新高考版英語高中總復(fù)習(xí)專題八《寫作基礎(chǔ)（講解練）》教與學(xué)

1、第三部分寫作專題八寫作基礎(chǔ)高考英語第一節(jié)基本句型奠基考點(diǎn)清單英語中最基本的句型有八種,其他各種句型都是由這八種基本句型演化而成。八種基本句型如下:1.主語+謂語(不及物動(dòng)詞)My brother is studying.我弟弟正在學(xué)習(xí)。2.主語+謂語(不及物動(dòng)詞)+狀語I work in a computer firm. Every day I get up early in the morning. After breakfast, I go to work by bike.我在一家電腦公司工作。每天早上我都早早起床。早飯后,我騎自行車去上班。3.主語+系動(dòng)詞+表語My English is

2、 much better than before. I feel very happy. I am very grateful for your help.我的英語比以前好多了。我感到非常高興。我非常感謝你的幫助。4.主語+謂語+賓語Tom met a difficult problem. I found a way and helped him.湯姆遇到了一個(gè)難題。我找到一個(gè)方法并幫助了他。5.主語+謂語(及物動(dòng)詞)+賓語+狀語I took an English exam yesterday. I had prepared for it for two weeks. Before I tur

3、ned in the paper, I checked it carefully. 昨天我參加了一場(chǎng)英語考試。我為此準(zhǔn)備了兩周的時(shí)間。在上交試卷之前,我仔細(xì)地檢查了一下。6.主語+謂語(及物動(dòng)詞)+間接賓語+直接賓語Mr. Smith has taught us English for 3 years. Yesterday was his 50th birthday. Every one of us bought him a present and I even told him an interesting story. 史密斯先生教我們英語已經(jīng)三年了。昨天是他50歲生日。我們每個(gè)人都給他買

4、了一個(gè)禮物,我甚至給他講了一個(gè)有趣的故事。7.主語+謂語+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語The old man had a lovely daughter. He named her Lily. He made her very happy every day and wanted her to become an artist.這個(gè)老人有一個(gè)可愛的女兒。他叫她莉莉。每天他都讓她很高興并且想讓她成為一名藝術(shù)家。8.There be句型There are four teaching buildings, a library and a gym in our school, there are 36 class

5、es in total, and there are 50 students on average in each class. 我們學(xué)校有四棟教學(xué)樓、一個(gè)圖書館、一個(gè)體育館和36個(gè)教學(xué)班,平均每個(gè)班有50名學(xué)生。第二節(jié)連接過渡整合考點(diǎn)清單連接詞與過渡詞語的使用是語言連貫性得以實(shí)現(xiàn)的基本手段。在句與句、段與段之間恰當(dāng)?shù)厥褂靡恍┏猩蠁⑾碌倪B接(過渡)性詞語是非常必要的。寫作中常用的過渡性詞語歸納如下:一、表起始關(guān)系的過渡性詞語first of all, to begin/start with, firstly, nowadays, currently, recently, generally (

6、speaking), these days, with the development of, as far as I know, according to, above all, in ones opinion, by the way, when it comes to., as sb. knowFirst of all, let me ask you something.首先,讓我問你一件事。As far as I know, the tickets are given away free. 據(jù)我所知, 這些票是免費(fèi)發(fā)放的。二、表平行、對(duì)等或選擇關(guān)系的過渡性詞語and, both.and.

7、, as well (as), neither.nor., or, either.or., not only.but al-so., not.but., on the one hand.on the other hand., for one thing.for an-other (thing).They can neither read nor write. 他們不會(huì)讀,也不會(huì)寫。The outcome depends on conditions as well as how events unfold. 結(jié)果取決于條件,還取決于事件的進(jìn)展。三、表遞進(jìn)關(guān)系的過渡性詞語whats more, m

8、oreover, furthermore, additionally, in addition, also, besides, still, whats worse, to make things/matters worse, worse still, even worseWorse still, most of these foods are loaded with fat, salt, and chemicals.更糟糕的是, 這些食品中的大多數(shù)富含脂肪、鹽和化學(xué)成分。The young find everything so simple. The young, moreover, see

9、 it as their du-ty to be happy and do their best to be so. 年輕人覺得每件事都那么簡(jiǎn)單。而且,他們把幸福視為自己的責(zé)任,并努力去實(shí)現(xiàn)幸福。四、表轉(zhuǎn)折或讓步關(guān)系的過渡性詞語(al)though, but, while, yet, however, nevertheless, otherwise, despite, instead, on the contrary, in spite of, regardless of, even if/thoughIt isnt hot; on the contrary, its cold. 天并不熱。正

10、相反,它(天氣)很冷。There is little chance that we will succeed in changing the law. Nevertheless, it is important that we try. 我們幾乎沒有可能改變法律。不過,重要的是我們努力爭(zhēng)取。五、表解釋說明或列舉的過渡性詞語for example, for instance, take.for example, such as, that is, as follows, namely, in other words, and so on, believe it or not, to tell t

11、he truth, to be hon-est, in this/that case, in particular, particularly, speciallyThe reasons are as follows. 理由如下。They will be concerned to do the right thingto dress properly, for instance.他們需要注意行為是否恰當(dāng)比如說,穿著得體。六、表因果關(guān)系的過渡性詞語because, as, since, for this reason, on account of, thanks to, for the sake

12、 of, due to, owing to, as a result, thus, so, therefore, accordingly, consequently, as a consequence (of)She gave up smoking for the sake of her health.為了身體健康,她戒了煙。She retired early on account of/because of/owing to/as a result of ill health.她由于身體不好而提早退休。七、表觀點(diǎn)的過渡性詞語in ones opinion/view, from ones po

13、int of view, as far as sb. be concerned, as for., personallyAs for us, we are fortunate. 對(duì)我們來說, 我們是幸運(yùn)的。Personally, I prefer the second option. 就我個(gè)人而言,我傾向第二種選擇。八、表總結(jié)的過渡性詞語in short/brief/conclusion, in a word, to sum up, all in all, on the whole, in gen-eralTo sum up, there are three main ways of tack

14、ling the problem.概括起來說,這一問題主要有三種解決辦法。On the whole, Im in favour of the idea.大體說來,我贊成這個(gè)想法。九、表時(shí)間的過渡性詞語開始at first, at the beginning of, in the beginning 然后after a while, afterwards, and then, later, after that, next, shortly after, the next moment最終at last, at length, finally, eventually, in the end同時(shí)

15、at the same time, in the meantime, meanwhile過去 at that time, before, by that time, earlier, formerly, in the past現(xiàn)在 at present, presently, right now, nowadays, up to nowAfterwards, we picnicked on the riverbank. 之后,我們?cè)诤影渡弦安?。Eventually our flight left five hours late.我們的班機(jī)最終晚了五個(gè)小時(shí)起飛。My first novel wa

16、s rejected by six publishers. In the meantime I had written a play.我的第一部小說遭到六家出版商的拒絕。其間我又完成了一部戲劇。十、表空間的過渡性詞語before, behind, below, beneath, between, beyond, nearby, under, above, over, on the right/left, in (the) front of, in the middle of, at the back of, at the bottom of, opposite to, next to, on

17、one side, on the other side, at the foot/end of The correct answers can be found at the bottom of page 8.正確答案在第8頁末尾。He entered by the door opposite to that opening into the garden.他是從對(duì)著通向花園的那個(gè)口的門進(jìn)來的。第三節(jié)高級(jí)詞匯增光考點(diǎn)清單寫作中所謂的“高級(jí)詞匯”指的是課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中有但課本中出現(xiàn)的頻率不高而實(shí)際中經(jīng)常用到,或課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中沒有列入或沒有識(shí)記要求,但在實(shí)際運(yùn)用中卻出現(xiàn)比較頻繁的詞匯(包括短語)。要讓語言表

18、達(dá)多樣化,就要做到“人無我有,人有我優(yōu)”。如果考生能恰當(dāng)?shù)剡\(yùn)用此類詞匯,在寫作中定會(huì)給評(píng)卷老師留下深刻的印象,提高書面表達(dá)的得分。下面把寫作中常用的高級(jí)詞匯做一下簡(jiǎn)單總結(jié),希望對(duì)同學(xué)們的寫作有所裨益。常見詞匯意義高級(jí)詞匯attend參加be involved in;participate inbear忍受put up with cause導(dǎo)致lead to;result in;contribute to;give rise toconsider考慮o consideration/accountfail失敗meet with failurehelp幫助do sb. a/the favor;len

19、d sb.a helping hand happen發(fā)生occur/come about 1.動(dòng)詞類have擁有possessimprove提高promotemaster掌握have a command ofrealise意識(shí)到be aware remember記得bear/keep in mind save節(jié)省set asidesend送delivershould應(yīng)該be supposed to thank感謝appreciatetend to do sth.傾向做某事have a tendency to do sth.use使用;利用make use of/take advantage o

20、f understand理解make sense of/figure out be made up of由組成be composed of/consist ofbe being built在建造中be under constructioncant do sth.不能做某事have trouble/difficulty doing sth.decide to do sth.決定做某事determine to do sth./be determined to do sth.have to do sth.不得不做某事cannot help but do sth./have no alternativ

21、e but to do sth.lie in位于be located/situated insee看見catch sight ofthink of sth.想到某事sth. occurs to sb.try ones best to do sth.盡力做某事spare no effort to do sth./do everything in ones power to do sth.explain解釋;說明account forresult from由于;由造成be attributed to2.名詞類常見詞匯意義高級(jí)詞匯chance機(jī)會(huì)opportunitychoice選擇alternat

22、ivepeople人們individualsresult結(jié)果consequenceshortcoming缺點(diǎn)drawbackmore and more people越來越多的人an increasing numberof peopleall kinds of各種各樣的a wide range of常見詞匯意義高級(jí)詞匯difficult困難的challengingenough足夠的adequategood好的Outstanding/distinguished/brilliantfree空閑的available important重要的essential/vital/significantluck

23、y幸運(yùn)的fortunatepopular受歡迎的enjoy great popularityproper恰當(dāng)?shù)腶ppropriate3.形容詞類rich豐富的abundanttired疲憊的exhausted/worn outbe angry with對(duì)生氣be annoyed withbe busy with忙于be occupied with/bury oneself inbe bored with 對(duì)厭煩be fed up withbe very happy很高興be wild with joybe+adj.(important/useful/beneficial/helpful/val

24、uable)重要的/有用的/有益的/有幫助的/有價(jià)值的be of+n.(importance/use/benefit/help/value)be satisfied with對(duì)感到滿意express ones satisfaction withbe interested in對(duì)感興趣have interest in/be fascinated by/be crazy about/sth. appeal(s)to sb.4.副詞類常見詞匯意義高級(jí)詞匯finally最后eventuallyhardly幾乎不barelyhurriedly匆忙地in a hurryimmediately立刻witho

25、ut hesitation/delaynowadays現(xiàn)在currentlyso因此consequently/thereforesuddenly突然all of a suddenvery非常extremely常見詞匯意義高級(jí)詞匯considering考慮到in view ofduring在期間in the course ofin fact事實(shí)上as a matter of factin a word總之to summarize/in conclusion/to sum up5.介詞(短語)類第四節(jié)句型轉(zhuǎn)化添彩考點(diǎn)清單在寫作中,要想有效避免句子的單調(diào)和呆板,寫出豐富、簡(jiǎn)短、生動(dòng)的句子,善于句型轉(zhuǎn)

26、化非常重要。常用的句型轉(zhuǎn)化形式有:一、用介詞或介詞短語對(duì)祈使句、并列句、狀語從句進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)化,可使句子變得簡(jiǎn)潔。常用的介詞(介詞短語)有but for、thanks to、in spite of、de-spite、in the face of、on/upon ones arrival、because of、as well as、such as、by doing等。典例1Because he helped me, I accomplished the task on time.Thanks to his help, I accomplished the task on time.二、使用現(xiàn)在分詞對(duì)祈

27、使句、并列句、名詞性從句、定語從句或狀語從句進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)化典例21.Go straight and you will see a flower shop.Going straight, you will see a flower shop.2.As I was lying on the grass, I thought of my brother who was studying abroad.Lying on the grass, I thought of my brother studying abroad.三、使用過去分詞可對(duì)并列句、定語從句或狀語從句進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)化典例3He was told ma

28、ny times, but he didnt memorize the rule.Told many times, he didnt memorize the rule.四、使用不定式可與介詞短語、并列句、狀語從句、定語從句、名詞性從句進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)化典例4The policemen entered the forest in search of the missing boy.The policemen entered the forest to search for the missing boy.五、with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)可與并列句、狀語從句進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)化,而獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)也可與并列句或狀語從句進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)化典例

29、51.I have a lot of work to do and cant go to Beijing with you tomorrow.With a lot of work to do, I cant go to Beijing with you tomorrow.2.If weather permits, we will hold the meeting outside.Weather permitting, we will hold the meeting outside.六、為了增強(qiáng)表意效果,有時(shí)可以用倒裝句、省略句等特殊句式對(duì)常見句式進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)化典例61.I didnt know t

30、he result until he told me.Not until he told me did I know the result.Only when he told me did I know the result.2.If I am invited, I will attend the party.If invited, I will attend the party.六、有時(shí),根據(jù)寫作的需要,名詞性從句和定語從句、并列句和定語從句、名詞性從句之間也可以相互轉(zhuǎn)化典例71.He has two sons and both of them are doctors.He has two

31、sons, both of whom are doctors.2.We all know that he is a warm-hearted man.As we all know, he is a warm-hearted man.What is known to us all is that he is a warm-hearted man.3.That different people have different hobbies is natural.Its natural that different people have different hobbies.第五節(jié)常用表達(dá)護(hù)航考點(diǎn)清

32、單英語中有很多常用句式或表達(dá)對(duì)避免漢式英語、提升作文水平很有幫助。學(xué)生可以根據(jù)寫作的實(shí)際需要合理采用地道表達(dá),提升自己的表達(dá)層次和水平。1.(某事)是(1)說起來容易做起來難。It is easy to say but difficult to practice.(2)他獲獎(jiǎng)是最令人激動(dòng)的消息。It was the most exciting news that he got the prize.2.漸漸開始主語+come to+動(dòng)詞原形通過團(tuán)隊(duì)合作,我漸漸喜歡上了他。I came to like him through teamwork.3.習(xí)慣做某事主語+make it a rule+to

33、 do sth.It is a rule with sb.+to do sth.過去的慣常行為:used to do sth.我習(xí)慣在傍晚的時(shí)候出去散步。I make it a rule to go out for a walk towards evening.It is a rule with me to go out for a walk towards evening.4.據(jù)說;聽說 據(jù)說運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)在月底舉行。 The sports meeting is said to be held at the end of the month. It is said that the sports m

34、eeting will be held at the end of the month.I am told that the sports meeting will be held at the end of the month. I hear that the sports meeting will be held at the end of the month.5.不明白(究竟) I wonder+疑問詞/if.(1)我不知道他要乘哪趟火車離開這里。 I wonder which train he will take to leave here.(2)我不知道他是否對(duì)這件事感興趣。 I w

35、onder/am wondering if he is interested in it.6.歸功于(A owes B to C)他把他的成功歸功于你的努力。 He owes his success to your efforts.7.最佳的是打好英語作文基礎(chǔ)的最佳途徑就是閱讀許多淺顯易懂的書。The best way to lay the foundation of the English composition is to read many books that are easy to understand.One can lay the best foundation of the E

36、nglish composition by reading many books that are easy to understand. There is no better way to lay the foundation of the English composition than to read many books that are easy to understand.8.預(yù)計(jì)要今年9月我們要搬到新校舍去。We are expected to move to the new schoolhouse in September this year.9.如此以至于這本書非常有趣,我把

37、它讀了一遍又一遍。This book is so interesting that I have read it again and again.This is such an interesting book that I have read it again and again.10.直到才(開始)直到在國(guó)外旅行的時(shí)候,我才開始深深體會(huì)到語言不通是多么不方便。I didnt realize how inconvenient it was when one could not make oneself un-derstood until I traveled in a foreign cou

38、ntry.I realized how inconvenient it was when one could not make oneself under-stood only after I traveled in a foreign country.11.對(duì)比議論(1)我同意這個(gè)計(jì)劃。首先,建工廠會(huì)給人們提供不同的工作。其次,它可以省許多錢。最后,它不會(huì)對(duì)環(huán)境有太大危害。I agree to/am in favor of the plan.To begin/start with,the building of the facto-ry will provide people with different jobs.Secondly,it can save a lot of money.Lastly/Finally,it wont do much harm to