2022年考研考博-考博英語-云南大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號38

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Theyarrangeddailyroutinethatwould（）hersenseofsecuritythoughshewasjustatrainee.

問題1選項

A.bombard

B.bolster

C.breed

D.bruise

【答案】C

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項bombard“轟擊”；B選項bolster“支持、支撐”；C選項breed“培養(yǎng)”；D選項bruise“使擦傷”。本句表示“他們安排了每天的例行公事來培養(yǎng)她的安全感雖然只是個實習(xí)生”安全感需要培養(yǎng)。因此C選項符合題意。

2.單選題

Thelasthalfofthenineteenthcentury（）thesteadyimprovementinthemeansoftravel.

問題1選項

A.told

B.declared

C.viewed

D.witnessed

【答案】D

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項tell“告訴、講述”；B選項declare“宣布、申明”；C選項view“觀察”；D選項witness“目擊、見證”，句意為：19世紀(jì)后半期見證了交通工具的不斷改進(jìn)。D選項符合句意。

3.單選題

Here’sthescarythingabouttheidentity-theftringthatthefedscrackedlastweek:therewasnothinganyofitsestimated40,000victimscouldhavedonetopreventitfromhappening.Thiswasaninsidejob,accordingtocourtdocuments.Alowlyhelp-deskworkeratTeledataCommunications,asoftwarefirmthathelpsbanksaccesscreditreportsonline,allegedlystolepasswordsforthosereportsandsoldthemtoagroupof20thievesat$60apop.Thatallowedthegangtocherry-pickconsumerswithgoodcreditandapplyforallkindsofaccountsintheirnames,costtothevictims:$3millionandrising.

Evenscarieristhis,thelargestidentity-theftbusttodate,isjustadropinthebitbucket.Morethan700,000Americanshavetheircredithijackedeveryyear.It’soneofcrime’sbiggestgrowthmarkets.Aname,addressandSocialSecuritynumber—whichcanoftenbefoundontheWeb—isallanybodyneedstoapplyforaboguslineofcredit.Creditcompaniesmake$1.3trillionannuallyandloselessthan2%ofthatrevenuetofraud,sothere’slittlefinancialincentiveforthemtomaketheapplicationprocessmoresecure.Asitstandsnow,it’suptoyoutoprotectyouridentity.

Thegoodnewsisthatthereareplentyofstepsyoucantake.Mostcreditthievesareopportunists,notwell-organizedgangs.AlotofthemgoDumpsterdivingforthosemillionsof“pre-approved”credit-cardmailingsthatgoouteveryday.Othersstealwalletsandreturnthem,takingonlyaSocialSecuritynumber.ShreddingyourjunkmailandleavingyourSocialSecuritycardathomecansavealotofagonylater.

Butthemosteffectivewaytokeepyouridentitycleanistocheckyourcreditreportsonceortwiceayear.Therearethreemajorcredit—reportoutfits:Equifax(atE),TransUnion()andExperian(E).Allallowyoutoorderreportsonline,whichisalotbetterthanwadingthroughvoice-mailhellontheir800lines.Ofthethree,1foundTransUnion’swebsitetobethecheapestandmostcomprehensive—layingoutstate-by-stateprices,rightsandtipsforconsumersineasy-to-readfashion.

Ifyou’reluckyenoughtoliveinColorado,Georgia,Maryland,Massachusetts,NewJerseyorVermont,youareentitledtoonefreereportayearbylaw.Otherwiseit’sgoingtocost$8to$14eachtime.Avoidservicesthatoffertomonitoryourreportsyear-roundforabout$70;that’s$10morethanthegoingrateamongthieves.Ifyouthinkyou’reavictimofidentitytheft,youcanaskforfraudalertstobeputonfileateachofthethreecredit-reportcompanies.Youcanalsodownloadatheft-reportformatwww.consumer.gor/idtheft,which,alongwithalocalpolicereport,shouldhelpwheniratecreditorscomeknocking.Justdon’texpectjustice.Thataudacioushelp-deskworkerwasoneofthefewerthan2%ofidentitythieveswhoareevercaught.

1.Whatisthetrendofcredit-theftcrime?

2.Theexpression“insidejob”mostprobablymeans（）.

3.Thecreditorscanprotecttheiridentityinthefollowingwayexcept（）.

4.Whyisiteasytohavecredit-theft?

5.Whatisthebesttitleofthepassage?

問題1選項

A.Tightlysuppressed.

B.Morefrightening.

C.Rapidlyincreasing.

D.Looselycontrolled.

問題2選項

A.acrimethatiscommittedbyapersonworkingforthevictim

B.acrimethatshouldbepunishedseverely

C.acrimethatdoesgreatharmtothevictim

D.acrimethatposesagreatthreattothesociety

問題3選項

A.destroyingyourjunkmail

B.leavingyourSocialSecuritycardathome

C.visitingthecredit-reportwebsiteregularly

D.obtainingthefreereportfromthegovernment

問題4選項

A.Morepeopleareusingcreditservices.

B.Theapplicationprogramisnotsafeenough.

C.Creditorsusuallydisclosetheiridentity.

D.Creditorsarenotcarefulabouttheiridentity.

問題5選項

A.Thedangerofcredit-theft

B.Thelossofthecreditors

C.Howtoprotectyourgoodname

D.Whythecreditorslosetheiridentity

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:C

【解析】1.推理判斷題。定位到文章第二段“Evenscarieristhis,thelargestidentity-theftbusttodate,isjustadropinthebitbucket.Morethan700,000Americanshavetheircredithijackedeveryyear.It’soneofcrime’sbiggestgrowthmarkets”,更可怕的是，這是迄今為止最大規(guī)模的身份盜竊案，不過是滄海一粟。每年有超過70萬美國人的信用被劫持。這是最大的犯罪增長市場之一。由此可知，信用盜竊犯罪率呈上升趨勢。因此C選項符合題意。

2.推理判斷題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到文章第一段“Alowlyhelp-deskworkeratTeledataCommunications,asoftwarefirmthathelpsbanksaccesscreditreportsonline,allegedlystolepasswordsforthosereportsandsoldthemtoagroupof20thievesat$60apop”,TeledataCommunications是一家?guī)椭y行在線獲取信用報告的軟件公司，據(jù)稱該公司的一名地位低下的咨詢臺工作人員竊取了這些報告的密碼，并以每份60美元的價格將其賣給了20名盜賊。由此可知，insidejob意味著公司內(nèi)部人員對受害者犯下的罪行。因此A選項符合題意。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到文章第三段“ShreddingyourjunkmailandleavingyourSocialSecuritycardathomecansavealotofagonylater”和第四段“Butthemosteffectivewaytokeepyouridentitycleanistocheckyourcreditreportsonceortwiceayear”，相對應(yīng)選項A、B、C，選項D以偏概全，只適用于特定的幾個州，而不是所有的，因此D選項符合題意。

4.推理判斷題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到文章第二段“Aname,addressandSocialSecuritynumber—whichcanoftenbefoundontheWeb—isallanybodyneedstoapplyforaboguslineofcredit.Creditcompaniesmake$1.3trillionannuallyandloselessthan2%ofthatrevenuetofraud,sothere’slittlefinancialincentiveforthemtomaketheapplicationprocessmoresecure”,一個名字、地址和社會安全號碼——這些可以在網(wǎng)上找到——是任何人申請?zhí)摷傩庞妙~度所需要的全部。信用公司每年賺1.3萬億美元，但因欺詐而損失的收入不到2%，所以他們沒有什么經(jīng)濟(jì)動機(jī)來提高申請程序的安全性。由此可知，應(yīng)用程序不夠安全是信用卡容易遭到盜竊的原因。因此B選項符合題意。

5.主旨大意題。定位整篇文章內(nèi)容，從信用盜竊討論，主要涉及保護(hù)個人信息。因此C選項符合題意。

4.單選題

Wehavehasamarvelousholiday.Onlythelasttwodayswereslightly（）byweather.

問題1選項

A.damaged

B.enhanced

C.spoiled

D.diminished

【答案】C

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項damage“損害”；B選項enhance“提高、增強(qiáng)”；C選項spoil“破壞、掠奪”；D選項diminish“減少、縮小”，句意為：我們度過了一個美好的假期。只有最后兩天因為天氣有點掃興。C選項符合句意。

5.單選題

Thisspecialcommitteewasestablishedforwell-integratedmembersofthesocietyandnotfor（

）individuals.

問題1選項

A.marginal

B.minor

C.eccentric

D.distinctive

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。Marginal“邊緣的，臨界的，末端的”；minor“次要的”；eccentric“古怪的，反常的”；distinctive“獨特的，與眾不同的”。句意：特殊委員會是為了品行優(yōu)良的社會成員建立的，而不是為那些邊緣人士設(shè)立。選項A符合題意。

6.單選題

Hereisagreatironyof21st-centuryglobalpublichealth;whilemanyhundredsofmillionsofpeoplelackadequatefoodasaresultofeconomicinequities,politicalcorruption,orwarfare,manyhundredsofmillionsmoreareoverweighttothepointofincreasedriskfordiet-relatedchronicdiseases.Obesityisaworldwidephenomenon,affectingchildrenaswellasadultsandforcingallbutthepoorestcountriestodivertscarceresourcesawayfromfoodsecuritytotakecareofpeoplewithpreventableheartdiseaseanddiabetes.

Toreversetheobesityepidemic,wemustaddressfundamentalcauses.Overweightcomesfromconsumingmorefoodenergythanisexpendedinactivity.Thecauseofthisimbalancealsoisironic:improvedprosperity.Peopleuseextraincometoeatmoreandbelessactive.Marketeconomiesencouragethis.Theyturnpeoplewithexpendableincomeintoconsumersofaggressivelymarketedfoodsthatarehighinenergybutlowinnutritionalvalue,andofcars,televisionsets,andcomputersthatpromotesedentarybehavior.Gainingweightisgoodforbusiness.Foodisparticularlybigbusinessbecauseeveryoneeats.

Moreover,foodissooverproducedthatmanycountries,especiallytherichones,havefarmorethantheyneed—anotherirony.IntheUnitedStates,totakeanextremeexample,mostadults—ofallages,incomes,educationallevels,andcensuscategories—areoverweight.TheU.S.foodsupplyprovides3,800kilocaloriesperpersonperday,nearlytwiceasmuchasrequiredbymanyadults.Overabundantfoodforcescompaniestocompeteforsalesthroughadvertising,healthclaims,newproducts,largerportions,andcampaignsdirectedtowardschildren.Foodmarketingpromotesweightgain.Indeed,itisdifficulttothinkofanymajorindustrythatmightbenefitifpeopleatelessfood;certainlynottheagriculture,foodproduct,grocery,restaurant,diet,ordrugindustries.Allflourishwhenpeopleeatmore,andallemployarmiesoflobbyiststodiscouragegovernmentsfromdoinganythingtoinhibitovereating.

1.Thegreatironyof21stcenturyglobalpublichealthrefersto（）.

2.Toaddressthefundamentalcauseoftheobesityepidemic,accordingtothepassage,is（）.

3.Aswecanlearnfromthepassage,thesecondironyrefersto（）.

4.Asaresultofthethirdirony,people（）.

5.Whichofthefollowingcanbeexcludedbasedonthepassage?

問題1選項

A.thecauseofobesityanditscounteractivemeasures

B.theinsufficientandsuperfluousconsumptionoffood

C.thescarcenaturalresourceandthenegligenceoffoodsecurity

D.theconsumptionoffoodandtheincreasedriskofdiet-relateddiseases

問題2選項

A.toimprovepoliticalandeconomicmanagement

B.tocopewiththeenergyimbalanceissue

C.tocombatdiet-relatedchronicdiseases

D.toincreaseinvestmentinglobalhealth

問題3選項

A.affluenceandobesity

B.foodenergyandnutritionalvalue

C.foodbusinessandeconomicprosperity

D.diseasesofcivilizationandpathologyofinactivity

問題4選項

A.consume3800kilocaloriesonadailybasis

B.complainaboutfoodoverproduction

C.havetoraisetheirfoodexpenses

D.aredriventowardsweightgain

問題5選項

A.Theeconomicdimension.

B.Thepoliticaldimension.

C.Thehumanedimension.

D.Thedietarydimension.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:A

第4題:D

第5題:C

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到文章第一段“Hereisagreatironyof21st-centuryglobalpublichealth;whilemanyhundredsofmillionsofpeoplelackadequatefoodasaresultofeconomicinequities,politicalcorruption,orwarfare,manyhundredsofmillionsmoreareoverweighttothepointofincreasedriskfordiet-relatedchronicdiseases”,這是21世紀(jì)全球公共衛(wèi)生的一個巨大諷刺；雖然由于經(jīng)濟(jì)不平等、政治腐敗或戰(zhàn)爭，數(shù)以億計的人缺乏足夠的食物，但還有數(shù)以億計的人體重過重，已增加了患與飲食有關(guān)的慢性疾病的風(fēng)險。因此D選項符合題意。

2.推理判斷題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到文章第二段“Thecauseofthisimbalancealsoisironic:improvedprosperity”,這種失衡的原因同樣具有諷刺意味：繁榮程度的提高，最后一段“Allflourishwhenpeopleeatmore,andallemployarmiesoflobbyiststodiscouragegovernmentsfromdoinganythingtoinhibitovereating”，當(dāng)人們吃得更多的時候，所有國家都繁榮昌盛，所有國家都雇傭成群的說客來阻止政府采取任何措施抑制過度飲食。由此可知，要解決肥胖的流行，要從經(jīng)濟(jì)和政治方面進(jìn)行管理。因此A選項符合題意。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到文章第二段“Thecauseofthisimbalancealsoisironic:improvedprosperity.Peopleuseextraincometoeatmoreandbelessactive”,這種失衡的原因同樣具有諷刺意味：繁榮程度的提高。人們用額外的收入吃得更多，少做運動。由此可知，人們在變得富裕的同時，卻也有了肥胖癥同樣也是一種諷刺。因此A選項符合題意。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到文章最后一段“Overabundantfoodforcescompaniestocompeteforsalesthroughadvertising,healthclaims,newproducts,largerportions,andcampaignsdirectedtowardschildren.Foodmarketingpromotesweightgain.”，過多的食物迫使公司通過廣告、健康宣傳、新產(chǎn)品、更大的份量和針對兒童的活動來競爭銷售。食品營銷促進(jìn)體重增加。由此可知，人們在這種食品過剩的大環(huán)境中，被迫攝入過多的熱量，最后體重增加。因此D選項符合題意。

5.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。文中并未涉及到人文維度。因此C選項符合題意。

7.單選題

Basketball,（

）1891byCanadianJamesNaismith,wasneverintendedtobeanythingmorethananinterestingstyleofhandsoccerforuniversitystudents.

問題1選項

A.whenitwasinventedin

B.whichinvented

C.wasinventedin

D.whichitwasinventedin

【答案】A

【解析】語法（從句）題目。分析題干結(jié)構(gòu)可知空格后一句是真正的主句，所以空格所在句是一個從句，所以排除C選項；從句是修飾Basketball，是被動關(guān)系，排除B選項，which在引導(dǎo)定語從句時，需在從句中充當(dāng)成分，所以排除D選項;所以正確答案是A選項，是一個表示時間的狀語從句。

8.單選題

I（）havewrittentohimbecausehephonedmeshortlyafterwards.

問題1選項

A.needn’t

B.oughtn’tto

C.wouldn’t

D.shouldn’t

【答案】A

【解析】考查虛擬語氣。needn’thavedone“本來不必做”，隱含實際上已經(jīng)做了，從下文“此后不久他就給我打了電話”可知用needn’thavewrittentohim。句意為：我本不必寫信給他，因為他后來不久就給我打了電話。A選項正確。

9.寫作題

Directions:Chooseoneofthetwotopicstodevelopanessayofabout300words.

1.“Allyouneedinthislifeisignoranceandconfidence;thensuccessissure.”Howdoyouunderstandthisstatement?Youcangiveexamplestoillustrateyourpointandthenexplainhowtocultivateconfidenceandachievesuccess.

2.Itisgenerallybelievedthatreadingiscrucialtothinkingindependently.Doyouagreeordisagree?Illustrateyourpointsofviewontherelationshipbetweenreadingandthinking.

【答案】略

10.單選題

I’d（）hisreputationwithotherfarmersandbusinesspeopleinthecommunity,andthenmakeadecisionaboutwhetherornottoapprovealoan.

問題1選項

A.takeintoaccount

B.accountfor

C.makeupfor

D.makeout

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項takeintoaccount“考慮、顧及”；B選項accountfor“說明、解釋”；C選項makeupfor“補償、填補”；D選項makeout“理解、辨認(rèn)”，句意為：我想知道他在當(dāng)?shù)仄渌r(nóng)民和商人中的聲望，然后決定是否批準(zhǔn)貸款。D選項符合句意，因此選D。

11.單選題

Withherwarmvoiceandinformalmanner,PearBailyattainedsuccessin（

）.

問題1選項

A.everyentertainmentmediumvirtually

B.everyvirtuallyentertainmentmedium

C.virtuallyentertainmenteverymedium

D.virtuallyeveryentertainmentmedium

【答案】D

【解析】語法題。Every為限定詞，修飾entertainmentmedium，virtually為副詞，修飾形容詞every，句意：憑借她溫暖的嗓音和不拘禮節(jié)的舉止，PearBaily幾乎在所有的娛樂媒體中都取得了成功。選項D符合題意。

12.單選題

Theimportanceof（）canneverbeneglectedwhenitcomestofulfillingone’smilitarymissions.

問題1選項

A.popularity

B.peculiarity

C.punctuality

D.potentiality

【答案】C

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項popularity“受歡迎的、名氣”；B選項peculiarity“特質(zhì)、特性”；C選項punctuality“準(zhǔn)時、守時”；D選項potentiality“潛能、潛力”，句意為：在完成軍事任務(wù)時，守時的重要性是不可忽視的。punctuality“準(zhǔn)時、守時”符合題意，選項C正確。

13.單選題

Thisleadsrecordcompaniestotreatmusiciansascontractedartistswhoarenotpaidafixedsumfortheirlabor-time,butinsteadreceiveroyaltiesin（

）totheirsuccess.

問題1選項

A.addition

B.relation

C.percentage

D.proportion

【答案】D

【解析】考查固定搭配。句意：這導(dǎo)致唱片公司把音樂家當(dāng)成簽約藝術(shù)家，他們無法獲得固定的工資，但是當(dāng)他們成功后可以獲得一定比例的版稅。inproportionto“與某事物成比例”，因此選項D符合題意。

14.單選題

Whenthepartyfinishedat11o’clock,theballoonsmyunclehad（）atourdinnertablehadmostofthemexploded.

問題1選項

A.blownup

B.blownover

C.blownout

D.blownin

【答案】A

【解析】考查固定搭配。blowup“吹脹”，本句意為“……叔叔吹脹放在餐桌上的氣球，大部分都爆了”，想要的表達(dá)的意思是吹脹的氣球爆了。選項A正確。

15.單選題

ItishardtoimaginehowManhattan,boughtfromaNativeAmericantribeforsolittle,（

）vibrantfinancialcommunityinAmerica.

問題1選項

A.couldbecomethemost

B.becomesthemost

C.tobecome

D.oneofthemostassuming

【答案】A

【解析】固定搭配題。固定句型Itishardtoimaginehowsb./sth.coulddosth.表示“很難想象某人/某物是怎么做到……”，A選項正確。

16.單選題

Beforethe1980s,theideaofhealthinsurancewasquite（

）tothoselivinginthemainlandofChina.

問題1選項

A.overseas

B.abroad

C.foreign

D.offshore

【答案】C

【解析】形容詞詞義辨析。A選項overseas“海外的，國外的”；B選項abroad“在國外”；C選項foreign“外國的，陌生的”;D選項offshore“近海的’；句意是‘主語theideaofhealthinsurance醫(yī)療保險’這個概念在20世紀(jì)80年代之前對居民來說是…，C選項符合句意，正確。

17.單選題

ThosewhogotangryandcrazysetfiretocarsandshopsintheParissuburbofClichy-sous-Bois,thentheproblem（

）.

問題1選項

A.evolved

B.evaporated

C.escalated

D.exalted

【答案】C

【解析】考查動詞詞義辨析。evolve“發(fā)展”；evaporate“使……蒸發(fā)”；escalate“逐步增強(qiáng)”；exalt“提升，提拔”。句意：那些憤怒和瘋狂的人放燒了巴黎郊區(qū)克里希所思的汽車和酒店，然后這個問題更嚴(yán)重了。選項C符合題意。

18.單選題

Heavyfightinghasbeengoingonaftertheguerrillashad（）theiroffensiveattackonlocalforce.

問題1選項

A.undertaken

B.launched

C.begun

D.embarked

【答案】C

【解析】考查動詞辨析。undertake“承擔(dān)”；launch“發(fā)射”；begin“開始”；embark“出發(fā)”。本句意為“游擊隊開始對當(dāng)?shù)剀婈牥l(fā)動進(jìn)攻后，激烈的戰(zhàn)斗一直在進(jìn)行”。begin符合句意，表達(dá)進(jìn)攻從開始就一直進(jìn)行著。因此選項C正確。

19.單選題

Alcoholismanddrugaddictionhasalreadyreachedepidemicproportionsinthe21stCentury.Oneofthebiggestmisconceptionsaboutaddictionisthatitonlyaffectscertaingroupswithinsociety:forexamplethatpoorpeoplefrompoorneighborhoodsandethnicminoritiesaremorelikelytobeaddictedtoalcoholanddrugs.Thetruthishoweverthataddictionisblindtorace,colorandsocio-economicbackground.Anotherfactisthatdrugandalcoholrelatedcrimesareincreasingallovertheworld.

Therearemanyreasonswhyapersonmightfirsttrydrugs.Someofthesemightincludepeerpressurefromfriends,stressandpersonalitycharacteristics.Peopletakedrugsandalcoholbecauseoftheelevatingorrelaxingeffectstheyhaveonthebodyotherwisepeoplewouldn’ttaketheminthefirstplace.

Butasthepersondevelopsahabit,thechemistryofthebrainstartstochangeandadapt,demandingmoreandmoreofthedrugasitresiststhediscomfortofwithdrawal.Thepersonbecomesanaddictandtheinitialmasonsfortakingthedrugsoonpaleinsignificanceastheneedfordrugsandoralcoholbeginstodominateeveryaspectoftheaddict’slife.Addictionsarelifelongillnessesthatareveryhardtotreat.Thedisturbingfactisthat1/3rdofpatientswhodoreceivetreatmentusuallyrelapsewithinoneyear.

Manyscientistsbelievethataddictionisrelatedtoourmostbasicinstinct,survival.Sincethebeginningoftimeourbrainhasevolvedtoensurethesurvivalofourspecies.Thebraincontrolsbehaviorbyrewardingactionsthatwillensuresurvivalofthespecies.Forexample,theintakeofnutrientssuchassugarsandfatsactivatetastereceptorsthatinturnactivatebrainrewardmechanisms.Theactivationofthesemechanismsproducescertainchangesintheindividualrangingfrombeinginamuchbettermoodtointensepleasureandeuphoria.Wearefarmorelikelytocontinuetoseekoutandeatthesenutrientsbecausethebrainrewardsusfortakingthenutrientsintothebodybyreleasingchemicalsthatmakeusfeelgood.

Theproblemliesinthefactthattheserewardsystemsdonotonlyrewardtheintakeofharmlesssubstancessuchassugarsandfats.Somechemicalsactivatebrainrewardsystemsdirectly,bypassingthesensoryreceptorsmediatingnaturalrewards.Caffeine,alcoholandnicotineallactivatebrainrewardmechanismsdirectly.

Butotherfarmoreharmfuldrugssuchasheroine,crackandcocainearebetteratactivatingbrainrewardsystems,producingafarmorepowerfuleffectcomparedtoafeelingofcalmnessorrelaxationaftereatingagoodnutritiousmeal.Theactivationismuchmoreintensecausingtheindividualtocravethedrugandtofocustheiractivitiesaroundtakingthedrug.Theabilityofaddictivedrugstostronglyactivatebrainrewardmechanismsandtheirabilitytochemicallyalterthenormalfunctioningofthesesystemscanproduceanaddiction.Howeversomepeoplebecomeaddictedwhileothersdonot.

Manypeopledrinkalcoholorsmokecannabisorevencocaineandotherillegaldrugsbutthisdoesnotnecessarilymakethemaddictsandnotalladdictshavethesameintensityofaddiction.Ithasbeenestimatedthatapproximately10%ofanypopulationofanycountrywilltendtohaveanaddictivenatureandbecomeaddictsofsomekind.Itistruethatthoughthatsomeraces,notablyNativeAmericanIndiansandEskimos,dotendtohavehigherratesofaddictionthanothersforreasonsthatarenotfullyunderstood.Itisalsotruethatpeoplewhobecomeaddictsmaybehighlyintelligentandbeextremelymotivatedbutareunabletocontroltheiraddiction.Addictionisbynomeansdependentonintelligence.Someofthemostskilledandintelligentpeoplemightbecomeaddictseventhoughtheyarefullyawareofthedetrimentalnatureofcontinuingtotakedrugsoralcohol.

Thefactisthatstillwedonotknowwhysomepeoplebecomeaddictsandothersdonotalthoughtherearemanytheoriesthatreasonthatsomepeoplesimplyhavean“addictivepersonalitytype”—beingfarmoresusceptibletotherewardmechanismthatproducesaddiction—whileothersstillbelievethatitistheaddicts’lackofwillpowertorefrainfromtakingdrugsoralcohol.Thebiggestkillerthoughisaperson’sdenialofhisorhercondition,thattheybelievethattheydonothaveaproblem,donotseekhelpbutinsteadcontinuetheabuseuntiltheyhaveeitherlosteverythingordieasthebodycannotcopeandeventuallyshutsdown.

1.Inparagraph1,thewordmisconceptionsisclosestinmeaningto（）.

2.Accordingtothepassage,whoismostlikelytobecomeaddictedtodrugsand/oralcohol?

3.Accordingtotheauthor,mostpeoplefirsttrydrugs,andalcoholbecause（）.

4.Accordingtothepassage,whymighttherebeaprobleminthebrain’snaturalrewardsystem?

5.Inparagraph7,thewordintensityisclosestinmeaningto（）.

問題1選項

A.unprovedstatistics

B.wrongideas

C.truth

D.apprehension

問題2選項

A.Onlypeoplewhohavethefinancialmeanstobuydrugsandalcohol.

B.Usuallyonlycriminals.

C.Addictiondoesnothaveapreference.

D.Anyonewhotriesdrugsandalcoholisimmediatelyaddicted.

問題3選項

A.thereisnorealreason,itjusthappens

B.theyneedtoforgetaboutstress

C.everyonedoesit

D.peoplehavedifferentreasons

問題4選項

A.Becausecaffeineisdangerousandstimulatesourmetabolism.

B.Peoplewillbecomeinstantlyaddictedtonicotine.

C.Someharmfulsubstancescanfoolthebrainintothinkingtheyaregood.

D.Somepeoplearenaturallymoreaddictivetodrugsalcoholthanothers.

問題5選項

A.euphoria

B.level

C.result

D.desire

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:C

第5題:B

【解析】1.語義推測題。定位到文章第一段，Oneofthebiggestmisconceptionsaboutaddictionisthatitonlyaffectscertaingroupswithinsociety（關(guān)于成癮最大的誤解之一是，它只影響社會中的某些群體），wrongideas（錯誤的想法）與misconception（誤解）意思最為接近，unprovedstatistics未經(jīng)證實的統(tǒng)計，真相事實，apprehension贊賞，因此選項B正確。

2.判斷推理題。定位到文章第一段Thetruthishoweverthataddictionisblindtorace,colorandsocio-economicbackground（然而，事實是，上癮是無視種族，膚色和社會經(jīng)濟(jì)背景的），意思就是上癮和經(jīng)濟(jì)、犯罪等是沒有直接關(guān)系的，而Addictiondoesnothaveapreference（上癮是沒有偏好的）與原文表達(dá)意義相近，因此C選項符合題意。

3.判斷推理題。定位到文章第二段，Someofthesemightincludepeerpressurefromfriends,stressandpersonalitycharacteristics.（其中一些可能包括來自朋友的同輩壓力，壓力和個性特征）表明每個人都是有不同原因的，因此選項D符合題意。

4.判斷推理題。定位到文章第五段，Theproblemliesinthefactthattheserewardsystemsdonotonlyrewardtheintakeofharmlesssubstancessuchassugarsandfats.Somechemicalsactivatebrainrewardsystemsdirectly,bypassingthesensoryreceptorsmediatingnaturalrewards.Caffeine,alcoholandnicotineallactivatebrainrewardmechanismsdirectly.（問題在于，這些獎勵系統(tǒng)不僅獎勵攝入無害的物質(zhì)，如糖和脂肪。一些化學(xué)物質(zhì)直接激活大腦的獎勵系統(tǒng)，繞過調(diào)節(jié)自然獎勵的感覺感受器?？Х纫?，酒精和尼古丁都能直接激活大腦的獎勵機(jī)制）表明人類的大腦獎勵系統(tǒng)不能夠準(zhǔn)確地識別攝入物質(zhì)是否有害，因此選項C符合題意。

5.定位到文章第七段，…h(huán)avethesameintensityofaddiction…有相同上癮的程度，intensity意為程度，與level意義最為相近，因此選項B符合題意。

20.翻譯題

ReadthefollowingpassageandthentranslatetheunderlinedpartsintoChinese.

Specializationcanbeseenasaresponsetotheproblemofanincreasingaccumulationofscientificknowledge.Bysplittingupthesubjectmatterintosmallerunits,onemancouldcontinuetohandletheinformationanduseitasthebasisforfurtherresearch.Butspecializationwasonlyoneofaseriesofrelateddevelopmentsinscienceaffectingtheprocessofcommunication.

Anotherwasthegrowingprofessionalizationofscientificactivity.

Noclearcutdistinctioncanbedrawnbetweenprofessionalsandamateursscience:exceptionscanbefoundtoanyrule.(Nevertheless,theword'amateur’doescarryaconnotationthatthepersonconcernedisnotfullyintegratedintothescientificcommunity,andinparticular,maynotfullyshareitsvalues.

Theurowthofspecializationinthenineteenthcentury,withitsconsequentrequirementofalonger,morecomplextrainingimpliedgreaterproblemsforamateurparticipationinscience.Thetrendwasnaturallymostobviousinthoseareasofsciencebasedespeciallyonamathematicalorlaboratorytraining,andcanbeillustratedintermsofthedevelopmentofgeologyintheUnitedKingdom.

AcomparisonofBritishgeologicalpublicationsoverthelastcenturyandahalfrevealsnotsimplyanincreasingemphasisontheprimacyofresearch,butalsoachangingdefinitionofwhatconstitutesanacceptableresearchpaper.Thus,inthenineteenthcentury,localgeologicalstudiesrepresentedworthwhileresearchintheirownright;but,inthetwentiethcentury,localstudieshaveincreasinglybecomeacceptabletoprofessionalsonlyiftheyincorporate,andreflecton,thewidergeologicalpicture.Amateurs,ontheotherhand,havecontinuedtopursuelocalstudiesintheoldway.Theoverallresulthasbeentomakeentrancetoprofessionalgeologicaljournalsharderforamateurs,aresultthathasbeenreinforcedbythewidespreadintroductionofrefereeing,firstbynationaljournalsinthenineteenthcenturyandthenbyseverallocalgeologicaljournalsinthetwentiethcentury.

Asalogicalconsequenceofthisdevelopment,separatejournalshavenowappearedaimedmainlytowardseitherprofessionaloramateurreadership.Arathersimilarprocessofdifferentiationhasledtoprofessionalgeologistscomingtogethernationallywithinoneortwospecificsocieties,whereastheamateurshavetendedeithertoremaininlocalsocietiesortocometogethernationallyinadifferentway.

AlthoughtheprocessofprofessionalizationandspecializationwasalreadywellunderwayinBritishgeologyduringthenineteenthcentury,itsfullconsequenceswerethusdelayeduntilthetwentiethcentury.Insciencegenerally,however,thenineteenthcenturymustbereckonedasthecrucialperiodforthischangeinthestructureofscience.

【答案】另一結(jié)果是科研活動的日益專業(yè)化。

然而，“業(yè)余”這個詞的確包含這樣一個內(nèi)涵，即所提到的人無法完全融入科學(xué)界，尤其是，他們可能無法完全認(rèn)同這個群體的價值觀。

十九世紀(jì)，由于長期而復(fù)雜的專業(yè)訓(xùn)練，專業(yè)化的發(fā)展給從事科研的業(yè)余人員帶來了更大的問題。

作為這一發(fā)展的合理結(jié)果，不同的期刊面向不同的讀者，專業(yè)的或者業(yè)余的。

盡管職業(yè)化和專業(yè)化進(jìn)程在19世紀(jì)的英國地質(zhì)界進(jìn)行得非常深入，但是它所產(chǎn)生的影響到20世紀(jì)才體現(xiàn)出來。

21.單選題

Thespontaneousmovementofwateracrossamembrane,（

）gradientofwaterconcentrationiscalledosmosis.

問題1選項

A.drivesa

B.drivenbya

C.hasdriven

D.drove

【答案】B

【解析】語法（分詞短語做后置定語）題。首先固定搭配‘a(chǎn)gradientof’，所以排除C和D選項，其次，Thespontaneousmovement與空格后的gradientofwaterconcentration是被動關(guān)系，所以B選項的過去分詞短語做主語的后置定語正確。整句話的句意是‘在水的濃度梯度驅(qū)使下，水分子通過半透膜的自主運動叫做滲透作用’。

22.單選題

Whenthegovernoroftheprovincearrivedinthetownhallhewasimmediatelysurroundedbylocalofficialswhotriedeverywaytoingratiatethemselves（

）thegovernor.

問題1選項

A.with

B.of

C.into

D.under

【答案】A

【解析】考查固定搭配。ingratiateoneselfwithsb.“奉承某人，討好某人”。當(dāng)省長到達(dá)大廳時，他立刻被當(dāng)?shù)毓賳T那些想討好他的官員團(tuán)團(tuán)圍住了。選項A符合題意。

23.單選題

Shesaidthatshehad（

）couragetofight（

）brutalmanbecauseshehad（

）supportfrom（

）Lord.

問題1選項

A.the....a...the.../

B./...a...the..../

C.a...a...the...the

D.the...a...the....the

【答案】D

【解析】考查冠詞的用法。courage是不可數(shù)名詞，用the修飾;man是可數(shù)名詞，且上文沒有提及過，用不定冠詞修飾;support指從Lord那里得到的支持，特指，用the修飾；Lord是專有名詞，且獨一無二，用the修飾。因此，選項D符合題意。

24.單選題

Eveninthe1700s,duringtheearlyUSsettlements,（

）religiousgroupswhoopposedslavery,andlaterformedthebackboneoftheAbolitionistMovement.

問題1選項

A.therehave

B.thereare

C.therewere

D.havetherebeen

【答案】D

【解析】語法（倒裝）題目?？崭袂耙痪洹癊veninthe1700s,duringtheearlyUSsettlements”是整個句子的時