科技英語SCI論文寫作課件

1、科技英語SCI論文寫作 唐桂香 浙江大學(xué)農(nóng)業(yè)與生物技術(shù)學(xué)院作物科學(xué)研究所E-mail:tanggx學(xué)習(xí)與工作簡歷1984.09-1988.07 浙江農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)農(nóng)學(xué)系讀大學(xué)1988.07-1992.09 浙江省建德縣農(nóng)業(yè)局壽昌農(nóng)技站，助理農(nóng)藝師 1992.09-1995.07 浙江農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)農(nóng)學(xué)系，碩士研究生1995.07-1996.09 浙江農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)農(nóng)學(xué)系任教, 助教1996.09-2002.12 浙江大學(xué)農(nóng)學(xué)系，講師2000.03-2004.03 浙江大學(xué)在職攻讀博士學(xué)位2002.12-至 今 浙江大學(xué)農(nóng)業(yè)與生物技術(shù)學(xué)院農(nóng)學(xué)系，副教授國外進(jìn)修與學(xué)術(shù)研究經(jīng)歷2001.10-2002.01 英國Jo

2、hn Innes Centre合作研究2005.04-2006.03 德國基爾大學(xué)植物育種所訪問學(xué)者2007.08-2007.10 德國DAAD和國家留學(xué)基金委資助德國基爾大學(xué)分子植物病理所短期交流學(xué)者主要研究興趣油菜的轉(zhuǎn)基因育種和角果發(fā)育突變體研究植物組織培養(yǎng)叢枝真菌P. indica對組培苗馴化和植物生長的促進(jìn)作用Why? 為什么要撰寫和發(fā)表論文？What? 什么是SCI論文？ SCI論文的重要性How? 如何撰寫SCI論文？Why? 為什么要撰寫和發(fā)表科研論文？ 基礎(chǔ)研究的成果以論文形式表現(xiàn)發(fā)表論文的質(zhì)量與數(shù)量是衡量科研工作者水平和效率的客觀標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Why? 為什么要撰寫和發(fā)表科研論文？ 研

3、究結(jié)果只有發(fā)表了，他人才能重復(fù)、驗(yàn)證，結(jié)果才可能成為知識,科學(xué)研究的關(guān)鍵是可重復(fù)性、可被他人驗(yàn)證科研工作者必須提供書面材料讓同行知道他做了什么、為什么這樣做、怎樣做的、發(fā)現(xiàn)了什么？科研工作者不僅要“做”研究，而且要“寫”研究 What 什么是SCI論文?SCI=Science Citation Index,是美國科學(xué)資訊研究所(ISI)編輯出版的引文索引類刊物,創(chuàng)刊于1964年. 可分為印刷版、光碟版和網(wǎng)絡(luò)版等載體。印刷版、光碟版從全球數(shù)萬種期刊中選出3300種科技期刊，涉及基礎(chǔ)科學(xué)的100余個領(lǐng)域。每年報(bào)導(dǎo)60余萬篇最新文獻(xiàn)，涉及引文900萬條。進(jìn)入SCI這一刊物的論文即為SCI論文。什么是

4、SCI論文?SCI選錄刊物的依據(jù)是文獻(xiàn)分析法，即美國情報(bào)學(xué)家費(fèi)爾德提出的科學(xué)工作者引文分析法。該分析法以期刊論文被引用的頻次作為評價(jià)指標(biāo)，被引頻次越高，則該期刊的影響越大。什么是SCI論文?ISI 對全球的自然科學(xué)刊物進(jìn)行考察，凡影響因子大于某一臨界值的刊物，則可以進(jìn)入SCI系統(tǒng)進(jìn)入SCI系統(tǒng)的刊物分為兩類，即內(nèi)圍和外圍，前者的影響因子高于后者，前者稱為SCI刊物，后者稱為SCIsearch 刊物。什么是SCI論文?SCI刊物分為影響因子高區(qū)（大于1.105）、中區(qū)（在1.105和0.422之間）和低區(qū)（小于0.422）類什么是SCI論文衡量期刊特性的,除了影響因子外,還有及時(shí)指數(shù)(Immid

5、iacy Index)和被引用半衰期(Cited half life).及時(shí)指數(shù)是指一種期刊當(dāng)年發(fā)表的論文在當(dāng)年被引用的次數(shù)與當(dāng)年的文獻(xiàn)總數(shù)之比.此指標(biāo)表示期刊論文所述的研究課題在當(dāng)前的熱門程度.什么是SCI論文在選擇投稿的刊物時(shí),可以綜合考慮以上各個指標(biāo).Abbreviated Journal TitleISSNTotal CitesImpactImmediacyArticlesCited(linked to journal information)FactorIndexHalf-lifeCA-CANCER J CLIN(臨床腫瘤雜志)0007-9235526663.34216.526192

6、.9NEW ENGL J MED0028-479317750551.29612.743303ANNU REV IMMUNOL0732-05821548247.2379.5246.3ANNU REV BIOCHEM0066-41541676136.5254.433308.5REV MOD PHYS0034-68612067233.5086.65632NAT REV CANCER1474-175X1318931.5834.67580PHYSIOL REV0031-93331620931.4414.90632NAT REV MOL CELL BIO1471-00721413231.3543.8948

7、5SCIENCE0036-807536138930.0285.555885CELL0092-867413252829.1946.403352NAT REV IMMUNOL14746974.62878NAT MED1078-89564366428.5885.261153ANNU REV NEUROSCI0147-006X913928.5333.05206.8NAT IMMUNOL1529-29082076127.5965.856132NATURE0028-083639069026.6816.789962ANNU REV CELL DEV BI1081-070674992

8、6.5761276.3CHEM REV0009-26655750926.0542.778189LANCET0140-673613393225.87.419301Acta Botanica Sinica 植物學(xué)報(bào) SCI Expanded 0.599Acta Pharmacologica Sinica 中國藥理學(xué)報(bào) SCI 1.397Biomedical And Environmental Sciences 生物醫(yī)學(xué)與環(huán)境科學(xué) SCI Expanded 0.748Chinese Journal of Physiology 生理學(xué)報(bào) SCI Expanded 0.702Chinese Scienc

9、e Bulletin 科學(xué)通報(bào)(英文版) SCI 0.722Chinese Medical Journal 中華醫(yī)學(xué)雜志 SCI 0.615Journal of Materials Science & Technology 材料科學(xué)技術(shù) SCI 0.384Progress In Natural Science 自然科學(xué)進(jìn)展 SCI Expanded 0.531Science In China Series C-Life Science 中國科學(xué)C生命科學(xué) SCI 0.533中國國內(nèi)被SCI收錄與生命科學(xué)有關(guān)的期刊(2006):SCI論文的重要性隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化,科學(xué)研究也日益全球化,SCI論文是

10、進(jìn)行國際科學(xué)交流的重要方式,也是使國際同行了解我們的主要渠道.SCI論文的重要性發(fā)表SCI論文,可以向世界顯示我國基礎(chǔ)研究的實(shí)力,提高我國在世界科學(xué)界的地位.在世界著名刊物如Nature 和Science 上發(fā)表一篇重要文章,對于某一學(xué)科而言,其意義不亞于在國際體育比賽中取得一塊金牌.SCI論文的重要性發(fā)表SCI論文的多少和論文被引用率的高低,是國際上通用的評價(jià)基礎(chǔ)研究成果水平的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),也是招聘、考核、評獎的重要指標(biāo)。SCI論文的重要性就基礎(chǔ)研究而言，在什么樣檔次的刊物上發(fā)表的論文，便具有什么樣檔次的水平，一目了然，一般不再需要鑒定。如果成果不是在國際知名的SCI刊物上發(fā)表，便很然被認(rèn)為是國際水

11、平的。SCI論文的重要性發(fā)表SCI也是博士生取得博士學(xué)位的必要條件。也是聯(lián)系出國深造時(shí)使國外導(dǎo)師了解自己的最好方式。中國大學(xué)1996-2006十年中SCI論文排序 SCI論文數(shù)的排序是： 序號 大學(xué)名稱 論文數(shù)量 1 臺灣大學(xué) 22623 2 清華大學(xué) 19230 3 北京大學(xué) 16702 4 香港大學(xué) 16128 5 浙江大學(xué) 14335 6 香港中文大學(xué) 14052 7 南京大學(xué) 13439 8 臺灣成功大學(xué) 12374 9 中國科學(xué)技術(shù)大學(xué)11996 10 復(fù)旦大學(xué) 9926 SCI論文引用次數(shù)的排序是： 序號大學(xué)名稱 論文數(shù)量 1 臺灣大學(xué) 138819 2 香港大學(xué) 119736 3

12、 香港中文大學(xué) 100119 4 北京大學(xué) 76336 5 香港科技大學(xué) 66104 6 臺灣成功大學(xué) 60292 7 清華大學(xué) 58567 8 中國科學(xué)技術(shù)大學(xué) 56343 9 南京大學(xué) 55613 10 臺灣清華大學(xué) 459761 香港大學(xué) 7.424 2 香港中文大學(xué)7.215 3 臺灣大學(xué) 6.1364 臺灣成功大學(xué)4.872 5 中國科技大學(xué)4.697 6 北京大學(xué) 4.5707 南京大學(xué) 4.138 8 清華大學(xué) 3.046各大學(xué)引用率（引用次數(shù)/文章數(shù)）： 2007年11月15日，國家科學(xué)技術(shù)部中國科學(xué)技術(shù)信息研究所在北京國際會議中心舉行 “2006中國科技論文統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果發(fā)布會”。

13、 浙江大學(xué)2006年度國內(nèi)和國際論文總數(shù)14178篇居全國高校第1位SCI收錄論文3034篇，居全國高校第1位；EI收錄論文2760篇，居全國高校第3位；ISTP收錄論文1432篇，居全國高校第3位；CSTPCD收錄國內(nèi)論文數(shù)6952篇，居全國高校第3位。 SCI論文被引2692篇6615次，居全國高校第3位；SCI 10年累積被引13490篇43111次，居全國高校第2位；國內(nèi)論文被引17789次，居全國高校第1位。 MEDLINE收錄論文1420篇，居全國高校第1位；SSCI收錄論文20篇，居全國高校第4位。 SCI成了Stupid Chinese Idea（中國人愚蠢的想法） Publi

14、sh or Perish!How? 科研論文寫作的基本要求（4C） Clear:條理清楚，擺事實(shí)、講道理Complete:內(nèi)容完整、結(jié)構(gòu)完整勻稱，切忌虎頭蛇尾，有始無終Correct:科學(xué)內(nèi)容正確（不出錯）、資料正確（資料可靠、可信）、語言正確，準(zhǔn)確地使用英語Concise:論述深刻、充分揭示其科學(xué)內(nèi)涵、使用定量方法。科學(xué)論文的基本結(jié)構(gòu)標(biāo)題及作者: Title and authors摘要: Abstract引言: Introduction方法:Methods結(jié)果:Results and討論:Discussion致謝:Acknowledgement參考文獻(xiàn):ReferencesIMRADIMRA

15、DI: What and why? 研究什么問題？為什么研究這個問題？M：How? 如何研究的？R：What? 發(fā)現(xiàn)了什么？D：What? 發(fā)現(xiàn)意味著什么？論文寫作的建議順序相關(guān)研究(指看文獻(xiàn))研究方法實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)分析簡介 結(jié)果相關(guān)研究決定題目 摘要標(biāo) 題 (Title)10-15字能立即表達(dá)研究的目的及貢獻(xiàn)Development of a transformation system (X)A New transformation Method (X)A Novel method for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation in rapeseed (O) D

16、evelopment of A new transformation system using Agrobacterium-mediated method in rapeseed (O) 包含所有關(guān)鍵詞 （檢索）吸引人用動詞、句子采用動詞(1)The Arabidopsis AGL8 MADS box gene is expressed in lnflorenscence meristems and is negatively regulated by APETALAI. The Plant Cell (9.868)Pod shatter-resistant Brassica fruit pr

17、oduced by ectopic expression of the FRUITFULL gene. Plant BiotechnologySHATTERPROOF MADS-box genes control seed dispersal in Arabidopsis. Nature (26.681)The Arabidopsis myc/bHLH gene ALCATRAZ enables cell separation in fruit dehiscence. Current Biology (10.988)采用動詞(2)The FRUITFULL MADS-box gene medi

18、ates cell differentiation during Arabidopsis fruit development. Development (7.764)The promoter of the nematode resistance gene Hs1pro-1 activates a nematode-responsive and feeding site-specific gene expression in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) and Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Molecular Biology (3.577

19、)采用詞組(1)Effect of sucrose concentrations on somatic embryogenesis in carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.). Scientia HorticultureIn vitro shoot proliferation and enhancement of rooting for the large-scale propagation of yellow bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris Striata) . Scientia HorticultureGenetic Analysis

20、of Growth-Regulator-Induced Parthenocarpy in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiologyldentification and Molecular Characterization of ZAG1, the Maize Homolog of the Arabidopsis Floral Homeotic Gene AGAMOUS. The Plant Cell采用詞組(2)Identification and Characterization of four chrysanthemum(菊花) MADS-Box genes, belon

21、ging to the APETALA1/FRUITFULL and SEPALLATA3 subfamilies. Plant Physiology.Modulating flowering time and prevention of shatter in pod oilseed rape. Molecular BreedingNegative regulation of the SHATTERPROOF genes by FRUITFULL During Arabidopsis fruit development. ScienceDivergent evolution of plant

22、NBS-LRR resistance gene homologues in dicot and cereal genomes. J. Molecular Evolution.采用詞組（冒號）(1)Integrating genetic information into plant breeding programmes: how will we produce varieties from molecular variation, using bioinformatics? Drawing lines and borders: how the dehiscent fruit of Arabid

23、opsis is patterned. BioEssayPlant translational genomics: from model species to crops. Mol. Breed.Antiviral indolicidin variant peptides: Evaluation for broad-spectrumdisease resistance in transgenic Nicotiana tabacum. Plant Science采用詞組（冒號）(2)Backcrossing of nematode-resistant sugar beet: a second n

24、ematode resistance gene at the locus containing Hs1pro1? Molecular Breeding類似的研究（1） Multiplex RT-PCR, a novel technique for the simultaneous detection of the DNA and RNA viruses causing rice tungro disease. Journal of Virological MethodsSomatic Embryogenesis: A Model for Early Development in Higher

25、Plants. The plant cellTissue culture in synthetic atmospheres: diffusion rate effects on cytokinin-induced callus growth and isoflavonoid production in soybean Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. Acme. Plant Growth RegulationNot so goodMechanistic studies of the translational elongation cycle in mammalian mi

26、tochondria. Biochim Biophys Acta Molecular characterization and functional expression of opioid receptor-like receptor. Cell Res.Functional expression of opioid receptor-like receptor and its endogenous specific agonist nociceptin/orphanin FQ during embryogenesis. Cell Res作者和作者單位 作者：設(shè)計(jì)和執(zhí)行實(shí)驗(yàn)、對論文有重要、創(chuàng)

27、造性貢獻(xiàn)的人作者排序：按貢獻(xiàn)大小作者對所做的工作負(fù)責(zé)、通訊作者對全文負(fù)責(zé)作者單位：作者做論文所描述的研究工作的實(shí)驗(yàn)室（不同于作者的單位）引 言 (Introduction)(1)一個好的Introduction就相當(dāng)于文章成功了一半 要寫好一個Introduction，最重要的是要保持鮮明的層次感和極強(qiáng)的邏輯性 首先闡述自己研究領(lǐng)域的基本內(nèi)容，要盡量的簡潔明了 Introduction的重頭戲之一：文獻(xiàn)的總結(jié)回顧 分析過去研究的局限性并且闡明自己研究的創(chuàng)新點(diǎn)，這是整個Introduction的高潮所在，所以更是要慎之又慎 總結(jié)性的描述論文的研究內(nèi)容 引言(2)避免翻譯中文版的引言，直接重寫會比

28、較快。先找好10-20篇最近十年相關(guān)的文獻(xiàn)。挑選2-3篇最直接相關(guān)的文獻(xiàn)，參考其literature review的內(nèi)容，來描述問題的形成動機(jī)。再參考其他文獻(xiàn)的Abstract描述，依年代分段敘述最近十年的發(fā)展?fàn)顩r，約1000-1500字重點(diǎn)：Tell a story (加一些說明將這些內(nèi)容連貫起來）Title:Increased Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and rooting efficiencies in canola (Brassica napus L.) from hypocotyl segment explants. Plant C

29、ell Reports IF 1.727Canola (Brassica napus L.) is an important oil crop,ranking third only to soybean and palm oil in global roduction.Canola oil is widely used as a cooking oil, salad oil, and for the production of margarine. Of all the edible vegetable oils widely available today, it has the lowes

30、t saturated fat content, making it appealing to health-conscious consumers. Canola oil is also used in lubricants and hydraulic fluids, especially when there is a significant risk of oil leaking to waterways or into ground water (Sovero 1993). (油菜的重要性) There are several reports on canola transformat

31、ion with respect to the introduction of various new traits such as modified oil composition (Knutzon et al. 1992), herbicide tolerance (De Block et al. 1989), altered protein composition (Altenbach et al. 1992) and insect resistance (Stewart et al. 1996). Transformation has been carried out using va

32、rious explants, such as stem internodes (Fry et al. 1987), stem segments (Pua et al. 1987), cotyledonary petioles (Moloney et al. 1989) and hypocotyl segments (Radke et al. 1988; De Block et al. 1989; Stewart et al. 1996). Stewart et al. (1996) and Halfhill et al. (2001) have reported transformation

33、efficiencies of only 4% in B. napus cv. Westar using hypocotyls as the explant source. An increase in the transformation efficiencies is desirable in order to decrease the amount of resources needed to produce transgenic plants, and to potentially provide a higher baseline for subsequent transformat

34、ion of other canola varieties. Two important factors that govern the efficiency of transgenic plant recovery are obtaining healthy shoots that are not hyperhydrated and having a good rooting efficiency. (油菜轉(zhuǎn)基因的一些進(jìn)展) In this communication we report an increase in the transformation efficiency of cano

35、la and 100% rooting of the transformed shoots. Improved efficiency was achieved through altering the preconditioning and cocultivation times, circumventing hyperhydration and improving the rooting efficiencies.(我們這篇文章的研究內(nèi)容)Methods主要描述我們論文的實(shí)驗(yàn)過程,但重要的在于完整和科學(xué) ,不要顧此失彼，遺漏一些重要的內(nèi)容 寫作順序:按照實(shí)驗(yàn)對象、實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)備、實(shí)驗(yàn)材料、實(shí)驗(yàn)過程

36、、實(shí)驗(yàn)分析方法等幾個方面來進(jìn)行組織 Materials and methodsVectorsTwo gene constructs were used for transformation. The genes used were those encoding mGFP5-ER and eGFP (green fluorescent protein). (介紹所采用的二個基因) The pBin mGFP5-ER vector was made available by J. Haseloff and is described in (Haseloff et al. 1997). The pB

37、in plasmid contained the nptII gene coding for neomycin phosphotransferase, which allows for the selection of plants resistant to kanamycin. The nptII gene was under the control of the NOS (nopaline synthase) promoter and terminator. The mGFP5-ER gene was under the control of the cauliflower mosaic

38、virus (CaMV) 35S promoter and a NOS terminator. (介紹載體的結(jié)構(gòu)) The eGFP vector was constructed by cutting the eGFP from peGFP (Clontech, Palo Alto, Calif.) with StuI and partially with Xba1 and subsequently cloning it in pSam 15; a derivative of pCambia 2301 (Cambia, Canberra, Australia). The nptII gene

39、was placed under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter and the CaMV poly A terminator. The eGFP was under the control of the CaMV promoter and the NOS terminator. The plasmids were transformed into Agrobacterium strain GV3850 by electroporation.(介紹載體是如何構(gòu)建的)Transformation and plant regenerationThe tra

40、nsformation and regeneration protocol was modified from Mehra-Palta et al. (1991) and Stewart et al. (1996). The experiments were carried out with Brassica napus L. cv. Westar. Seeds were surface-sterilized for 5 min with 10% sodium hypochlorite with 0.1% Tween added as a surfactant. The sterilizati

41、on was followed by a 1-min rinse with 95% ethanol. The seeds were then washed thoroughly with sterile distilled water and germinated on MS (Murashige and Skoog 1962) basal medium with 20 g/l sucrose solidified with 2 g/l Gelrite. Hypocotyls were excised from 8-to 10-day-old seedlings, cut into 1-cm

42、pieces and preconditioned for 24, 48, or 72 h on MS medium supplemented with 1 mg/l 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid) and 30 g/l sucrose, solidified with 2 g/l Gelrite. The preconditioned hypocotyl segments were then inoculated with Agrobacterium. The Agrobacterium was grown overnight to an OD

43、600=0.8 in liquid LB medium, pelleted and re-suspended in liquid callus induction medium to which acetosyringone was added to a final concentration of 0.05 mM.Co-cultivation with Agrobacterium was performed on explants pre-conditioned for 24, 48 and 72 h. They were co-cultivated for 24, 48 or 72 h o

44、n MS medium with 1 mg/l 2,4-D. Following cocultivation, the explants were transferred to the same medium with 400 mg/l timentin and 200 mg/l kanamycin to select for transformed cells. After 2 weeks, the explants were transferred to MS medium with 4 mg/l BAP (6-benzylaminopurine), 2 mg/l zeatin and 5

45、 mg/l silver nitrate, antibiotics as mentioned above and 30 g/l sucrose, solidified with 2 g/l Gelrite, to promote organogenesis. After a further 2 weeks, the tissue was transferred to MS medium containing 3 mg/l BAP, 2 mg/l zeatin, antibiotics and 30 g/l sucrose and 2 g/l Gelrite for shoot developm

46、ent. The shoots that developed were transferred to MS medium with 0.05 mg/l BAP, 30 g/l sucrose, antibiotics as above, solidified with 2 g/l Gelrite or 3 g/l Gelrite, for shoot elongation. The elongated shoots were transferred to rooting medium consisting of half-strength MS salts, 10 mg/l sucrose,

47、3 g/l Gelrite, 5 mg/l IBA and antibiotics as above. (培養(yǎng)條件) All the cultures were maintained at 252C under a 16/8-h (light/dark) photoperiod with light supplied by cool-white daylight fluorescent lights. The rooted shoots were transferred to soil and grown under a photoperiod of 16/8 h (light/dark) a

48、t 20C in a plant growth chamber.Polymerase chain reactionThe putative transgenic plants and the T1 transgenic plants were analyzed by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to confirm the presence of the transgenes. DNA extraction was carried out according to Stewart (1997). The primer pairs used for D

49、NA amplification were 5- CCCAGATCATATGAAGAGG-3 and 5-TGGGATCTTTCGAAAGGGC- 3 for mGFP5-ER and 5-CCACAAGTTCAGCGTG- 3 and 5-CAGGACCATGTGATC-3 for eGFP. PCR was carried out using the Promega PCR Mastermix (Promega, Madison, Wis.). The initial denaturation of DNA was done at 94C for 5 min; this was follo

50、wed by 35 cycles of amplification of 1 min at 94C (denaturing), 1 min at 55C for mgfp5er and 60C for eGFP (annealing) and 1 min at 72C (extension). Amplicons were visualized by electrophoresis on a 1% agarose gel stained with ethidium bromide.Western blot analysisThe Western blot analysis was carrie

51、d out according to Stewart et al. (1996). Fresh leaf tissue (0.2 g) was ground in liquid nitrogen with a hand drill-driven micro-pestle in a microcentrifuge tube. The ground tissue was left on ice for 30 min after the addition of 0.1 N NaOH. The homogenate was neutralized with 1 M Tris-HCl and centr

52、ifuged at 10,000 rpm for 7 min. The supernatant was decanted to a fresh tube, and the total protein in each sample was determined by Bradford total protein analysis using BSA (bovine serum albumin) as a standard. For the blot, 20 g of the sample was loaded onto a 10% polyacrylamide gel. Purified GFP

53、 protein was used as a standard. The protein was transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane and immunostained. Immunostaining was carried out according to Pratt et al. (1986). The primary antibody wash was done with the rabbit anti-GFP (Clontech) serum, followed by goat anti-rabbit antibody (Sigma, St

54、. Louis, Mo.). A rabbit anti-goat alkaline phosphatase conjugate (Sigma) was used as the tertiary antibody. GFP was detected on blots by exposure to nitroblue tetrazolium/ bromochloroindolyl phosphate.Statistical analysisFor each experiment, 100 explants (hypocotyls) were used and each experiment wa

55、s repeated five times. The data were analyzed by ANOVA (analysis of variance). The means were compared using the Student-Newman-Keuls multiple comparison test at P0.05.Results or Results and discussion一般分開寫Results部分的要求是四個字：翔實(shí)準(zhǔn)確 以表格和圖兩種方式來表達(dá)結(jié)果盡量用最少的圖提供最多的信息，一般來說最多不要超過8個 Results部分盡量不要設(shè)計(jì)對結(jié)果的評論，最多是總結(jié)的陳述

56、結(jié)果也就可以了 Logic need to explain the rationales in the beginningConnections between paragraphs dont jumpOvercoming hyperhydration and improved rooting A major problem faced during this and other canola transformation studies is the hyperhydration of the transgenic shoots, which results in the loss of a

57、 large number of transgenic shoots. This problem was addressed by increasing the percentage of Gelrite in the shoot elongation medium from 2 mg/l to 3 mg/l. The hyperhydrated shoots resumed normal growth within 2 weeks following transfer to this medium. Rooting was 100% on the root induction medium

58、containing 3 g/l Gelrite and halfstrength MS with 0.5 mg/l IBA and antibiotics. Reducing the strength of the medium to half and decreasing the sucrose concentration to 10 mg/l from the usual 30 mg/l that was used throughout the regeneration process facilitated rooting.Discussion和introduction 一樣難寫如何寫

59、好呢?Summary of main findingsPapers that support you, but dont downgrade your noveltyPitfalls( or shortcoming ) and whySignificance. Dont speculate too muchAcknowledgement 第一是表明研究的基金來源，象中國的話一般都是Nature Science Foundation of China （NSFC，國家自然科學(xué)基金），美國的話大多是National Institute of Health（NIH，美國國家衛(wèi)生研究院）。寫上基金的時(shí)

60、候一般都要標(biāo)注清楚基金的號碼（Grant Number），只有這樣才算是該項(xiàng)基金的研究成果，也可以算實(shí)驗(yàn)室的研究成果。 第二是對參與人員（沒有列在作者中的研究人員）和單位表示感謝，如果通過一審和最終接受發(fā)表，還要添加上對editor和anonymous reviewers的感謝，這是一種最基本的禮貌。 We thank Jim Haseloff for providing the mGFP5-ER construct, Steve Mabon for cloning eGFP, Brenda Kivela for assisting in this project and all our la