your suggestions on this problem.咨詢信、請(qǐng)求信、說明信開頭：簡要告知身份，表明寫信原因或請(qǐng)求正文：詳細(xì)闡明詢問、請(qǐng)求的具體內(nèi)容、希望獲得的信息。 說明信應(yīng)寫明原因、實(shí)情及希望對(duì)方做些什么。強(qiáng)調(diào)所需信息/ 幫助的重要性。（按要求）結(jié)尾：表達(dá)謝意，希望得到對(duì)方回復(fù)、幫助或合作。常用句型：I would like to inquire about some info

19、rmation concerning/regarding.I am writing in the hope that you can.I am writing because I would like to.Needless to say, your approval of my request will be beneficial not only to myself but to the company.Could you tell me what I have to do to.It is sincerely requested that you.My first question is

20、 that .Should I need to send further materials, please let me know.If additional information is required, please advise me at your early convenience.Should I send you copies of my qualification in advance?I would be much obliged to you if you could let me know the procedures I have to go through.You

21、r prompt and favorable attention to my inquiry would be highly appreciated.Please render me some valuable advice which is conducive to my final decision.I am looking forward to a favorable reply at your earliest convenience.應(yīng)注意：請(qǐng)求內(nèi)容/信息一定要詳盡，具體。語氣要客氣，委婉。語言直接，具體，簡明。Ex2. For some reason, you need to bo

22、rrow a book from a classmate. Write a letter to him or her to describe the book you want to borrow, specify by when the book will be returned, and express your gratitude.道歉信。開頭：簡單交代對(duì)何事進(jìn)行道歉。正文：解釋事情發(fā)生的原因，消除誤會(huì)或矛盾。結(jié)尾：再次表示遺憾何歉意，表明愿意補(bǔ)救的愿望，提出建 議或安排。常用句型：I must apologize to you for.I am very sorry that.I re

23、gret to inform you that I will not be able to.I am afraid what I have done has caused many inconveniences to you.I sincerely hope you understand that I offended you quite unintentionally.I believe you can understand that I have not intended to hurt you.I owe you an apology.It is my fault.I am to bla

24、me for this unpleasant thing.Please pardon/excuse/forgive me.I sincerely hope that you will kindly accept my apologies.I will try my utmost not to make such a stupid mistake again.I trust the settlement of the matter will meet your wishes.I hope you will kindly forgive my lapse of attention.I am so

25、sorry to have put you to/into so much trouble.應(yīng)注意：事情原委要解釋清楚。說明情況與理由，實(shí)事求是，簡明扼要。態(tài)度誠懇。用詞委婉，語氣溫和，得體。Ex.You have invited a friend over to have dinner with you one night, but just before the dinner you received an urgent phone call from your office and you had to leave immediately. Write a letter of apolo

26、gy to your friend.感謝信開頭：表達(dá)謝意，提及受到的幫助。正文：回憶該幫助，高度評(píng)價(jià)/贊揚(yáng)對(duì)方，表達(dá)當(dāng)時(shí)的心情 感受。結(jié)尾：再次表達(dá)謝意，提出回報(bào)希望。常用句型：I am grateful/thankful to you for.I am much obliged to you for your help.I shall always appreciate the assistance you have given me.I am writing to express my thanks to you for the many kindnesses you showed me

27、when I was in hospital.It was most thoughtful and generous of you to send me such a beautiful and fancy gift.Thoughtful considerate considerableIts very kind of you to help us.I hope you can know how much I appreciate your hospitality and your many kindnesses to me. HostilityBut for your help, I wou

28、ld not.If it had not been for your timely assistance, I am afraid that.Thanks from the bottom of my heart for.With thanks from every one of us and best wishes to you.Again, I would like to express our warm thanks to you.I shall be pleased to reciprocate your favor when the opportunity arises.應(yīng)注意：開頭要

29、直截了當(dāng)。表明誠意，避免空洞。態(tài)度熱情 邀請(qǐng)信開頭：開門見山，說明目的。正文：邀請(qǐng)內(nèi)容（活動(dòng)性質(zhì)，地點(diǎn)，時(shí)間，日期），有關(guān)要 求與希望。結(jié)尾：重申對(duì)方參加的重要性，希望盡快回復(fù)。常用句型：I should be much pleased if you would come to our party on Friday the 15 th at 6.I am pleased to invite you to participate in .to be held from.to. in.I feel it a great honor if you could.It is my pleasure/a

30、 great honor for me to invite you to.We would be greatly honored if you could come.I am writing to invite you to.I am particularly anxious to have you join us.Its a long time since I have had the pleasure of s eeing you and I do hope you can come.We hope that you can come and look forward to seeing

31、you.I will cover all the expenses involved.應(yīng)注意：用詞清晰，簡明。邀請(qǐng)內(nèi)容清楚。求職信開頭：說明信息來源，表明寫信目的正文：提供個(gè)人資料，詢問相關(guān)問題。結(jié)尾：表達(dá)愿望，提供聯(lián)系方式，表示感謝。常用句型：I have read your advertisement in.for a （position/post）, and should be grateful if you could consider me favorably as an applicant for the position.I wish to apply for the post

32、mentioned in your advertisement in yesterdays newspaper.I wish to apply for a position with your company.I myself like the job very much and I think my personality is well suited to working as a .Honest, trust-worthy, reliable, enthusiastic, diligent, bright, smart, careful, patient, responsible, ef

33、ficient, productive, versatile, open-minded, optimistic,I am confident that my experience and ability will show you that I can fulfill the particular requirement of your position.Born in. .in., I graduated from. .University majoring inIhave been working in.since my graduation, and I have therefore a

34、ttained a fair knowledge and experience in this field.Upon graduation, I first worked as . The following job was . And currently I am working for.I intend to give up my present post in order to get a more challenging opportunity.With the kind of experience I have accumulated, I would expect a salary

35、 of not less than 4,000.I shall be very much obliged if you will offer me an opportunity for an interview.I am looking forward with great interest to hearing from you soon regarding my application.應(yīng)注意：適當(dāng)展示自己（經(jīng)歷，才能）不要言他語言明確清楚，流露自信。推薦信開頭：開門見山，表明關(guān)系。正文：稱贊被推薦人（舉例說明），客觀介紹其相關(guān)能力， 突出表現(xiàn)、性格與人品結(jié)尾：作出保證，提出希望，表示感謝

36、。常用句型：I am very glad to recommend you a former student of mine, Mr./Miss. to be a candidate for.I am writing to recommend.I have great pleasure to provide a letter for recommendation for Mr./Miss.With reference to your advertised position, I have the pleasure to say that he is the just person you ar

37、e looking for.He has proved to be industrious, responsible and skillful in carrying out his assignment.Besides being thoroughly honest and reliable he showed an unusual quickness and ability in.I hope the above information will help you to know.If you need any further information about his qualifica

38、tion, please do not hesitate to contact me.If further information about him/her is required, please do not hesitate to let me know/contact meIn view of his/her previous achievements in., I am firmly convinced that Mr./Miss., will make a successful graduate student/staff member.I would be most gratef

39、ul if you would consider my recommendation and kindly offer him a.應(yīng)注意：1）開門見山，簡明扼要。舉例說明，客觀敘述。表揚(yáng)信開頭：身份簡介，提及感謝的人，事。正文：敘述經(jīng)過，詳細(xì)介紹值得表揚(yáng)之處，表達(dá)感受結(jié)尾：提出祝愿與希望常用句型：I am writing to tell you how highly I think of.I am writing because I appreciate very much what Mr./Miss.from your company has done.I am greatly impre

40、ssed by.What he has done shows that.He deserves praise for what he has done.I am greatly inspired by.It is your good service as well as excellent food that help you set up a world reputation.For this reason, I am writing to express my heartfelt thanks and hope that your company will have a brighter

41、future.應(yīng)注意：敘述經(jīng)過，明確具體。上升到一個(gè)高度。語言誠懇。祝賀信開頭：開門見山，說明消息來源正文：回憶過去，表明感受，展望未來，提出建議。結(jié)尾：表達(dá)祝愿常用句型：What exciting/thrilling news!Its good/sensational news.I was delighted/thrilled to hear/to receive the news that .Its the most joyful news I have heard for a long time.I congratulate you on/upon your success.Congra

42、tulations and all good/best wishes.Please accept my heartiest congratulations on.Permit me to congratulate you.We want you to know how happy we were when.It gave me a great deal of pleasure to learn.Wish you all the happiness in the world.I hope you will have nothing but joy and happiness in your li

43、fe/career.All the luck in the world to you!Best of luck to you!寫作注意事項(xiàng)：審題要認(rèn)真短文的標(biāo)題是對(duì)全文的高度概括。通過認(rèn)真審題來確定標(biāo)題 的核心詞或者說關(guān)鍵詞，依此來整理思路。因此，考生看到試題后絕 對(duì)不能提筆就寫，而是應(yīng)該認(rèn)真審題，看清題目的要求和提示，充分 利用題目所提供的信息、關(guān)鍵詞所圈定的范圍，在確立主題后再動(dòng) 筆。如從標(biāo)題The Misery of Shyness中得知，考生不但要解釋說 明Shyness，更重要的是要突出由Shyness帶來的Misery。至此, 短文要重點(diǎn)闡述帶來了什么Misery。文體要統(tǒng)一正式文

44、體的文章不宜用非正式的語句。有些考生在一篇很正 式的議論文中用以下的句子做結(jié)語OK，this is what I want to say. 或是 That s my opinion. Do you agree with me ？等等，使文章顯得 不倫不類。主題要突出標(biāo)題如果是Pollution from Cars或 Air Pollution ,以下段落 的闡述顯得有些贅述1 Part of this problem is the world sexploding population. 2 A growing population undoubtedly means more factori

45、es polluting the air. 3 Besides, land and water pollution has also increased. 4 Pollution is, in fact, threatening our health, our happiness, and our civilization .尤其是第三句,還有點(diǎn)跑題。文字要連貫一篇好文章要注重連貫性。連貫性主要體現(xiàn)在句子與句子、 段落與段落的銜接上，這種銜接要通過過渡詞語來實(shí)現(xiàn)，以達(dá)到文 章通順，語言流暢。例如 It is clear that television news can vividly brin

46、g into us dramatic events of importance, such as wars, games and soon, but it can not cover important stories in detail they may deserve because of its time limitation. On the contrary, print news excels in its ability to devote as much space to a story as it sees fit, though it can not compete with

47、 television visually. Besides, television is essentially a passive medium. Such as, but, because of, on the contrary, though, besides這些過渡詞把句子從語義上連接起來，形成一個(gè)有機(jī)的整 體，讀起來猶如行云流水,自然酣暢。內(nèi)容要一致要?jiǎng)h除多余的詞語，否則，一是破壞了文章的一致性，二是 有湊字?jǐn)?shù)之嫌。如 1 Scientists fear that nuclear energy will one day destroyus.2 They say that the ex

48、plosion of a nuclear bomb can kill millions of people and cause disease and deformity in later generation.3 Because of limited energy resources, scientists are studying the possibilities of nuclear power.4 And any failure from a nuclear plant may cause enormous damage to the affected area5 Whats mor

49、e, up to now people have not discovered a safe way to dispose of radioactive wastes.本段中的第三句與主題不符，也與 第二和第四句不連貫，應(yīng)刪除。表達(dá)方式要多樣化詞、句型使用的多樣化不僅給文章增加了色彩和可讀性，與 此同時(shí)也可反映考生的詞匯量和語言掌握的程度等。為避免文章 平淡、呆板，可使用不同的句式強(qiáng)調(diào)句、倒裝句、否定句等等。 長短句使用合理相間，用短句表達(dá)有力的結(jié)論，用長句體現(xiàn)嚴(yán)密的 邏輯關(guān)系?？忌谂e例說明的段落中尤其要注意詞語的多樣性?？键c(diǎn)要覆蓋全無論是什么形式的寫作都有寫作內(nèi)容上的要求，一般為三個(gè) 方面

50、?？忌趧?dòng)筆前一定要看清寫作內(nèi)容上的要求,以確保文章覆 蓋所有考點(diǎn)。語言要流暢評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)已清楚地告訴考生文章要語言流暢、字句通順、表 達(dá)準(zhǔn)確，這是得高分的基礎(chǔ)。Last year the public spent two hundred million pounds on pet food alone, to say nothing of animal care bills and furniture.1 It is difficult not to feel resentful about this when one considers what the same amount could d

51、o for victims of starvation and poverty,2 and it is not unusual for me to get hot under the collar when I read about another old person who has left all his / her money to a dog or cat home.這兩句在表達(dá)意義上用詞十分到位，隨著兩個(gè)when引導(dǎo) 的狀語從句內(nèi)容的遞進(jìn)，主句對(duì)表現(xiàn)氣憤程度的加強(qiáng)通過用詞的 不同而表達(dá)得淋漓盡致；排比結(jié)構(gòu)的運(yùn)用使觀點(diǎn)更加明確在1中 It is difficult not 和 to

52、feel resentful about this 與 2 中的 it is not unusual和to get hot under the collar詞語表達(dá)極其準(zhǔn)確。這需要 考生在平時(shí)大量閱讀文章時(shí)多注意積累好的語言表達(dá)。首尾要呼應(yīng)上述幾項(xiàng)被閱卷者稱為閃光點(diǎn)，即加分的因素。除此而外， 更重要的一點(diǎn)是要注意文章的完整性，即首尾要呼應(yīng)。檢查要到位這個(gè)重要環(huán)節(jié)往往被考生忽略不計(jì)，而因?yàn)樯倭诉@個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)所 造成的后果真可謂是功虧一簣。在閱卷過程中，時(shí)不時(shí)會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn) ourself、thinked、the person who are，而這些會(huì)釀成不良后果的 錯(cuò)誤完全可在一兩分鐘的時(shí)間內(nèi)檢查、修改完成。

53、所以，在寫完 短文后，要耐心地再讀一遍.書信的格式：第一部分是日期，日期肯定是應(yīng)該在我們信件角度上講。當(dāng) 然有一些變體。第二是稱呼，親愛的某某，Dear，接下來這一塊， 經(jīng)常被那些模板作文忽略。就是我們信件的第一句話，最開始的 第一句話，必須要寫明這封信或者是這個(gè)便條的目的。必須要用 一句話點(diǎn)出來，你寫這封信是干什么，是為了告訴我工作的決定， 我寫這封信是為了告訴你，我要買一本書，這是格式之三。格式之四，期待收到對(duì)方的來信，這句話，要放在我們信件 的最后，格式之五，就是你的落款。這個(gè)落款，大家不能落自己 的名字。有些學(xué)生，跑過來問我，又不能落自己的名字，我的名 字叫李寧怎么辦？還是落李寧。這個(gè)格式人人都知道，但是在細(xì) 節(jié)的處理上有些什么問題。第一，我要說的是在日期上。比如今年是1月14號(hào)，1月， 我建議考生把January，我建議同學(xué)們把這個(gè)單詞寫完。在非正式 文體里可以寫簡寫，但是在正式文體里，不大被接受。你想考生 到了那個(gè)考