2022年考研考博-考博英語(yǔ)-北京科技大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號(hào)76

住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語(yǔ)-北京科技大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實(shí)際調(diào)整大?。╊}型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

Nothingcanbemoreabsurdthantosaythathumanbeingsaredoomed.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.compelling

B.rational

C.ridiculous

D.ambiguous

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。absurd表示“荒謬的”；A項(xiàng)compelling“引人注目的，令人信服的”，B項(xiàng)rational“合理的，理性的”，C項(xiàng)ridiculous“可笑的，荒謬的”，D項(xiàng)ambiguous“模糊不清的，模棱兩可的”。句意：沒有什么比說(shuō)人類命中注定更荒謬的了。根據(jù)句意可知C項(xiàng)正確。

2.單選題

Thispatient’slifecouldbesavedonlybyamajoroperation.Thatwould（）hertoahighrisk.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.expose

B.lead

C.contribute

D.send

【答案】A

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A項(xiàng)expose“暴露”，B項(xiàng)lead“導(dǎo)致”，C項(xiàng)contribute“貢獻(xiàn)”，D項(xiàng)send“發(fā)送，寄”。上文講到“只有大手術(shù)才能挽救這位病人的生命”，根據(jù)risk（風(fēng)險(xiǎn)）猜測(cè)空格處是表示“使病人面臨”，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有expose最符合句意。句意：只有大手術(shù)才能挽救這位病人的生命；那會(huì)讓她面臨很高的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。因此，該題A項(xiàng)正確。

3.單選題

Theuniformsystemoftime-keepingintheUnitedStateswasnotestablisheduntilthelatenineteenthcentury.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.personal

B.efficient

C.consistent

D.practical

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。uniform表示“統(tǒng)一的，一致的”；A項(xiàng)personal“個(gè)人的”，B項(xiàng)efficient“有效的”，C項(xiàng)consistent“始終如一的，一致的”，D項(xiàng)practical“實(shí)際的”。句意：直到19世紀(jì)后期，美國(guó)才建立統(tǒng)一的計(jì)時(shí)制度。根據(jù)句意可知，該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。

4.單選題

Thepresidentialcandidate（）hispositionbywinningseveralprimaryelections.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.enforced

B.enriched

C.intensified

D.consolidated

【答案】D

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A項(xiàng)enforce“實(shí)施，執(zhí)行，強(qiáng)制”，B項(xiàng)enrich“使充實(shí)，使肥沃”，C項(xiàng)intensify“增加，強(qiáng)化”，D項(xiàng)consolidate“鞏固，加強(qiáng)”。根據(jù)后面的hispositionbywinningseveralprimaryelections（通過(guò)贏得幾次初選而獲得職位）可知，空格部分表示“鞏固”。句意：這位總統(tǒng)候選人通過(guò)贏得幾次初選鞏固了自己的地位。故該題選擇D項(xiàng)正確。

5.單選題

Despitetremendousachievements,formidableobstaclestodevelopmentwillpersist.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.difficultt

B.sustainablet

C.externalt

D.unpredictable

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。formidable表示“強(qiáng)大的，可怕的”；A項(xiàng)difficult“困難的，艱難的”，B項(xiàng)sustainable“可以忍受的，足以支撐的”，C項(xiàng)external“外部的，外表的”，D項(xiàng)unpredictable“不可預(yù)知的，出乎意料的”。句意：盡管取得了巨大成就，但發(fā)展仍將面臨巨大障礙。根據(jù)句意可知，該題選擇A項(xiàng)正確。

6.單選題

WheatyieldinEuropeishighlysensitivetonaturalvariabilityintemperatureandrainfall.Inthesesimulations,climatechangealoneby2050resultsinsignificantincreasesinyieldunderbothscenariosonlyinthreenorthernEuropeancountries.ButaddingestimatedeffectsofhigherCO2concentrationsonplantgrowthincreasesthatyieldsconsiderably,withyieldincreasesnowbeingsignificantinallofthetencountriesincludedinthestudy.WhethersuchincreasesduetohigherCO2concentrationwouldactuallyberealizedisuncertain,becauseofproblemsinextrapolatingfromidealizedlaboratoryandmodelingresultstofieldconditions.

Theclearmessageofthisworkisthatgreatereffortsareneededtotakeaccountofthe“noise”ofnaturalclimatevariabilitywhenconsideringthe“signal”ofclimatechange.Inparticular,caremustbetakenininterpretingtheresultsofimpactassessments,especiallythosewhichuseclimatesimulationsovershortperiodsonly.

Muchmoreremainstobedone.Forexample,theuseofsimulatedmonthlyclimatedatabyHulmeetal,evenwheninterpolatedtodailydatabystatisticalmethods,leavesopenthepossibilityofsystematicchangesinday-to-dayvariabilityandextremesduetoclimatechange.Thesecouldwelldominatetheeffectsofclimatechangeonbothriverflowandwheatyield.Takingthemintoaccountwillrequiretheanalysisofdailyoutputfromtheclimatemodels,especiallyatfinespatialresolution.

Moreimportantly,inunderstandingthemessagefromHulmeetal,weneedtodistinguishbetweenconfidencelevelsusedforthedetectabilityofsimulatedorrealimpactsduetoclimatechange,andthoseneededtodecideiftheinformationaboutpossiblefutureimpactsisusefulfordecision-makers.Detectability,usedasevidenceofclimatechange,arguablyrequiresahighlevelofconfidence,say,atthe95%or99%level.Ontheotherhand,ifwetakeitasagiventhatclimatechangeisoccurring,andweareseekingusefuladviceastowhattheconsequencesmightbe,alowerlevelofconfidencemaysuffice.

Studiesofthelengthofadatasetisnecessarytodetectarealchangeinthemeanagainstabackgroundofvariability,forexamplefordetectionoftrendsintotalozoneorriverflow,indicatethatevenifthechangeisreal,itmayneedtohavehappenedfordecadesbeforeitcanbeshownstatisticallytohaveoccurred.Incasessuchasestimationoffloodfrequencyandoftheoccurrenceofmoisturestressincrops,whatisneededtoidentifyfuture“dangerous”levelsofclimatechange,ortoplanadaptationmeasures,isanestimateofchangesintheprobabilityofsucheffectsbeforetheyhappen.

1.Accordingtothestudy,highwheatyieldsinEuropemostsignificantlyneed（）.

2.Ahighlevelofconfidenceisneededwhenwe（）.

3.Toidentifythepossiblefutureimpactsofclimatechange,scientists（）.

4.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?

5.Whatcanwelearnfromthelastparagraph?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.highertemperaturet

B.heavyrainfallt

C.higherCO2concentrationst

D.naturalclimatechanget

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.takeitasagiventhatclimatechangeisoccurringt

B.use“detectability”asanevidenceofclimatechanget

C.decideiftheinformationisusefulfordecision-makerst

D.estimatethescopeofwheatyieldsincreasest

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.onlyneedanidealizedlaboratoryt

B.mayspendyearstoobtainandanalyzevalidstatisticalevidencet

C.planadaptationmeasuresafterthechangeoccurst

D.setnewclimatemodelst

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.WaysofimprovingWheatYieldsinEuropet

B.ClimateChangeandWheatYieldst

C.StatisticalEvidenceofClimateChanget

D.SimulatedExperimentsonRiverFlowt

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.Itisimportanttodetecttrendsintotalozoneorriverflow.t

B.Ittakesdecadestodetectclimatechangestatistically.t

C.Whatismoreimportantistoplanadaptationmeasuresagainstbadeffectsofclimatechange.t

D.Wheatyieldiscloselyrelatedtoclimate.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:B

第4題:B

第5題:D

【解析】第1題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意思是“根據(jù)這項(xiàng)研究，在歐洲高小麥產(chǎn)量最需要的是……”。文章第一段前三句提到WheatyieldinEuropeishighlysensitivetonaturalvariabilityintemperatureandrainfall.Inthesesimulations,climatechangealoneby2050resultsinsignificantincreasesinyieldunderbothscenariosonlyinthreenorthernEuropeancountries.ButaddingestimatedeffectsofhigherCO2concentrationsonplantgrowthincreasesthatyieldsconsiderably,withyieldincreasesnowbeingsignificantinallofthetencountriesincludedinthestudy.（歐洲的小麥產(chǎn)量對(duì)溫度和降雨的自然變化高度敏感；在這些模擬中，在兩種情景下，僅有氣候變化，到2050年就會(huì)只有三個(gè)北歐國(guó)家的產(chǎn)量顯著增加；但是，增加更高的二氧化碳濃度對(duì)植物生長(zhǎng)的估計(jì)影響，會(huì)顯著增加產(chǎn)量，研究中包括的所有10個(gè)國(guó)家的產(chǎn)量現(xiàn)在都顯著增加），溫度、降雨量和二氧化碳都包括在自然氣候變化里，它們都能提高小麥產(chǎn)量，但是添加更多的二氧化碳濃度能使所有10個(gè)國(guó)家的產(chǎn)量顯著增加，所以A項(xiàng)“更高溫度”、B項(xiàng)“大降雨量”和D項(xiàng)“自然氣候變化”都不選，C項(xiàng)“更高的二氧化碳濃度”符合題意。故該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。

第2題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意思是“當(dāng)我們……需要有很高的可信度”。第四段第二句提到Detectability,usedasevidenceofclimatechange,arguablyrequiresahighlevelofconfidence,say,atthe95%or99%level.（可探測(cè)性，作為氣候變化的證據(jù)，可以說(shuō)需要很高的可信度，比如95%或99%的水平），由此可知B項(xiàng)“使用可探測(cè)性作為氣候變化的證據(jù)”正確。第四段最后一句指出Ontheotherhand,ifwetakeitasagiventhatclimatechangeisoccurring,andweareseekingusefuladviceastowhattheconsequencesmightbe,alowerlevelofconfidencemaysuffice.（另一方面，如果我們認(rèn)為氣候變化正在發(fā)生，并且我們正在尋求有用的建議，了解可能的后果，低一點(diǎn)的信心可能就足夠了）可知A項(xiàng)“認(rèn)為氣候變化正在發(fā)生是理所當(dāng)然的”不正確；C項(xiàng)“決定信息是否對(duì)決策者有用”，文中沒有提到關(guān)于決定信息是否對(duì)決策者有用的可信度，所以C項(xiàng)不選；D項(xiàng)“估計(jì)小麥產(chǎn)量增加的范圍”文章沒有提及。故該題選擇B項(xiàng)正確。

第3題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意思是“為了確定氣候變化可能帶來(lái)的未來(lái)影響，科學(xué)家們……”。最后一段第一句指出Studiesofthelengthofadatasetisnecessarytodetectarealchangeinthemeanagainstabackgroundofvariability,forexamplefordetectionoftrendsintotalozoneorriverflow,indicatethatevenifthechangeisreal,itmayneedtohavehappenedfordecadesbeforeitcanbeshownstatisticallytohaveoccurred.（研究數(shù)據(jù)集的長(zhǎng)度是必要的，以檢測(cè)在變化的背景下的平均值的真正變化，例如檢測(cè)總臭氧或河流量的趨勢(shì)，表明即使這種變化是真實(shí)的，它可能需要幾十年的時(shí)間才能被統(tǒng)計(jì)出來(lái)）由此可知，為了確定氣候變化可能帶來(lái)的未來(lái)影響，可能需要花費(fèi)幾十年的時(shí)間來(lái)統(tǒng)計(jì)，故B項(xiàng)“可能花費(fèi)數(shù)年的時(shí)間來(lái)獲取和分析有效的統(tǒng)計(jì)證據(jù)”正確。A項(xiàng)“只需要一個(gè)理想化的實(shí)驗(yàn)室”和D項(xiàng)“建立新的氣候模型”文章未提及；C項(xiàng)“計(jì)劃氣候變化發(fā)生后的適應(yīng)措施”，文章最后一句話提到whatisneededtoidentifyfuture“dangerous”levelsofclimatechange,ortoplanadaptationmeasures,isanestimateofchangesintheprobabilityofsucheffectsbeforetheyhappen.（要確定未來(lái)氣候變化的“危險(xiǎn)”水平，或計(jì)劃適應(yīng)措施，所需要的是在這些影響發(fā)生之前估計(jì)其發(fā)生可能性的變化），可知要想計(jì)劃氣候變化發(fā)生后的適應(yīng)措施，在此之前需要估計(jì)其發(fā)生的可能性，也就是需要花費(fèi)幾十年來(lái)統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)，C項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。故該題選擇B項(xiàng)正確。

第4題:主旨大意題。題干意思是“下面哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)是這篇文章的最佳標(biāo)題？”。通讀文章可知，文章主要講述氣候變化對(duì)歐洲小麥產(chǎn)量的影響，故B項(xiàng)“氣候變化與小麥產(chǎn)量”符合題意。A項(xiàng)“歐洲提高小麥產(chǎn)量的方法”，這是探索氣候變化與小麥產(chǎn)量的一個(gè)過(guò)程，不能概括全文；C項(xiàng)“氣候變化的統(tǒng)計(jì)證據(jù)”和D項(xiàng)“河流流量模擬實(shí)驗(yàn)”都只是部分提及，比較片面。故該題選擇B項(xiàng)正確。

第5題:推理判斷題。題干意思是“從最后一段我們可以了解到什么？”。A項(xiàng)“檢測(cè)總臭氧或河流流量的趨勢(shì)是重要的”只是文章中的一個(gè)例子，不能夠表達(dá)原文意思；B項(xiàng)“用統(tǒng)計(jì)方法檢測(cè)氣候變化需要幾十年的時(shí)間”，表達(dá)太過(guò)絕對(duì)，文中只是提到itmayneedtohavehappenedfordecades（這可能需要幾十年的時(shí)間）；C項(xiàng)“更重要的是制定應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化不利影響的適應(yīng)措施”，表述不正確，根據(jù)文章最后一句話whatisneededtoidentifyfuture“dangerous”levelsofclimatechange,ortoplanadaptationmeasures,isanestimateofchangesintheprobabilityofsucheffectsbeforetheyhappen.（要確定未來(lái)氣候變化的“危險(xiǎn)”水平，或計(jì)劃適應(yīng)措施，所需要的是在這些影響發(fā)生之前估計(jì)其發(fā)生可能性的變化）可知，更為重要的是能夠預(yù)測(cè)這些氣候變化對(duì)小麥產(chǎn)量帶來(lái)的影響；D項(xiàng)“小麥產(chǎn)量與氣候密切相關(guān)”符合原文。故該題選擇D項(xiàng)正確。

7.單選題

SomestatesintheUShaveset（）standardsconcerningmathandsciencetests.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.energetic

B.vigorous

C.rigorous

D.grave

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A項(xiàng)energetic“精力充沛的，積極的”，B項(xiàng)vigorous“有力的”，C項(xiàng)rigorous“嚴(yán)厲的，嚴(yán)格的”，D項(xiàng)grave“重大的，嚴(yán)肅的”；根據(jù)空格后面的standard（標(biāo)準(zhǔn)）以及關(guān)鍵詞mathandsciencetests（數(shù)學(xué)和科學(xué)測(cè)試），結(jié)合句子的語(yǔ)境，只有C項(xiàng)符合。句意：美國(guó)的一些州已經(jīng)為數(shù)學(xué)和科學(xué)考試設(shè)置了嚴(yán)格的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。因此，該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。

8.單選題

Thismonumentimagewasdesignedto（stirup）emotionsofaweandrespect,butcouldscarcelyevokefeelingsofwarmthandaffection.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.tangle

B.teem

C.stipulate

D.agitate

【答案】D

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。stirup表示“激起，煽動(dòng)”；A項(xiàng)tangle“（使）纏結(jié)在一起，（使）亂成一團(tuán)”，B項(xiàng)teem“大量出現(xiàn)，充滿”，C項(xiàng)stipulate“規(guī)定，保證”，D項(xiàng)agitate“搖動(dòng)，騷動(dòng)”。句意：這個(gè)紀(jì)念碑形象的設(shè)計(jì)是為了激起敬畏和尊敬的情緒，但幾乎不能喚起溫暖和喜愛的感情。根據(jù)句意可知，該題選擇D項(xiàng)正確。

9.單選題

Thebeliefthatit’shealthytoletoffsteamnolonger（）forweareworkingunderheavypressure.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.holds

B.carries

C.takes

D.stands

【答案】C

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A項(xiàng)hold“擁有，持有”，B項(xiàng)carry“拿，攜帶”，C項(xiàng)take“行得通，花費(fèi)”，D項(xiàng)stand“站立，位于”。根據(jù)句子可知，空格部分是和名詞belief（信念）構(gòu)成主謂，把四個(gè)選項(xiàng)分別代入，只有take符合。句意：因?yàn)槲覀冊(cè)诰薮蟮膲毫ο鹿ぷ?，所以不再相信釋放壓力是有益健康的。因此，該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。

10.單選題

Hewillbeconsideredtohavenothinglessthanfullacquaintancewiththenatureofthethingandtoshareintheknowledgeofit.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.limitationt

B.remarkt

C.ownershipt

D.understanding

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞辨析。acquaintance表示“了解，相識(shí)”；A項(xiàng)limitation“限制”，B項(xiàng)remark“注意，言辭”，C項(xiàng)ownership“所有權(quán)，物主身份”，D項(xiàng)understanding“理解”。句意：他將被認(rèn)為完全了解事物的性質(zhì)，并分享對(duì)它的知識(shí)。根據(jù)句意可知，該題選擇D項(xiàng)正確。

11.單選題

Therehavebeensomespeculationsattimesastowhowilltakeoverthecompany.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.onoccasion

B.atpresent

C.bynow

D.forsure

【答案】A

【解析】考查詞組辨析。attimes表示“有時(shí)，偶爾”；A項(xiàng)onoccasion“有時(shí)，偶爾”，B項(xiàng)atpresent“目前，現(xiàn)在”，C項(xiàng)bynow“到目前為止”，D項(xiàng)forsure“確實(shí)，毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)”。句意：關(guān)于誰(shuí)將接管公司，不時(shí)有一些猜測(cè)。根據(jù)句意可知，選擇A項(xiàng)正確。

12.單選題

RichardSatava,programmanagerforadvancedmedicaltechnologies,hasbeenadrivingforceinbringingvirtualrealitytomedicine,wherecomputerscreatea“virtual”orsimulatedenvironmentforsurgeonsandothermedicalpractitioners.

“Withvirtualrealitywewillbeabletoputasurgeonineverytrench,”saidSatava.Heenvisagedatimewhensoldierswhoarewoundedfightingoverseasareputinmobilesurgicalunitsequippedwithcomputers.

ThecomputerswouldtransmitimagesofthesoldierstosurgeonsbackintheU.S.Thesurgeonswouldlookatthesoldierthroughvirtualrealityhelmets(頭盔)thatcontainasmallscreendisplayingtheimageofthewound.Thedoctorswouldguideroboticinstrumentsinthebattlefieldmobilesurgicalunitthatoperateonthesoldier.

AlthoughSatava’svisionmaybeyearsawayfromstandardoperatingprocedure,scientistsareprogressingtowardvirtualrealitysurgery.EngineersataninternationalorganizationinCaliforniaaredevelopingatele-operatingdevice.Assurgeonswatchathree-dimensionalimageofthesurgery,theymoveinstrumentsthatareconnectedtoacomputer,whichpassestheirmovementstoroboticinstrumentsthatperformthesurgery.Thecomputerprovidesfeedbacktothesurgeononforce,textures,andsound.

Thesetechnologicalwondersmaynotyetbepartofthecommunityhospitalsettingbutincreasinglysomeofthemachineryisfindingitswayintocivilianmedicine.AtWayneStateUniversityMedicalSchool,surgeonLuciaZamoranotakesimagesofthebrainfromcomputerizedscansandusesacomputerprogramtoproducea3-Dimage.Shecanthenmaneuverthe3-Dimageonthecomputerscreentomaptheshortest,leastinvasivesurgicalpathtothetumor.Zamoranoisalsousingtechnologythatattachesaprobetosurgicalinstrumentssothatshecantracktheirpositions.Whilecuttingawayatumordeepinthebrain,shewatchesthemovementofhersurgicaltoolsinacomputergraphicsimageofthepatient’sbraintakenbeforesurgery.

Duringtheseprocedures-operationsthataredonethroughsmallcutsinthebodyinwhichaminiaturecameraandsurgicaltoolsaremaneuvered-surgeonsarewearing3-Dglassesforabetterview.Andtheyarecommandingrobotsurgeonstocutawaytissuemoreaccuratelythanhumansurgeonscan.

Satavasays,“Weareinthemidstofafundamentalchangeinthefieldofmedicine.”

1.AccordingtoRichardSatava,theapplicationofvirtualrealitytomedicine（）.

2.Howisvirtualrealitysurgeryperformed?

3.RichardSatavahasvisionsof（）.

4.Duringvirtualrealityoperations,thesurgeoncanhaveabetterviewofthecutsinthebodybecause（）.

5.Virtualrealityoperationsareanimprovementonconventionalsurgeryinthatthey____.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.willenablesurgeonstobephysicallypresentoneverybattlefieldt

B.canraisethespiritsofsoldierswoundedonthebattlefieldt

C.willgreatlyimprovemedicalconditionsonthebattlefieldt

D.canshortenthetimeforoperationsonsoldierswoundedonthebattlefieldt

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Itisperformedbyacomputer-designedhighprecisiondevice.t

B.Surgeonswearvirtualrealityhelmetstoreceivefeedbackprovidedbyacomputer.t

C.Surgeonsmoveroboticinstrumentsbymeansofacomputerlinedtothem.t

D.A3-Dimagerecordsthemovementsofthesurgeonsduringtheoperation.t

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.usingaremote-controltechniquetotreatwoundedsoldiersfightingoverseast

B.woundedsoldiersbeingsavedbydoctorswearingvirtualrealityhelmetsonthebattlefieldt

C.woundedsoldiersbeingoperatedonbyspeciallytrainedsurgeonst

D.settingupmobilesurgicalunitsoverseast

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.heislookingatthecutsonacomputerscreent

B.thecutscanbeexaminedfromdifferentanglest

C.thecutshavebeenhighlymagnifiedt

D.heiswearing3-Dglassest

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.causelesspaintothewoundedt

B.allowthepatienttorecovermorequicklyt

C.willmakehumansurgeons’worklesstedioust

D.aredonebyrobotsurgeonswithgreaterprecision

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:D

第5題:D

【解析】第1題:細(xì)節(jié)推理題。題干意思是“根據(jù)薩塔瓦，虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)在醫(yī)學(xué)上的應(yīng)用……”。第二段提到“Withvirtualrealitywewillbeabletoputasurgeonineverytrench,”saidSatava.Heenvisagedatimewhensoldierswhoarewoundedfightingoverseasareputinmobilesurgicalunitsequippedwithcomputers.（薩塔瓦說(shuō)：“有了虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)技術(shù)，我們將能夠在每條戰(zhàn)壕里都安置一名外科醫(yī)生?！彼O(shè)想有一天，在海外戰(zhàn)斗中受傷的士兵可以被安置在配備電腦的移動(dòng)手術(shù)室），由此可以推理，虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)在醫(yī)學(xué)上的應(yīng)用可以改善戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上的醫(yī)療條件，故C項(xiàng)“將大大改善戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上的醫(yī)療條件”正確。A項(xiàng)“將使外科醫(yī)生能夠親臨每一個(gè)戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)”，表述與原文不符；B項(xiàng)“可以鼓舞在戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上受傷的士兵的精神”和D項(xiàng)“可以縮短在戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上受傷的士兵的行動(dòng)時(shí)間”文章沒有提到。因此，該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。

第2題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意思是“如何進(jìn)行虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)手術(shù)？”。根據(jù)文章第四段第三句Assurgeonswatchathree-dimensionalimageofthesurgery,theymoveinstrumentsthatareconnectedtoacomputer,whichpassestheirmovementstoroboticinstrumentsthatperformthesurgery.（當(dāng)外科醫(yī)生觀察手術(shù)的三維圖像時(shí)，他們移動(dòng)與計(jì)算機(jī)相連的儀器，計(jì)算機(jī)將他們的動(dòng)作傳遞給實(shí)施手術(shù)的機(jī)器人儀器）可知，C項(xiàng)“外科醫(yī)生通過(guò)排列在機(jī)器上的計(jì)算機(jī)移動(dòng)機(jī)器器械”正確。A項(xiàng)“它是由計(jì)算機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)的高精度設(shè)備執(zhí)行的”沒有提到；B項(xiàng)“外科醫(yī)生戴著虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)頭盔接受電腦提供的反饋”，第三段提到Thesurgeonswouldlookatthesoldierthroughvirtualrealityhelmetsthatcontainasmallscreendisplayingtheimageofthewound.（外科醫(yī)生將通過(guò)虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)頭盔觀察士兵，頭盔上有一個(gè)顯示傷口圖像的小屏幕），可知醫(yī)生是通過(guò)頭盔親自觀察士兵的傷情，而不是通過(guò)接收機(jī)器人的反饋；D項(xiàng)“一幅3d圖像記錄了外科醫(yī)生在手術(shù)過(guò)程中的動(dòng)作”，第五段最后一句提到Whilecuttingawayatumordeepinthebrain,shewatchesthemovementofhersurgicaltoolsinacomputergraphicsimageofthepatient’sbraintakenbeforesurgery.（在切除大腦深處的腫瘤時(shí)，她在術(shù)前拍攝的病人大腦計(jì)算機(jī)圖形圖像中觀察手術(shù)工具的動(dòng)作）可知，3d圖像是醫(yī)生用來(lái)觀察手術(shù)工具的動(dòng)作，而不是記錄外科醫(yī)生的動(dòng)作，D項(xiàng)表述不正確。因此，該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。

第3題:細(xì)節(jié)推理題。題干意思是“薩塔瓦幻想……”。根據(jù)文章第二段第二句Heenvisagedatimewhensoldierswhoarewoundedfightingoverseasareputinmobilesurgicalunitsequippedwithcomputers.（他設(shè)想有一天，在海外戰(zhàn)斗中受傷的士兵可以被安置在配備電腦的移動(dòng)手術(shù)室）可推理，理查德?薩塔瓦設(shè)想受傷的戰(zhàn)士可以在移動(dòng)的手術(shù)室通過(guò)遠(yuǎn)程控制電腦實(shí)現(xiàn)被遠(yuǎn)程救治，故A項(xiàng)“用遙控技術(shù)治療海外作戰(zhàn)的受傷士兵”符合題意。B項(xiàng)“傷兵在戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上被醫(yī)生戴著虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)頭盔拯救”，表述不準(zhǔn)確，頭盔是醫(yī)生用來(lái)觀察傷情而非實(shí)行救治的；C項(xiàng)“受過(guò)專門訓(xùn)練的外科醫(yī)生對(duì)受傷士兵進(jìn)行手術(shù)”，第三段最后一句提到Thedoctorswouldguideroboticinstrumentsinthebattlefieldmobilesurgicalunitthatoperateonthesoldier.（醫(yī)生們將指導(dǎo)戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上的移動(dòng)手術(shù)室內(nèi)的機(jī)器人設(shè)備為士兵進(jìn)行手術(shù)），可知是通過(guò)機(jī)器人為士兵進(jìn)行手術(shù)，C項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤；D項(xiàng)“在海外設(shè)立流動(dòng)手術(shù)室”是以偏概全。因此，該題選擇A項(xiàng)正確。

第4題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意思是“在虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)手術(shù)中，外科醫(yī)生可以更好地看到身體的切口，因?yàn)椤薄５箶?shù)第二段第一句提到Duringtheseprocedures-operationsthataredonethroughsmallcutsinthebodyinwhichaminiaturecameraandsurgicaltoolsaremaneuvered-surgeonsarewearing3-Dglassesforabetterview.（在這些手術(shù)過(guò)程中，通過(guò)身體的小切口進(jìn)行的手術(shù)中，操作微型相機(jī)和手術(shù)工具的外科醫(yī)生戴著3D眼鏡，以便更好地觀察），由此可知外科醫(yī)生可以更好地看到身體的切口是因?yàn)?d眼鏡提供的更好的視野，故D項(xiàng)“他戴著3d眼鏡”正確。A項(xiàng)“他正在看電腦屏幕上的切口”，表述不夠準(zhǔn)確；B項(xiàng)“切口可以從不同的角度檢查”和C項(xiàng)“切口被高度放大”文中未提及。因此，該題選擇D項(xiàng)正確。

第5題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意思是“虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)手術(shù)是傳統(tǒng)手術(shù)的改進(jìn)，因?yàn)樗鼈儭?。根?jù)文章倒數(shù)第二段最后一句Andtheyarecommandingrobotsurgeonstocutawaytissuemoreaccuratelythanhumansurgeonscan（他們還命令機(jī)器人外科醫(yī)生比人類外科醫(yī)生更精確地切除組織）可知，機(jī)器人外科醫(yī)生比人類外科醫(yī)生更能精確的實(shí)行組織切除，這是虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)手術(shù)是傳統(tǒng)手術(shù)的改進(jìn)的原因；故D項(xiàng)“由機(jī)器人外科醫(yī)生更精確地完成”正確。A項(xiàng)“對(duì)受傷的人造成較少的痛苦”、B項(xiàng)“讓病人恢復(fù)得更快”和C項(xiàng)“將使人類外科醫(yī)生的工作不那么乏味”文中均未提及。因此，該題選擇D項(xiàng)正確。

13.單選題

AskmostpeoplehowtheydefinetheAmericanDreamandchancesarethey’llsay,“Success.”ThedreamofindividualopportunityhasbeenhomeinAmericanssinceEuropeansdiscovereda“newworld”intheWesternHemisphere.EarlyimmigrantslikeHectorSt.JeandeCrevecoeurpraisedhighlythefreedomandopportunitytobefoundinthisnewland.HisglowingdescriptionsofaclasslesssocietywhereanyonecouldattainsuccessthroughhonestyandhardworkfiredtheimaginationsofmanyEuropeanreaders:inLettersfromanAmericanFarmer(1782)hewrote,“Weareallexcitedatthespiritofanindustrywhichisunfetteredandunrestrained,becauseeachpersonworksforhimself—Wehavenoprinces,forwhomwetoil,starve,andbleed:wearethemostperfectsocietynowexistingintheworld.”Thepromiseofalandwhere“therewardsofaman’sindustryfollowwithequalstepstheprogressofhislabor”drewpoorimmigrantsfromEuropeandfuelednationalexpansionintothewesternterritories.

OurnationalmythologyisfullofillustrationoftheAmericansuccessstory.There’sBenjaminFranklin,theverymodeloftheself-educated,self-mademan,whorosefrommodestoriginstobecomeawell-knownscientist,philosopher,andstatesman.Inthenineteenthcentury,HoratioAlger,awriteroffictionforyoungboys,becameAmerican’sbest-sellingauthorwithrags-to-richestales.Thenotionofsuccesshauntsus:wespendmillionseveryyearreadingabouttherichandfamous,learninghowto“makeafortuneinrealestatewithnomoneydown,”and“dressingforsuccess.”Themythofsuccesshaseveninvadedourpersonalrelationships:todayit’sasimportanttobe“successful”inmarriageorparenthoodsasitistocomeoutontopinbusiness.

Butdreamseasilyturnintonightmares.EveryAmericanwhohopesto“makeit”alsoknowsthefearoffailure,becausethemythofsuccessinevitablyimpliescomparisonbetweenthehavesandthehave-nots,thestarsandtheanonymouscrowd.Underpressureofthemyth,webecomeindulgedinstatussymbols:wetrytoliveinthe“right”neighborhoods,wearthe“right”clothes,eatthe“right”foods.Thesesymbolsofdistinctionassureusandothersthatwebelievestronglyinthefundamentalequalityofall,yetstriveashardaswecantoseparateourselvesfromourfellowcitizens.

1.WhatistheessenceoftheAmericanDreamaccordingtoCrevecoeur?

2.Bysaying“therewardsofaman’sindustryfollowwithequalstepstheprogressofhislabor”(Para.1),theauthormeans（）.

3.ThecharactersdescribedinHoratioAlger’snovelsarepeoplewho（）.

4.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastsentenceofthesecondparagraphthat（）.

5.WhatistheparadoxofAmericancultureaccordingtotheauthor?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Peoplearefreetodeveloptheirpowerofimagination.t

B.Peoplewhoarehonestandworkhardcansucceed.t

C.Peoplearefreefromexploitationandoppression.t

D.Peoplecanfullyenjoyindividualfreedom.t

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.themorediligentoneis,thebiggerhisreturnst

B.laboriousworkensuresthegrowthofanindustryt

C.aman’sbusinessshouldbedevelopedstepbystept

D.acompany’ssuccessdependsonitsemployees’hardworkt

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.succeededinrealestateinvestmentt

B.earnedenormousfortunesbychancest

C.becamewealthyafterstartinglifeverypoort

D.becamefamousdespitetheirmodestoriginst

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.businesssuccessoftencontributestoasuccessfulmarriaget

B.Americanswishtosucceedineveryaspectoflifet

C.goodpersonalrelationshipsleadtobusinesssuccesst

D.successfulbusinesspeopleprovidegoodcarefortheirchildrent

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.TheAmericanroadtosuccessisfullofnightmares.t

B.Statussymbolsarenotarealindicatorofaperson’swealth.t

C.TheAmericanDreamisnothingbutanemptydream.t

D.WhatAmericansstriveafteroftencontradictstheirbeliefs.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:D

【解析】第1題:細(xì)節(jié)推理題。題干意思是“在克雷夫科爾看來(lái)，美國(guó)夢(mèng)的本質(zhì)是什么？”。根據(jù)題干定位到文章第一段EarlyimmigrantslikeHectorSt.JeandeCrevecoeurpraisedhighlythefreedomandopportunitytobefoundinthisnewland.HisglowingdescriptionsofaclasslesssocietywhereanyonecouldattainsuccessthroughhonestyandhardworkfiredtheimaginationsofmanyEuropeanreaders（像克雷夫科爾這樣的早期移民高度贊揚(yáng)了在這片新土地上發(fā)現(xiàn)的自由和機(jī)會(huì)；他對(duì)一個(gè)任何人都可以通過(guò)誠(chéng)實(shí)和勤奮獲得成功的無(wú)階級(jí)社會(huì)的熱情洋溢的描述激發(fā)了許多歐洲讀者的想象力），由此可知，在克雷夫科爾看來(lái)，這里的人只要誠(chéng)實(shí)、努力工作就會(huì)獲得成功的機(jī)會(huì)，而這種機(jī)會(huì)從根本上說(shuō)是源自美國(guó)的自由；故D項(xiàng)“人們可以充分享受個(gè)人自由”符合題意。A項(xiàng)“人們可以自由地發(fā)展自己的想象力”，表述與原文不符合；B項(xiàng)“誠(chéng)實(shí)和努力工作的人能成功”，表述太絕對(duì)；C項(xiàng)“人民從剝削和壓迫中解放出來(lái)”這不屬于克雷夫科爾的觀點(diǎn)。因此，該題選擇D項(xiàng)正確。

第2題:推理判斷題。題干意思是“第一段作者通過(guò)說(shuō)‘一個(gè)人的辛勤勞動(dòng)所得到的回報(bào)與他的勞動(dòng)進(jìn)步是同等的’的意思是……”。題干的句子出現(xiàn)在文章第一段最后一句話Thepromiseofalandwhere“therewardsofaman’sindustryfollowwithequalstepstheprogressofhislabor”drewpoorimmigrantsfromEuropeandfuelednationalexpansionintothewesternterritories.（在這片土地上，“一個(gè)人的辛勤勞動(dòng)所得到的回報(bào)與他的勞動(dòng)進(jìn)步是同等的”，這一承諾吸引了來(lái)自歐洲的貧窮移民，并推動(dòng)了國(guó)家向西部地區(qū)的擴(kuò)張），結(jié)合上一句Weareallexcitedatthespiritofanindustrywhichisunfetteredandunrestrained,becauseeachpersonworksforhimself—Wehavenoprinces,forwhomwetoil,starve,andbleed:wearethemostperfectsocietynowexistingintheworld.（我們都對(duì)一種不受束縛、不受約束的工業(yè)精神感到興奮，因?yàn)槊總€(gè)人都為自己工作；我們沒有為他們辛勞、挨餓和流血的君主；我們是現(xiàn)存于世界上最完美的社會(huì)）可知，題干的這句話的意思是一個(gè)人越勤奮得到的回報(bào)越多，故A項(xiàng)“一個(gè)人越勤奮，他的回報(bào)就越大”正確。B項(xiàng)“費(fèi)力的工作確保了產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展”和C項(xiàng)“一個(gè)人的事業(yè)應(yīng)該一步一步的發(fā)展”均不符合原文意思；D項(xiàng)“一個(gè)公司的成功取決于它的員工的努力工作”，文章沒有提到公司。因此，該題選擇A項(xiàng)正確。

第3題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意思是“阿爾杰小說(shuō)中描述的人物是……”。根據(jù)題干定位到文章第二段第三句Inthenineteenthcentury,HoratioAlger,awriteroffictionforyoungboys,becameAmerican’sbest-sellingauthorwithrags-to-richestales（19世紀(jì)，年輕男孩小說(shuō)作家阿爾杰憑借描寫白手起家的故事成為美國(guó)暢銷書作家）可知，阿爾杰小說(shuō)中描述的人物是白手起家的，故C項(xiàng)“在開始貧窮的生活后變得富有”正確。A項(xiàng)“在房地產(chǎn)投資上很成功”不是描述阿爾杰小說(shuō)的內(nèi)容；B項(xiàng)“靠運(yùn)氣賺了巨大的財(cái)富”和D項(xiàng)“雖然出身卑微，卻很出名”不正確。因此，該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。

第4題:推理判斷題。題干意思是“從第二段的最后一句話可以推斷出……”。根據(jù)題干定位到第二段最后一句Themythofsuccesshaseveninvadedourpersonalrelationships:todayit’sasimportanttobe“successful”inmarriageorparenthoodsasitistocomeoutontopinbusiness.（成功的神話甚至已經(jīng)侵入了我們的人際關(guān)系：如今，在婚姻或?yàn)槿烁改阜矫嫒〉谩俺晒Α迸c在事業(yè)上取得成功一樣重要），由此可推斷，美國(guó)人希望在婚姻、生活和事業(yè)等各方面都取得成功，故B項(xiàng)“美國(guó)人希望在生活的各個(gè)方面都成功”正確。A項(xiàng)“事業(yè)上的成功往往有助于一個(gè)成功的婚姻”和C項(xiàng)“良好的人際關(guān)系導(dǎo)致商業(yè)成功”，表述不準(zhǔn)確；D項(xiàng)“成功的商人為他們的孩子提供良好的照顧”文章未提及。因此，該題選擇B項(xiàng)正確。

第5題:推理判斷題。題干意思是“作者認(rèn)為美國(guó)文化的悖論是什么？”。根據(jù)文章最后一句Thesesymbolsofdistinctionassureusandothersthatwebelievestronglyinthefundamentalequalityofall,yetstriveashardaswecantoseparateourselvesfromourfellowcitizens.（這些身份差別的象征物一方面使我們堅(jiān)信人人平等，另一方面我們又竭盡全力將自己和他人區(qū)分開來(lái)），由此可知美國(guó)人崇尚人人平等，但是又努力追求成功和地位，所以D項(xiàng)“美國(guó)人所追求的往往與他們的信仰相矛盾”表述正確。A項(xiàng)“美國(guó)的成功之路充滿了噩夢(mèng)”，原文是Butdreamseasilyturnintonightmares.（但是夢(mèng)很容易變成噩夢(mèng)），該項(xiàng)表述不準(zhǔn)確；B項(xiàng)“地位的象征并不是一個(gè)人財(cái)富的真實(shí)指標(biāo)”，最后一段指出Underpressureofthemyth,webecomeindulgedinstatussymbols:wetrytoliveinthe“right”neighborhoods,wearthe“right”clothes,eatthe“right”foods.（在神話的壓力下，我們沉迷于地位的象征：我們?cè)噲D住在“正確”的社區(qū)，穿“正確”的衣服，吃“正確”的食物），可知文章并沒有把地位和財(cái)富作比較；C項(xiàng)“美國(guó)夢(mèng)只是一個(gè)空洞的夢(mèng)”，文中沒有這樣表述。因此，該題選擇D項(xiàng)正確。

14.單選題

IntheNavajohousehold,grandparentsandotherrelativesplayindispensablerolesinraisingchildren.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.dominant

B.exemplary

C.essential

D.demanding

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。indispensable表示“不可缺少的”；A項(xiàng)dominant“占優(yōu)勢(shì)的，支配的”，B項(xiàng)exemplary“典范的，懲戒性”，C項(xiàng)essential“必要的”，D項(xiàng)demanding“要求高的，苛求的”。句意：在納瓦霍家庭中，祖父母和其他親戚在撫養(yǎng)孩子方面扮演著不可或缺的角色。根據(jù)句意可知，該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。

15.單選題

（）thisdulllife,thefull-timemomdecidedtofindapart-timejob.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Tiedupwith

B.Fedupwith

C.Wrappedupin

D.Piledupwith

【答案】B

【解析】考查詞組辨析。A項(xiàng)tiedupwith“和……有密切關(guān)系”，B項(xiàng)fedupwith“受夠了；極厭惡”，C項(xiàng)wrappedupin“醉心于……的；全心照料……的”，D項(xiàng)piledupwith“堆滿”。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞dulllife（沉悶的生活）可知，空格處填入“厭倦”最合適。句意：厭倦了這種枯燥的生活，全職媽媽決定找一份兼職工作。因此，該題B項(xiàng)正確。

16.單選題

Assuminglythathedisagreeswithourproposal,whatshallwedonext?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.If

B.Whatif

C.When

D.Whatabout

【答案】B

【解析】考查詞義辨析與條件狀語(yǔ)從句。Assumingly的動(dòng)詞原形是assume，放在句首表示疑問(wèn)“假定，假使”；A項(xiàng)if“如果”，一般用法為ifthat+從句；B項(xiàng)whatif“假使……將會(huì)怎么樣”，用法為whatif+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)；C項(xiàng)when“何時(shí)”，引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句；D項(xiàng)whatabout“怎么樣”，引導(dǎo)特殊疑問(wèn)句。句意：假如他不同意我們的建議，那我們下一步怎么辦？根據(jù)句意可知，該題選擇B項(xiàng)正確。

17.單選題

Itisacuriousparadoxthatwethinkofthephysicalsciencesas“hard”,thesocialsciencesas“soft”andthebiologicalsciencesassomewhereinbetween.Thisisinterpretedtomeanthatourknowledgeofphysicalsystemsismorecertainthanourknowledgeofbiologicalsystems,andtheseinturnaremorecertainthanourknowledgeofsocialsystems.Intermsofourcapacitytosampletherelevantuniverses,however,andtheprobabilitythatourimagesoftheseuniversesareatleastapproximatelycorrect,onesuspectsthatareverseorderismorereasonable.Weareabletosampleearth’ssocialsystemswithsomedegreeofconfidencethatwehaveareasonablesampleofthetotaluniversebeinginvestigated.Ourknowledgeofsocialsystems,therefore,whileitisinmanywaysextremelyinaccurate,isnotlikelytobeseriouslyoverturnedbynewdiscoveries.Eventhefolkknowledgeinsocialsystemsonwhichordinarylifeisbasedinearning,spending,organizing,marrying,takingpartinpoliticalactivities,fightingandsoon,isnotverydissimilarfromthemoresophisticatedimagesofthesocialsystemderivedfromthesocialsciences,eventhoughitisbuiltupontheveryimperfectsamplesofpersonalexperience.

Incontrast,ourimageoftheastronomicaluniverse,ofeventheearth’sgeologicalhistory,caneasilybesubjecttorevolutionarychangesasnewdatacomeinandnewtheoriesareworkedout.Ifwedefinethe“security”ofourimageofvariouspartsofthetotalsystemastheprobabilityoftheirsufferingsignificantchanges,thenwewouldreversetheorderofhardnessandseethesocialsciencesasthemostsecure,thephysicalsciencesastheleastsecure,andagainthebiologicalsciencesassomewhereinbetween.Ourimageoftheastronomicaluniverseistheleastsecureofallsimplybecauseweobservesuchafantasticallysmallsampleofitandit’srecord-keeping,istrivialascompar