研究生學術(shù)綜合英語Unit4-Translation課件

1、 Translation Translation 反譯法有些句子英語是從正面說的，漢語需要從反面來表達才更符合我們的習慣。否定譯成肯定英語中雙重否定如果譯成漢語雙重否定就會不通順，在這種情況下，我們需要將它譯成肯定句。例1：Henevervisitedusbuthebroughtussomegifts.他每次來拜訪我們都會帶禮物。例2：Thereisnorulethathasnoexception.只要有規(guī)則，就有例外。例3：Ice is not as dense as water and it therefore floats. 冰的密度比水小，因此能浮在水面上。 反譯法有些句子英語是從正面

2、說的，漢語需要從反面來表達才更符合肯定譯成否定 例1: Bicycles offer the perfect eco_friendly method of traveling around the vast and beautiful and flat countryside that surrounds Cambridge. 騎自行車在劍橋大學周圍的寬廣、美麗而又平坦的鄉(xiāng)村旅行，是不會對環(huán)境造成危害的理想旅游方式。 例2: We should stop treating the sea as a dump for human and industrial effluent（污水）. 參考譯文

3、: 我們不應當再把海洋當成人類生活污水和工業(yè)污水的垃圾場了。 肯定譯成否定 被動語態(tài)1.被動仍翻成被動：常用“被”, “給”, “遭”, “挨”, “為所”, “使”, “由”, “受到”等表示。例如:例1. Early fires on the earth were certainly caused by nature, not by Man.地球上早期的火肯定是由大自然而不是人類引燃的。例2. The behaviour of a fluid flowing through a pipe is affected by a number of factors, including the v

4、iscosity of the fluid and the speed at which it is pumped.流體在管道中流動的情況,受到諸如流體粘度、泵送速度等各種因素的影響。被動語態(tài)1.被動仍翻成被動：常用“被”, “給”, “遭”,2.英語被動翻成漢語主動。例1：This city was built many years ago and it is now inhabited by none.這座城市是許多年前建成的，而現(xiàn)在無人居住。3.借助譯成是.的，由.的等漢語表語結(jié)構(gòu)。如：例1：The movement to oppose racial discrimination was

5、 personally initiated and led by a famous Negro leader.這場反對種族歧視的運動是由一位著名的黑人領(lǐng)袖親自發(fā)動和領(lǐng)導的。2.英語被動翻成漢語主動。4.英語原文中的主語在譯文中仍做主語。在采用此方法時,我們往往在譯文中使用了“加以”, “經(jīng)過”, “用來”等詞來體現(xiàn)原文中的被動含義。例如:例1. Other questions will be discussed briefly.其它問題將簡單地加以討論。例2. In other words mineral substances which are found on earth must be

6、extracted by digging, boring holes, artificial explosions, or similar operations which make them available to us.換言之,礦物就是存在于地球上,但須經(jīng)過挖掘、鉆孔、人工爆破或類似作業(yè)才能獲得的物質(zhì)。例3. Nuclear powers danger to health, safety, and even life itself can be summed up in one word: radiation.核能對健康、安全,甚至對生命本身構(gòu)成的危險可以用一個詞 - 輻射來概括。4.英

7、語原文中的主語在譯文中仍做主語。在采用此方法時,我們往5.將英語原文中的主語翻譯為賓語,同時增補泛指性的詞語(人們,大家等)作主語。例如:It is generally accepted that the experiences of the child in his first years largely determine his character and later personality.人們普遍認為，孩子們的早年經(jīng)歷在很大程度上決定了他們的性格及其未來的人品。5.將英語原文中的主語翻譯為賓語,同時增補泛指性的詞語(人們It is asserted that 有人主張It is be

8、lieved that 有人認為It is generally considered that 大家(一般人)認為It is well known that 大家知道(眾所周知)It will be said 有人會說It was told that 有人曾經(jīng)說It is asserted that 有人主張語序調(diào)整一切譯文要為漢語服務(wù)，不能出現(xiàn)很別扭的譯文，這其中意群句子的順序非常重要。英漢語序不同主要體現(xiàn)在英語的定語和狀語既有前置的也有后置的，而漢語中的定語和大部分狀語只能前置。The report suggested the government take the issue of de

9、creasing funds for education seriously. 報告建議政府嚴肅對待教育經(jīng)費減少的問題。語序調(diào)整一切譯文要為漢語服務(wù)，不能出現(xiàn)很別扭的譯文，這其中意順序法當英語長句的內(nèi)容敘述層次與漢語基本一致時，可以按照英語原文表達的層次順序翻譯成漢語，從而使譯文與英語原文的順序基本一致。例如：But now it is realized that supplies of some of them are limited, and it is even possible to give a reasonable estimate of their expectation of

10、life, the time it will take to exhaust all known sources and reserves of these materials.可是現(xiàn)在人們意識到，其中有些礦物質(zhì)的蘊藏量是有限的，人們甚至還可以比較合理的估計出這些礦物質(zhì)可望存在多少年，也就是說，經(jīng)過若干年后，這些礦物的全部已知礦源和儲量將消耗殆盡。順序法當英語長句的內(nèi)容敘述層次與漢語基本一致時，可以按照英語Computers can work through a series of problems and make thousands of logical decisions without

11、 becoming tired. 計算機能解決很多問題，做出成千上萬個符合邏輯的決定，而不感到疲倦。 From a long_term perspective，Internet shopping is but a low_level aspect of the Net，and it is not likely to become the most important trend. 從長遠來看，網(wǎng)上購物僅僅是低層次的網(wǎng)絡(luò)化，未必會成為最主要的趨向。 We are taking steps to prevent stream and air pollution. 我們正采取措施防止河流和空氣污染。

12、Computers can work through a s逆序法英語有些長句的表達次序與漢語表達習慣不同，甚至完全相反，這時必須從原文后面開始翻譯。在漢語中，定語修飾語和狀語修飾語往往位于被修飾語之前；在英語中，許多修飾語常常位于被修飾語之后，因此翻譯時往往要把原文的語序顛倒過來。 It therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to be much more detailed information abo

13、ut courses and more advice.如果學生能充分利用他們（上大學）的機會，這里就必須為他們提供大量關(guān)于課程的更為詳盡的信息，作更多的指導。因此這個問題顯得越來越重要了。逆序法英語有些長句的表達次序與漢語表達習慣不同，甚至完全相反Every living thing has what scientists call a biological clock that controls behavior. 每一種生物都有控制自己行為的時鐘，科學家們稱之為生物鐘。 The moon is completely empty of water because the force of g

14、ravity on the moon is much less than on the earth. 月球的引力比地球的引力小得多，所以月球上根本沒有水。 That energy and mass are equal and interchangeable is known to every student of science. 理科學生人人都懂得能量和質(zhì)量是相等而且是可以互相轉(zhuǎn)換的 Every living thing has what sc包孕法所謂包孕是指在把英語長句譯成漢語時，把英語后置成分按照漢語的正常語序放在中心詞之前，使修飾成分在漢語句中形成前置包孕。但修飾成分不宜過長，否則會

15、形成拖沓或造成漢語句子成分在連接上的糾葛。例如：You are the representative of a country and of a continent to which China feels particularly close. 您是一位來自于使中國倍感親切的國家和大洲的代表。 What brings us together is that we have common interests which transcend those differences. 使我們走到一起的，是我們有超越這些分歧的共同利益。包孕法所謂包孕是指在把英語長句譯成漢語時，把英語后置成分按照合譯 H

16、e was very clean. His mind was open.他為人單純而坦率。There are men here from all over the country. Many of them are from the South.從全國各地來的人中有許多是南方人。合譯 He was very clean. His mind分句法有時英語長句中主語或主句與修飾詞的關(guān)系并不十分密切，翻譯時可以按照漢語多用短句的習慣，把長句的從句或短語轉(zhuǎn)換成句子，分開來敘述。為了使語意連貫，有時需要適當增加詞語，也就是采取化整為零的方法將整個英語長句翻譯為幾個獨立的句子，順序基本不變，前后保持連貫。

17、 Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allow one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programs which are both instructive and entertaining. 人們常說，通過電視可以了解時事，掌握科學和政治的最新動態(tài)。從電視里還可以看到層出不窮、既有教育意義又有娛樂性的新節(jié)目。分句法有時英語長句中主語或主

18、句與修飾詞的關(guān)系并不十分密切，翻The research work is being done by a small group of dedicated and imaginative scientists who specialize in extracting from various sea animals substances that may improve the health of the human race. 一小部分富有想像力和敬業(yè)精神的科學家正在進行這項研究，他們專門研究從各種海洋動物中提取能增進人類健康的物質(zhì)。The research work is being do

19、n重組法為了使譯文流暢且更符合漢語的習慣，在理清英語長句的結(jié)構(gòu)、弄懂英語原意的基礎(chǔ)上，徹底擺脫原文語序和句子形式，對句子進行重新組合。例如： Decision must be made very rapidly; physical endurance is tested as much as perception, because an enormous amount of time must be spent making certain that the key figures act on the basis of the same information and purpose. 因為

20、必須花大量時間以確保關(guān)鍵人物會根據(jù)同樣的信息和目的行事，而這一切對身體的耐力都是一大考驗。因此，一旦考慮成熟，決策者就應迅速做出決策。重組法為了使譯文流暢且更符合漢語的習慣，在理清英語長句的結(jié)構(gòu)綜合法在翻譯一個英語長句時，并不只是單純地使用一種翻譯方法，而是要綜合使用到各種方法。一些英語長句單純采用一種方法都不方便，這就需要我們的仔細分析，或按照時間的先后，或按照邏輯順序，順逆結(jié)合，主次分明地對全句進行綜合處理，以便把英語原文翻譯成通順忠實的漢語句子。例如：People were afraid to leave their houses, for although the police had

21、 been ordered to stand by in case of emergency, they were just as confused and helpless as anybody else.盡管警察已接到命令，要作好準備以應付緊急情況，但人們不敢出門，因為警察也和其他人一樣不知所措和無能為力。綜合法在翻譯一個英語長句時，并不只是單純地使用一種翻譯方法，1. The labeling of “womens language” as “powerless language” reflects the view of womens behavior through the lens

22、 of mens.視“女性的語言”為“低微無能者的語言”反映出男性看女性行為的角度。1. The labeling of “womens la2. This ambiguity accounts for much misinterpretation by experts as well as nonexperts, by which womens ways of thinking, uttered in a spirit of rapport, are branded powerless.這種歧義的存在解釋了為什么專家和非專家常常把女性以友善語言表述出來的思維方式曲解為無能的表現(xiàn)。2. Thi

23、s ambiguity accounts for3. Nowhere is this inherent ambiguity clearer than in a brief comment in a newspaper article.一篇報刊文章里的簡評最能清楚地讓我們看到這種固有歧義的存在。3. Nowhere is this inherent am4. Whether women or men are direct or indirect differs; what remains constant is that the womens style is negatively valuated seen as lower in status than the mens.關(guān)于男性或女性誰直接誰間接在不同地域有不同情況，不變的是女性風格總被人貶低，其地位被視為低于男性。4. Whether women or men are di1. 因為女性常常從親近和支持的角度思考，所以她們極力保持親密關(guān)系