英美文化欣賞

一．連線題1.Shakespeare：TheMerchantofVenice 《威尼斯商人》RomeoandJuliet《羅密歐與朱麗葉》Hamlet《哈姆雷特》Othello《奧賽羅》KingLear《李爾王》Macbeth《麥克白》2.AlexenderPopeAnEssayonCriticism《批評論》3.JonathanSwiftGulliver ’sTravels《格列佛游記》4.WilliamWordsworthLyricalBallads 《抒情歌謠集》IWanderedLonelyasaCloud 《云中漫步》5.JaneAustenPrideandPrejudice《傲慢與偏見》Emma《愛瑪》CharlotteBront?JaneEyre《簡·愛》EmilyBront?WutheringHeights《呼嘯山莊》8.GeorgeEliotTheMillontheFloss《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》9.ThomasHardyTessoftheD’Urbervilles,aPureWomanFaithfullyPortrayed《德伯家的苔絲》NathanielHawthorneTheScarletLetter《紅字》HermanMelvilleMobyDickBillyBuddEmilyDickinson13.MarkTwainTheAdventuresofTomSawyerTheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn14.TheodoreDreiserSisterCarrie《嘉麗妹妹》AnAmericanTragedy《美國的悲劇》15.ErnestHemingwayTheSunAlsoRises《太陽照樣升起

》ForWhomtheBellTolls 《喪鐘為誰而鳴》FarewelltoArms 《永別了,武器》Theoldmanandsea《老人與?！稧reenHillsofAfria 《非洲的青山》16.RobertBurns: ARedRedRose二．詩歌1、ShallIcomparetheetoaSummer ’sday?Thouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate.RoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofMay,AndSummer’sleasehathalltooshortadate.Sometimetoohottheeyeofheavenshines,Andoftenishisgoldcomplexiondimm ’d;Andeveryfairfromfairsometimedeclines,Bychance,ornature ’schangingcourse,untrimm ’d;ButthyeternalSummershallnotfade,Norlosepossessionofthatfairthouow ’stNorshallDeathbragthouwander ’stinhisshade,Whenineternallinetotimethougrow ’st.Solongasmencanbreathoreyescansee,Solonglivesthis,andthisgiveslifetothee讓我如何來把你比作夏天你比夏天還要可愛，而且柔軟暴風的五月摧殘了鮮嫩的蓓蕾夏天那無情的賃期，又實在是太短有時候太陽的照耀又會太烈，而且那輝煌的面孔也難免烏云的遮掩；每一種美麗，都會有衰謝的一天或者由于無常，或者因為自然?？墒悄愕南奶靺s不會凋謝你的美麗，也永遠不會消散雖然驕傲的死亡可以在夏天投下陰影但是不朽的詩行將照亮你的鮮妍。只要有一個人還在呼吸，還能閱讀這首詩就活著，讓你的青春生動依然。2、Toseeaworldinagrainofsand,Andaheaveninawild flower,Holdinfinityinthepalmofyourhand,Andeternityinanhour.一花一世界一沙一天國，君掌盛無邊，剎那含永劫。3、RobertBurns 羅伯特·彭斯ARedRedRosebyRobertBurnsOmyluve'slikeared,redrose.That'snewlysprunginJune;Omyluve'slikeamelodieThat'ssweetlyplay'dintune.Asfairartthou,mybonnielass,SodeepinluveamI;AndIwilllovetheestill,myDear,Tilla'theseasgangdry.Tilla'theseasgangdry,myDear,Andtherocksmeltwi'thesun:Iwillluvetheestill,myDear,Whilethesandso'lifeshallrun.AndfaretheeweelmyonlyLuve!Andfaretheeweelawhile!AndIwillcomeagain,myLuve,Tho'itweretenthousandmile!一朵紅紅的玫瑰?啊，我的愛人象朵紅紅的玫瑰，六月里迎風初開，啊，我的愛人象支甜甜的曲子，奏得合拍又和諧。?我的好姑娘，多么美麗的人兒！請看我，多么深摯的愛情！親愛的，我永遠愛你，縱使大海干涸水流盡。?縱使大海千涸水流盡，太陽將巖石燒作灰塵，親愛的，我永遠愛你，只要我一息猶存。?珍重吧，我唯一的愛人，珍重吧，讓我們暫時別離，但我定要回來，哪怕千里萬里！4、IWanderedLonelyasaCloudIwanderedlonelyasacloud我孤獨地漫游，像一朵云Thatfloatsonhigho'ervalesandhills,在山丘和谷地上飄蕩，WhenallatonceIsawacrowd,忽然間我看見一群Ahost,ofgoldendaffodils;金色的水仙花迎春開放，Besidethelake,beneaththetrees,在樹蔭下，在湖水邊，F(xiàn)lutteringanddancinginthebreeze.迎著微風起舞翩翩。Continuousasthestarsthatshine連綿不絕，如繁星燦爛，Andtwinkleonthemilkyway,在銀河里閃閃發(fā)光，Theystretchedinnever-endingline它們沿著湖灣的邊緣Alongthemarginofabay:延伸成無窮無盡的一行；TenthousandsawIataglance,我一眼看見了一萬朵，Tossingtheirheadsinsprightlydance.在歡舞之中起伏顛簸。Thewavesbesidethemdanced,butthey粼粼波光也在跳著舞，Out-didthesparklingwavesinglee:水仙的歡欣卻勝過水波；Apoetcouldnotbutbegay,與這樣快活的伴侶為伍，Insuchajocundcompany:詩人怎能不滿心歡樂！Igazed--andgazed--butlittlethought我久久凝望，卻想象不到Whatwealththeshowtomehadbrought:這奇景賦予我多少財寶，——Foroft,whenonmycouchIlie每當我躺在床上不眠，Invacantorinpensivemood,或心神空茫，或默默沉思，Theyflashuponthatinwardeye它們常在心靈中閃現(xiàn)，Whichistheblissofsolitude;那是孤獨之中的福祉；Andthenmyheartwithpleasurefills,于是我的心便漲滿幸福，Anddanceswiththedaffodils.和水仙一同翩翩起舞。6.Idiedforbeauty,butwasscarceAdjustedinthetomb,WhenonewhodiedfortruthwaslainInanadjoiningroom.HequestionedsoftlywhyIfailed?"Forbeauty,"Ireplied."AndIfortruth,-thetwoareone;Webrethrenare,"hesaid.-----IDiedforBeauty,butwasScarcebyEmilyDickinson我是為美而死——被人安置在這個墳冢 ,有人是為真理而亡的 ,也被葬在旁邊的穴中 .他曾輕聲問道“你為何而死”？“為美，”我回答“我，為真理——兩者都一樣;我們是兄弟， ”他說話.7、AnExcerptFromChapterIofPride&PrejudiceChapter1、2必看Itisatruthuniversallyacknowledged,thatasinglemaninpossessionofagoodfortunemustbeinwantofawife.眾所周知，一個擁有美好前程的單身男青年需要的就是一名能與他相匹配的妻子。Howeverlittleknownthefeelingsorviewsofsuchamanmaybeonhisfirstenteringaneighborhood,thistruthissowellfixedinthemindsofthesurroundingfamilies,thatheisconsideredastherightfulpropertyofsomeoneorotheroftheirdaughters.這樣的單身漢，每逢新搬到一個地方，四鄰八舍雖然完全不了解他的性情如何，見解如何，可是，既然這樣的一條真理早已在人們心目中根深蒂固，因此人們總是把他看作自己某一個女兒理所應(yīng)得的一筆財產(chǎn)。8、Doyouthink,becauseIampoor,obscure,plain,andlittle,Iamsoullessandheartless?Youthinkwrong!—Ihaveasmuchsoulasyou—andfullasmuchheart!AndifGodhadgiftedmewithsomebeautyandmuchwealth,Ishouldhavemadeitashardforyoutoleaveme,asitisnowformetoleaveyou.Iamnottalkingtoyounowthroughthemediumofcustom,conventionalities,norevenofmortalflesh:itismyspiritthataddressesyourspirit;justasifbothhadpassedthroughthegrave,andwestoodatGod'sfeet,equal—asweare!你以為我窮，不好看，就沒有感情嗎？我也會的。如果上帝賦予我財富和美貌，我一定會使你難以離開我，就象現(xiàn)在我難以離開你，上帝沒有這樣?？晌覀兊木袷峭鹊?，就如她同你跟我經(jīng)過墳?zāi)?，將同樣的站在上帝的面前?、“MygreatmiseriesinthisworldhavebeenHeathcliff'smiseries,andIwatchedandfelteachfromthebeginning:mygreatthoughtinlivingishimself.Ifallelseperished,andHEremained,Ishouldstillcontinuetobe;andifallelseremained,andhewereannihilated,theuniversewouldturntoamightystranger:Ishouldnotseemapartofit.-MyloveforLintonislikethefoliageinthewoods:timewillchangeit,I'mwellaware,aswinterchangesthetrees.MyloveforHeathcliffresemblestheeternalrocksbeneath:asourceoflittlevisibledelight,butnecessary.Nelly,IAMHeathcliff!He'salways,alwaysinmymind:notasapleasure,anymorethanIamalwaysapleasuretomyself,butasmyownbeing.”在這個世界上，我的最大的悲痛就是希刺克厲夫的悲痛，而且我從一開始就注意并且感受到了，在我的生活中，他是我思想的中心。如果別的一切都毀滅了,而他還留下來，我就能繼續(xù)活下去，如果別的一切都留下來，而他給消滅了，這個世界對于我將成為一個極陌生的地方。我就不像是它的一部分。我對林敦的愛像是樹林中的葉子：我完全曉得，在冬天改變樹木的時候，時光便會改變?nèi)~子。我對希刺克厲夫的愛恰似下面的恒久不變的巖石，雖然看起來它給你的愉快并不多，可是這點愉快卻是必需的。耐莉，我就是希刺克厲夫！他永遠永遠地在我心里.'Youteachmenowhowcruelyou'vebeen-cruelandfalse.WHYdidyoudespiseme?WHYdidyoubetrayyourownheart,Cathy?Ihavenotonewordofcomfort.Youdeservethis.Youhavekilledyourself.Y es,youmaykissme,andcry;andwringoutmykissesandtears:they'llblightyou-they'lldamnyou.Youlovedme-thenwhatRIGHThadyoutoleaveme?Whatright-answerme-forthepoorfancyyoufeltforLinton?Becausemiseryanddegradation,anddeath,andnothingthatGodorSatancouldinflictwouldhavepartedus,YOU,ofyourownwill,didit.Ihavenotbrokenyourheart-YOUhavebrokenit;andinbreakingit,youhavebrokenmine.SomuchtheworseformethatIamstrong.DoIwanttolive?Whatkindoflivingwillitbewhenyou-oh,God!wouldYOUliketolivewithyoursoulinthegrave?'“你現(xiàn)在才使我明白你曾經(jīng)多么殘酷——殘酷又虛偽。你過去為什么瞧不起我呢？你為什么欺騙你自己的心呢，凱蒂？我沒有一句安慰的話。這是你應(yīng)得的。你害死了你自己。是的，你可以親吻我，哭，又逼出我的吻和眼淚：我的吻和眼淚要摧殘你 ——要詛咒你。你愛過我——那么你有什么權(quán)利離開我呢？有什么權(quán)利 ——回答我——對林惇存那種可憐的幻想？因為悲慘、恥辱和死亡，以及上帝或撒旦所能給的一切打擊和痛苦都不能把我們分開，而你，卻出于你自己的心意，這樣做了。我沒有弄碎你的心 ——是你弄碎了的；而在弄碎它的時候，你把我的心也弄碎了。因為我是強壯的，對于我就格外苦。我還要活嗎？那將是什么樣的生活，當你 ——啊，上帝！你愿意帶著你的靈魂留在墳?zāi)估飭幔?”四、簡答題1、簡奧斯丁寫作主題及特征ThemeAusten'smainliteraryconcernisabouthumanbeingsintheirpersonalrelationships.Sheisparticularlypreoccupiedwiththerelationshipbetweenmenwomeninlove.Storiesoflove&marriageprovidethemajorthemesinallhernovels.JaneAustenis oneoftherealistnovelists.Themoststrikingthingaboutherworksistheseemingobviousnesstothebigsocialandpoliticalupheavalsintheoutsideworldofhertime.Shedrewvividandrealisticpicturesofeverydaylifeofthecountrysocietyinhernovels.Austen’sworkhasaverynarrowliteraryfield.SheonlyconfinesherselftotheeverydaylifeofsimplecountrysocietywithvividdescriptionHerinterestiscenteredchieflyuponloveandmarriage.*Herplotsarestraight-forward;thereislittleaction.*Hercharactersarelikereallivingcreatures,withfaultsandvirtuesmixedastheyareinreallife.Herproseflowseasilyandnaturally.Herdialogueisadmirablytruetolife.Hernovelsshowawealthofhumor,witanddelicatesatire.2、簡愛的性格JaneEyre'scharacterJaneEyre,anorphanchildwithafieryspirit&alongingtolove&beloved,apoor,plain,littlegovernesswhodarestolovehermaster,amansuperiortoherinmanyways,evenisbraveenoughtodeclaretothemanherloveforhim,cutsacompletelynewwomanimage.InthisnovelCharlottecharacterizesJaneEyreasanaive,kind-hearted,noble-mindedwomanwhopursuesagenuinekindoflove.JaneEyrerepresentsthosemiddle-classworkingwomenwhoarestrugglingforrecognitionoftheirbasicrights&equalityasahumanbeing.Thevividdescriptionofherintensefeelings&herthought&innerconflictsbringshertotheheartoftheaudience.JaneEyreisthegreatestgovernessimageintheliteraturehistory;canyouanalyzethecharacterofher?JaneEyrewasalittleplaingovernesswithquickwit,honesty,frankness,lovingheartandthespiritofindependenceandself-dignity.? Inliterature,sheisanindividualconscioustoself-realization.Shewaslonelyandneglectedyoungwomanwithafiercelongingforlove,understandingandafull,happylife.? Inauthormind,’sman’lifesiscomposedofperpetualstrugglebetweensinandvirtue,goodandevil.Theheroines’joy,comesfromthesacrificeofselfandtheovercomeofsomeweakness.ByJane’sexperience,wecanseethecruelty,hypocrisy,andotherevilsoftheupperclassesandthemiseryandthesufferingofthepoor,andthefalsesocialconventiononloveandmarriage.3、呼嘯山莊的主題MajorThemesOfthemajorthemesin WutheringHeights ,thenatureoflove —bothromanticandbrotherlybut,oddlyenough,noterotic —appliestotheprincipalcharactersaswellastheminorones.Contrastingthecapacityforloveistheabilitytohate,therearisesanothermajorthemeinWutheringHeights—revenge.Hateandrevengeintertwinewithselfishnesstoreveal the conflicting emotions that drive peopleto dothings that arenotparticularlyniceorrationale.WutheringHeights isalsoasocialnovelaboutclassstructureinsocietyaswellasatreatiseontheroleofwomen.Onthesurface, WutheringHeights isalovestory.Delvingdeeper,readersfindbothasymbolicandpsychologicalnovel.Bront? explorethemesofgoodversusevil,crimeand punishment, passion versus rationality, revenge, selfishness, division andreconciliation, chaosandorder,nature andculture, healthandsickness,rebellion,andthenatureoflove.Thesethemesarenotindependentofeachother;rather,theymix,mingle,andintertwineasthestoryunfolds.4、《苔絲》作者的寫作風格WritingStyleMostofhisworkshavethegloomy,sullenlandscapeofWessexinthebackground.Theunderlyingthemeofhisnovelsisthestruggleofmanagainstthemysteriousforcewhichrulestheworld,bringsmisfortuneintoman ’slifeandpredetermineshisfate.Thisfatalismisstronglyreflectedinhiswritings.Inhisworksthestrongelementsofnaturalismiscombinedwithatendencytowardssymbolism,whichsomewhatspoilthemainrealisticeffectofhisart.Hisnovelsmoverapidlyinaseriesofepisodicdescriptionswithdetailswhichalwaysresultinleavingsufficientroomforthereaders ’imagination.Questions:1. ThesubtitleofthenovelisAPureWomanFaithfullyPortrayed.Allthingsconsidered,wasTessapurewoman?WhyorWhynot?Tesswasapurewoman.a.pureherenotreferstothephysicalmeaningbutthespiritualone.Throughoutthenovel,Tesswasloyaltohertruefeelings.SheremainedherloyaltytoAngel.Aleconlyclaimedherbody.ShewasspirituallywithAngelallthetime.b.Sheisresponsibleanddoesherbestforthefamily.c.Sheishonest.d.Shecouldfacehertragedywithgreatdignity.WhydowesayTess’stragedyisapersonalaswellasasocialone?6、浪漫主義的獨特特征TheuniquecharacteristicsofAmericanRomanticismAlthoughgreatlyinfluencedbytheirEnglishcounterparts,theAmericanromanticwritersrevealeduniquecharacteristicsoftheirownintheirworksandtheygrewonthenativelands.TheAmericannationalexperienceof"pioneeringintothewest"provedtobearichsourceofmaterialforAmericanwriterstodrawupon.(2)ThedesireforanescapefromsocietyandareturntonaturebecameapermanentconventionofAmericanliterature.WiththegrowthofAmericannationalconsciousness,Americancharactertypesspeakinglocaldialectsappearedinpoetryandfictionwithincreasingfrequency.ThentheAmericanPuritanismasaculturalheritageexertedgreatinfluencesoverAmericanmoralvaluesandAmericanRomanticism.Besides,apreoccupationwiththeCalvinisticviewoforigina1sinandthemysteryofevilmarkedtheworksofHawthorne,Melvilleandahostoflesserwriters.7、歐洲浪漫主義對美國浪漫主義的影響及表現(xiàn)在哪方面TheimpactofEuropeanRomanticismonAmericanRomanticismForeignliterarymasters,especiallytheEnglishcounterpartsexertedastimulatingimpactonthewritersofthenewworld.Bornofonecommonculturalheritage,theAmericanwriterssharedsomecommonfeatureswiththeEnglishRomanticists.Theyrevoltedagainsttheliteraryformsandideasoftheperiodofclassicismbydevelopingsomerelativelynewformsoffictionorpoetry.Theyputemphasisupontheimaginativeandemotionalqualitiesofliterature,whichincludedalikingforthepicturesque,theexotic,thesensuous,thesensational,andthesupernatural.TheAmericansalsoplacedanincreasingemphasisonthefreeexpressionofemotionsanddisp1ayedanincreasingattentiontothepsychicstatesoftheircharacters.ThestrongtendencytoexalttheindividualandthecommonmanwasalmostanationalreligioninAmerica.WriterslikeFreneau,Bryant,andCoopershowedagreatinterestinexternalnatureintheirrespectiveworks.Theliteraryuseofthemorecolorfu1aspectsofthepastwasalsotobefoundinIrving'sefforttoexploitthelegendsoftheHudsonRiverregion,andinCooper'slongseriesofhistoricaltales.Inshort,AmericanRomanticismis,inacertainway,derivative.8、霍桑的寫作主題及寫作特色Hawthorne'sthematicconcernshis"black"visionoflifeandhumanbeings:hisconcernwithhumansinandevil.Hawthorne'sviewofPuritanism:Hawthorne'sviewofmanandhumanhistoryoriginates,toagreatextent,inPuritanism.HewasnotaPuritanhimself,buthehadPuritanancestorswhop1ayedanimportantroleinhislifeandworks.另一個答案Histhemesinwritingare:Manwasbornwithevilandsin,onesourceofthemisover-reachingintellect,whoseimagewasalwaysvillain;(Chllingworthe.g.)HawthornewasinfluencedgreatlybyPuritanism,whilehecriticizeditbitterly;HebelievedCalvinisticideas,thinkingmanwasdepravedandcorrupted;theyshouldobeyGodforsavingthespirits;4)Heconcernedthemorallifeofmanandhumanhistory;5)Hewaskeenonthedescriptionofman ’sdevelopmentofpsychology.Hawthorne'swritingstyleAsamanofliterarycraftsmanship,Hawthorneisextraordinaryinthat(1)Thestructureandtheformofhiswritingsarealwayscarefullyworkedouttocaterforthethematicconcern.Withhisspecia1interestinthepsychologica1aspectofhumanbeings,thereisn'tmuchaction,orphysicalmovementgoingoninhisworksandheisgoodatexploringthecomplexityofhumanpsychology.Hawthorneisalsoagreatallegoristandalmosteverystorycanbereadallegorically.(4)Hawthorneisamasterofsymbolism,whichhetookfromthePuritantraditionandbequeathedtoAmericanliteratureinarevivifiedform.Thesymbolservesasaweapontoattackandpenetratereality.Thesymbo1canbefoundeverywhereinhiswriting.(5)ThescarletletterAisambiguous.Peoplecomeupwithdifferentinterpretationsandtheydonotknowwhichoneisdefinite.So,ambiguityisoneofthesalientcharacteristicsofHawthorne'sart.9、白鯨的象征意義symbolicmeanings? Pequod:aminiaturesocietybyindividualizingatrainofcharacters.Itisasymbolofthewholeworldwithpeopleofeverylandsailingacrossthewatersoflifeinquestofitsmystery.ItisoneoftheAmericansoul,amicrocosmofAmericansociety.Thevoyageitselfisametaphorforthesearchfortheultimatetruthofexperience.? MobyDick:Totheauthor,itsymbolsnature,itiscomplex,unfathomableandbeautiful;TothecaptainAhab,itisevilness,isawall.Sohewillleadallhiscrewtocutthroughthewalltodigoutalltheunknown,mysteriousthingsbehindit.Tothenarrator,Ishmael,itisamystery.Itswhiteness:alsoaparadoxicalcolor,signifyingasitdoesdeathandcorruptionaswellaspurity,Hiswritingisconsciouslyliterary.Hisrichrhythmicalproseandpoeticpowershowhishighcraftsmanship.Hisgrammaticalstructureisradicallycomplexandlong,butfullofpoeticrhythms.Hisstyleishighlysymbolicandmetaphorical.Thereisathreefoldqualityinhiswriting:thestyleoffact,thestyleoforatoryce