《英語詞匯學(xué)》知識點(diǎn)歸納

EnglishLexicology（英語詞匯學(xué)）Lexicology:isabranchoflinguistics,inquiringintotheoriginsandmeaningsofwords.Chapter1--BasicconceptsofwordsandvocabularyWord:Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction.（1）aminimalfreeformofalanguage（2）asoundunity（3）aunitofmeaning（4）aformthatcanfunctionaloneinasentenceSoundandmeaning:almostarbitrary,“nologicalrelationshipbetweenthesoundwhichstandsforathingoranideaandtheactualthingandideaitself”Soundandform:不統(tǒng)一的四個原因（1）theEnglishalphabetwasadoptedfromtheRomans,whichdoesnothaveaseparatelettertorepresenteachother（2）thepronunciationhaschangedmorerapidlythanspellingovertheyears（3）someofthedifferencewerecreatesbytheearlyscribes（4）theborrowingsisanimportantchannelofenrichingtheEnglishvocabulary詞匯Vocabulary:allthewordsinalanguagemakeupitsvocabulary詞語分類ClassificationofEnglishWords:Byusefrequency:basicwordstock&nonbasicvocabulary基本詞匯的特征:1）AII-Nationalcharacter（全民通用性mostimportant）2）Stability3）Productivity（多產(chǎn)性）4）Polysemy（多義性）5）Collocability（可搭配性）沒有上述特征的詞：（1）Terminology（術(shù)語）（2）Jargon（行話）（3）slang（俚語）（4）Argot（暗語）（5）Dialectalwords（6）Archaisms（古語）（7）Neologisms（新詞語）:NeologismsBynotion:contentwords實(shí)詞&functionalwords虛詞Byorigin:nativewords&borrowedwordsNativewords（本族語詞）：Twootherfeatures:"）neutralinstyle（2）frequentinuseBorrowedwords/Loanwords:wordstakenoverfromforeignlanguages.（80%ofmodernEV）1）denizens（同化詞，融入英語）：（shirtfromskyrta（ON））2）aliens（非同化詞/外來詞，可以看出源頭）：kowtow3）translationloans（譯借詞）：按其他語言方式組成英語longtimenosee/tofu4）semanticloans（借義詞）：theyarenotborrowedwithreferencetotheform,buttheirmeaningsareborrowedpioneer本指開拓者，先引申為先鋒。Chapter2thedevelopmentoftheEnglishVocabulary印歐語系TheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamilyTheEightGroupsinIndo-EuropeanFamilyofLanguages(8大印歐語群)TheEasternset:⑴TheBalto-slavicGroup(波羅的-斯拉夫語族)：Russian,Bulgarian,Polish,Czechetc.TheIndo-IranianGroup(印度-伊朗語族)：Hindi,Bengali,Persianetc.TheArmenianGroup(亞美尼亞語族)：Armenian.TheAlbanianGroup(阿爾巴尼亞語族)：Albanian.TheWesternset:TheHellenicGroup(古希臘語族)：Greek.TheItalianGroup(意大利語族)：Latin,Romaneelanguages(French,Italian,Spanish,portuguese,Romanian)etc.TheCelticGroup(凱爾特語族)：Irish,Welsh,Bretonetc.TheGermanicGroup(日耳曼語族)：Flemish,German,Dutch,Scandinavian(Norweigian,Swedish,Danish,Icelandic)etc.三個發(fā)展階段TheThreeStagesofDevelopmentoftheEnglishVocabulary:OldEnglish(450-1100)(vocabulary50,000to60,000):wasIhighinflectedlanguage.MiddleEnglish(1150-1500):retainesmuchfewerinflections(1066法國開始入侵英國)ModernEnglish(1500-uptonow)始于印刷術(shù)英語外來元素Foreignelements:Latin(warandagriculture/羅馬人把基督教帶到英國churchterms)Greek(science/sports/medicine/politics)French(governmentandadministration/feudalism/religion/morality)Seandinavian纟內(nèi)維亞人(nouns、pronouns/birds/sea)Minorelements：Italian、German、Dutch、SpanishandPortuguese、Celtic詞匯的發(fā)展模式ModesofVocabularyDevelopment:創(chuàng)造新詞ereation：theformationofnewwordsbyusingtheexisting.舊詞新義semanticehange:createmanymorenewuseagesofthewords.借用外來詞borrowing:constitutemerely6to7percentofallnewwordsChapter3WordFormationI詞素Morpheme:thesmallestfunctioningunitinthecompositionofwords詞素變體Allomorph:isadifferentvariantformofamorpheme,differinphonologicalandspellingform,butatthesameinfunctionandmeaning詞素的分類TypeofMorpheme（1）FreeMorphemes:Afreemorphemeisonethatcanstandbyitself.（independent）.（2）BoundMorpheme:Aboundmorphemeisonethatcannotstandbyitself.FreeMorpheme=freeroot€Morpheme（詞素）Boundroot丨prefixJi、pound.derivational派生suffix_<affixinflectional曲折判斷題：affixmustbeboundmorphemesV不是所有的詞都需要自由詞素Vper-ceivetransTatere-mit大部分詞語是派生的V詞根和詞干Arootisthebasicformofawordwhichcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity.Astemisthesurpluspartafterthecuttingofinflectionalmorphemeinawordwithinflectionalmorphemes,canbefurtheranalyzed,itsometimescouldbearoot.Chapter4Word-Formation11（構(gòu)詞法）詞綴法（（Derivation派生法）：theformationofwordsbyaddingword-formaingorderivationalaffixestostem.（1）Prefixation：It'stheformationofnewwordsbyaddingaprefixestostems."Negativeprefixes（否定）：un-,non-,in-,dis,a-,il-,ir-,im-,（notobey）2）Reversativeprefixes（逆反前綴）：un-,de-，dis-etc.unwrap（open）3）Pejorativeprefixes:mis（貶義）：mal-,pseudo-（badbehavior）4）Prefixesofdegreeorsize（程度前綴）：arch-,extra-,hyper-,macro-,micro-,mini-,out-,over-,sub-,super-,sur-,ultra-,under-,ect.overweightPrefixesoforientationandattitude(傾向)：contra-,counter-,anti—pro-Locativeprefixes(方位):extra-,fore-,inter-,intra-,tele-,trans-,etc.extraordinaryoftimeandorder(時間和順序前綴)：fore-,pre-,post-,ex-,re-etc.monorail(onerail)Numberprefixes(數(shù)字前綴):uni-，mono-,bi-，di-,tri-,multi-，poly-，semi-，Miscellaneousprefixes(混雜前綴)：auto-,neo-,pan-,(2)Suffixation(后綴法):It'stheformationofanewwordbyaddingsuffixestostems.nounsuffixes2)adjectivesuffixes3)Adverbsuffixesverbsuffixes復(fù)合法(alsocalledcomposition)Compounding:istheformationofnewwordsbyjoiningtwoormorestemsCompoundsarewritteninthreeways:solid連寫(airmail),hyphenated帶連字符(air-conditioning)andopen分開寫(airforce,airraid)Formationofcompounds(復(fù)合詞的形式)(1)nouncompounds：.:air+plane=airplane,flower+pot=flowerpotadjectivecompounds：.acid+head=acid-headverbcompounds：.house+keep=housekeep轉(zhuǎn)類法Conversion:istheformationofnewwordsbyconvertingwordsofoneclasstoanotherclass.(功能轉(zhuǎn)換，又叫零派生.functionalshift/zero-derivation)拼綴法Blending:istheformationofnewwordsbycombiningpartsoftwowordsorawordplusapartofanotherword.:smoke+fog=smog,formula+translation=FORTRAN截短法Clipping:istoshortenalongerwordbycuttingapartofftheoriginalandusingwhatremainsplanefromairplane,phonefromtelephone.四種形式：.Frontclippings(phonefromtelephone)2).Backclippings(dormfromdormitory)3).Frontandbackclippings(flufrominfluenza)4).Phraseclippings(popfrompopularmusic)首字母縮寫法Acronymy:istheprocessofformingnewwordsbyjoiningtheinitiallettersofnamesofsocialandpoliticalorganizationsorspecialnounphrasesandtechnicalterms.Initialism(首字母縮寫詞法)：BBC(forBritishBroadcastingcorporation)Aeronym(首字母拼音法)：TEFL(teachingEnglishasaforeignlanguage)(逆生法，逆構(gòu)詞)(greedfromgreedy)FromProperName（專有名詞轉(zhuǎn)成法）：.:watt（瓦特，電功率單位）Chapter5WordMeaningReference（所扌旨）:ItistherelationshipbetweenIanguageandtheword.Itisthearbitraryandconventional.Itisakindofabstraction,yetwiththehelpofcontext,itcanrefertosomethingspecific.Concept（概念）：whichisbeyondIanguage,istheresultofhumancognition（認(rèn)識）‘reflectingtheobjectiveworldinthehumanmind.Sense（意義）：ltdenotestherelationshipinsidethelanguage.‘Thesenseofanexpressionisitsplaceinasystemofsemanticrelationshipswithotherexpressionsinthelanguage.'Motivation（理據(jù)）：Itaccountsfortheconnectionbetweenthelinguisticsymbolanditsmeaning.1）Onomatopoeicmotivation（擬聲理據(jù)）：wordswhosesoundssuggesttheirmeaning,forthesewordswerecreatesbyimitatingthenaturalsoundsornoises.Knowingthesoundsofthewordsmeansunderstandingthemeaning..：bang,ping-pong,haha.2）Morphologicalmotivation（形態(tài)理據(jù)）：multi-morphemicwordsandthemeaningofmanyarethesumtotalofthemorphemescombines..:airmail,miniskirt.例夕卜：blackmarket,ect.3）Semanticmotivation（詞義理據(jù)）：referstothementalassociationssuggestedbytheconceptualmeaningofaword.Itexplainstheconnectionbetweentheliteralsenseandfigurativesenseoftheword.:thefootofthemountain（foot）4）Etymologicalmotivation（詞源理據(jù)）：thehistoryofthewordexplainsthemeaningoftheword.:pen-feather詞義的類別Typesofmeaning語法意義GrammaticalMeaning:indicatesthegrammaticalconceptorrelationships詞匯意義LexicalMeaning:Conceptualmeaningandassociativemeaning4types:Connotative、Stylistic、Affective（appreciative&pejorative）、CollocativeChapter6--Senserelationandsemanticfield（語義關(guān)系和語義場）多義關(guān)系的兩種研究方法Twoapproachedtopolysemy歷時方法diachronicapproach:fromthediachronicpointofview,polysemyisassumedtobetheresultofgrowthanddevelopmentofthesemanticstructureofoneandsameword.Firstmeaningistheprimarymeaning,thelatermeaningsarecalledderivedmeanings.共時方法synchronicapproach:synchronically,polysemyisviewedasthecoexistenceofvariousmeaningsofthesamewordinacertainhistoricalperiodoftime.基本意義是centralmeaning,次要意義是derivedmeaning.詞義的兩種發(fā)展類型Twoprocessesofdevelopmentradiation(輻射型)：isasemanticprocessinwhichtheprimarymeaningstandsatthecentreandthesecondarymeaningsproceedoutofitineverydirectionlikerayes.:face,neck)連鎖型concatenation:isthesemanticprocessinwhichthemeaningofawordmovegraduallyawayfromitsfirstsensebysuccessiveshiftsuntilthereisnotasignofconnectionbetweenthesensethatisfinallydevelopedandthatwhichthetermhadatthebeginning.:treacle)Inradiation,eachofthederivedmeaningisdirectlyconnectedtotheprimarymeaning.Inconcatenation,eachofthelatermeaningisrelatedonlytotheprecedingonelikechains.Thoughthelatestsensecanbetracedbacktotheoriginal,thereisnodirectconnectioninbetween.Theyarecloselyrelated,beingdifferentstagesofthedevelopmentleadingtopolysemy.Generally,radiationprecedesconcatenation.Inmanycases,thetwoprocessesworktogether,complementingeachother.Homonymy（同形同音異義關(guān)系）：wordsdifferentinmeaningbuteitheridenticalbothinsoundandspellingoridenticalonlyinsoundorspelling.類別Typesofhomonyms1）Perfecthomonyms—詞多義2）Homographs（同形異義詞）：同一個詞發(fā)音不同意思不同wordsidenticalonlyinspelling,butdifferentinsoundandmeaning.（最多最常見）3）Homophones（同音異義詞）來源Originsofhomonymschangeinsoundandspelling：(eare-ear,lang-long,langian-long)borrowing(feria-fair,beallu-ball,baller-ball)Shortening(縮略)：(ad-advertisement,)同音同形異義詞和多義詞區(qū)別ThedifferentiationofHomonymsfromPolysemes基本區(qū)別Homonymyreferstodifferentwordswhichhappentosharethesameformandpolysemyaretheoneandsamewordwhichhasseveraldistinguishablemeanings.etymology(詞源)：Harefromdifferentsources.Parefromthesamesource.semanticrelatedness(語義關(guān)聯(lián))：Thevariousmeaningsofpolysemantarecorrelatedandconnectedtoonecentralmeaning.Meaningsofdifferenthomonymyshavenothingtodowithoneanother.Indictionaries,apolysemanthasitsmeaningalllistedunderoneheadwordwhereashomonymsarelistedasseparateentries.Rhetoricfeaturesofhomonyms(同形同音異義詞的修辭特色)：Ashomonymsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,particularlyhomophones,theyareoftenemployedtocreatepunsfordesiredeffectof,say,humor,sarcasmorridicule.Synonymy（同義關(guān)系）:oneoftwoormorewordsintheEnglishlanguagewhichhavethesameorverynearlythesameessentialmeaning.TypesofSynonymy（同義詞的類別）：synonyms（完全同義詞）synonyms（相對）：change/alter/vary,stagger/reel/totter,strange/odd/queer）Sourcesofsynonyms（同義詞的來源）1）Borrowing：（room-chamber,foe-enemy,help-aid,leave-depart,wise-sage,buy-purchase）2）DialectsandregionalEnglish3）Figurativeandeuphemisticuseofwords（單詞的修飾和委婉法）:occupation/profession-walkoflife,dreamer一star-gazer,drunk-elevated,lie-distortoffact.4）Coincideneewithidiomaticexpressions（與習(xí)慣表達(dá)一致）：win-gaintheupperhand,decide-makeupone'smind,finish-getthrough,hesitate-beintwominds,help-lendoneahand.同義詞辨析DiscriminationofSynonymsindenotation夕卜延.Synonymsmaydifferintherangeandintensityofmeaning.(rich-wealthy,work-toil,want-wish-desire)inconnotation內(nèi)涵.Byconnotationwemeanthestylisticandemotivecolouringofwords.Somewordssharethesamedenotationbutdifferintheirstylisticappropriateness.(借詞：answer-respond,storm-tempest,wood-forest,handy-manual,uniike-dissimilar,homely-domestic,fleshy-carnal.中性詞：policeman-constable-bobby-cop,ask-beg-request.古語詞、詩歌：ire/anger,bliss-happiness,forlorn-distresses,dire-dreadful,list-listen,enow-enough,save-expect,mere-lake)inapplication.Manywordsaresynonymousinmeaningbutdifferenceinusageinsimpleterms.Theyformdifferentcollocationsandfitintodifferencesentencepatterns.(allowsb.todoletsb.dosth./answertheletter-replytotheletter)反義關(guān)系A(chǔ)ntonymy:itisconcernedwithsemanticopposition.Antonymscanbedefinedaswordswhichareoppositeinmeaning.TypesofAntonyms:contradictoryterms(矛盾反義詞):theseantonymstrulyrepresentoppositenessofmeaning.特點(diǎn)：①Theassertionofoneisthedenialoftheother.②Suchantonymsarenorgradable.Theycannotbeusedincomparativedegreesanddonotallowadverbsofintensitylike“very”toqualifythem.:single/married)contraryterms(對立反義詞)：antonymsofthistypearebestviewedintermsofascalerunningbetweentwopolesorextremes.：old/young,rich/young,big/small)Thetwooppositesaregradableandoneexistsincomparisonwiththeother.relativeterms(關(guān)系反義詞)：thistypeconsistsofrelationalopposites.(parent/child,husband/wife,employee/employer,sell/buy,receive-give)反義關(guān)系的特點(diǎn)Someofthecharacteristicsofantonyms1)antonymsareclassifiedonthebasisofsemanticopposition(語義對立)awordwhichhasmorethanonemeaningcanhavemorethanoneantonymantonymsdifferinsemanticinclusion(語義內(nèi)涵)contrarytermsaregradableantonyms，differingindegreeofintensity,soeachhasitsowncorrespondingopposite.(hot/warm:hot-cold/warm-cool)反義詞的使用TheuseofantonymsAntonymsarehelpfulandvaluableindefiningthemeaningofwords.Toexpresseconomicallytheoppositeofaparticularthoughtforthesakeofcontrast.:nowornever,rainorshine,friendorfoe敵友，wealandwoe哀樂)Toformantithesis對比法)toachieveemphasisbyputtingcontrastingideatogether.(proverbsandsayings:easycome,easygo./morehaste,lessspeed.上下義關(guān)系Hyponymy：Hyponymydealswiththerelationshipofsemanticinclusion.Themeaningofamorespecificwordisincludedinthatofanothermoregeneralword.Forexample,acatishyponymofanimal上義詞和下義詞SuperordinateandSubordinate:usesubordinateswhichareconcreteandprecise,presentingavividverbalpicturebeforethereader.Superordinateswhichconveyonlyageneralandvagueidea.語義場SemanticFieldViewingthetotalmeaninginthiswayisthebasisoffieldtheory..(apple,pear,peach,date,mango,orange,lemon,etc.makeupthesemanticfieldof‘fruits')Thesemanticfieldofthesameconceptmaynothavethesamemembersindifferentlanguage..(auntinEnglish,maymeans“父親的姐姐，媽媽的姐姐，父親哥哥的妻子”inChinese.(122)Chapter7ChangesinWordMeaning詞義的演變詞義變化的種類TypesofChangesExtension/generalizationNarrowing/specializationioration（詞義的升華）:referstotheprocessbywhichwordsrisefromhumble（粗陋的）beginningstopositionsofimportanee.[nice,marshal,constable,angel,knight,earl,governor,fond,minister,ehamberlain]Degradation/pejoration（詞義的降格）:Aproeesswherebywordsofgoodoriginfallintoillreputationornon-affeetivewordscometousedinderogatory（貶損的）sense.[boor,churl,weneh,hussy,villain,silly,knave,lewd,eritieize,lust]Transfer（詞義的轉(zhuǎn)移）：Wordswhichwereusedtodesignate指明onethingbutlaterchangedtomeansomethingelsehaveexperiencedtheprocessofsemantictransfer.詞義變化的原因CausesofSemanticChange外部因素1）Historicalreason2）Classreason階級原因3）Psychologicalreason心理原因內(nèi)部原因：1）shorting縮略:gold-goldmedal,gas-coalgas,bulb-lightbulb,private-privatesoldier2）borrowing借用:deer-animal-beast3）analogy類推：Chapter8MeaningandContext詞義和語境Twotypesofcontext（語境的種類）1.Extra-linguisticcontext/NonTinguisticsituation（非語言語境）:Inabroadsense,contextincludesthephysicalsituationaswell,whichembracesthepeople,time,place,andeventhewholeculturalbackground.（lookout,weekend,landlord）context/grammaticalcontext（語言語境）：Inanarrowsense,itreferstothewords,clauses,sentencesinwhichawordappears.Itmaycoveraparagraph,awholechapterandeventheentirebook.分為兩類：1）Lexicalcontext（詞匯語境）：Itreferstothewordthatoccurstogetherwiththewordinquestion.:paper,do）2）Grammaticalcontext（語法語境）：Itrefersthesituationwhenthemeaningofawordmaybeinfluencedbythestructureinwhichitoccurs.:become）語境的作用Theroleofcontextofambiguity（消除歧義）1)Ambiguityduetopolysemyorhomonymy2)Grammaticalstructurecanalsoleadtoambiguity如何消除歧義①extendtheoriginalsentenee②alterthecontextalittleofreferents(限定所指)如何限定所指①withclearcontext②withadequateverbaleontextofcluesforinferringword-meaning(提供線索以猜測詞義)1)definition2)explanation3)example4)synonymyantonymyhyponymy(上下義關(guān)系)7)relevantdetails8)wordstructureChapter9EnglishIdioms習(xí)語定義Idioms:areexpressionsthatarenotreadily