2022年考研考博-考博英語-華東政法大學考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號39

住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語-華東政法大學考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實際調(diào)整大小）題型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

Whenyoutakemedicine,becarefulnotto___thatamountprintedonthebottle.

問題1選項

A.exceed

B.substitute

C.exert

D.surpass

【答案】A

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項exceed“超過；勝過（超過什么數(shù)量或者超過法律、命令等的限制）”；B選項substitute“替代”；C選項exert“運用，發(fā)揮；施以影響”；D選項surpass“超越（比某人或某事物做得更好）；勝過，優(yōu)于；非……所能辦到或理解”。句意：當你服藥時，注意不要___瓶子上印著的量。本句表達“超過印的數(shù)量”，因此A選項正確。

2.單選題

He___athiswatchbeforehelefttheoffice.

問題1選項

A.glanced

B.glimpsed

C.glared

D.scribbled

【答案】A

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項glanced“瞥閃，瞥見，掃視，匆匆一看（強調(diào)主動的加以注意瞥了一眼）；瀏覽；斜擊某物后斜彈開來；反光；輕擦（球）；（板球）斜擊”；B選項glimpsed“瞥見（強調(diào)被動的，比如某個東西在眼前閃了一下，不是主動去看）”；C選項glared“怒目而視，瞪眼看；發(fā)出刺眼的光”；D選項scribbled“亂畫；潦草地書寫；寫作（非正式）；粗疏（羊毛）”。句意：他離開辦公室前___手表。本句表達“主動地瞥了一眼手表”。因此A選項正確。

3.單選題

Thislaw___thenumberofaccidentscausedbychildrenrunningacrosstheroadwhentheygetoffthebus.

問題1選項

A.isintendedtoreduce

B.intendstobereduced

C.intendsreducing

D.isintendedreducing

【答案】A

【解析】考查語態(tài)和固定搭配。intendtodosth.“打算做某事；盤算做某事；旨在做；籌劃做某事”，主語law“法律”和intend的關(guān)系是被動，被旨在做……；句意：這項法律旨在減少兒童下車時跑過馬路造成的事故數(shù)量。因此A選項正確。

4.單選題

Herefusedto___thathewasdefeated.

問題1選項

A.burlesque

B.conceive

C.acknowledge

D.probe

【答案】C

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項burlesque“模仿嘲弄；取笑”；B選項conceive“懷孕；構(gòu)思；以為；持有”；C選項acknowledge“承認；答謝；報償；告知已收到”；D選項probe“探查；用探針探測”。句意：他拒絕___自己被打敗了。本句表達“拒絕承認被打敗”。因此C選項正確。

5.單選題

Educatorsareseriouslyconcernedaboutthehighrateofdropouts(輟學者)amongthedoctorofphilosophycandidatesandtheconsequentlossoftalenttoanationinneedofPh.D.s.Somehaveplacedthedropoutslossashighas50percent.Theextentofthelosswas,however,largelyamatterofexpertguessing.Lastweekawell-roundedstudywaspublished.Itwaspublished.Itwasbasedon22,000questionnairessenttoformergraduatestudentswhowereenrolledin24universitiesanditseemedtoshowmanypastfearstobegroundless.

Thedropoutsratewasfoundtobe31percent,andinmostcasesthedropouts,whilenotcompletingthePh.D.requirement,wentontoproductivework.Theyarenotonlydoingwellfinancially,but,accordingtothereport,arenotfarbelowtheincomelevelsofthosewhowentontocompletetheirdoctorates.

Discussingthestudylastweek,Dr.Tuckersaidtheprojectwasinitiated‘becauseoftheconcernfrequentlyexpressedbygraduatefacultiesandadministratorsthatsomeoftheindividualswhodroppedoutofPh.D.programswerecapableofcompetingtherequirementforthedegree.Attrition(縮/減員，磨損)atthePh.D.levelisalsothoughttobeawasteofpreciousfacultytimeandadrainonuniversityresourcesalreadybeingusedtocapacity.SomepeopleexpressedtheopinionthattheshortageofhighlytrainedspecialistsandcollegeteacherscouldbereducedbypersuadingthedropoutstoreturntograduateschoolstocompletethePh.D.’

“Theresultsofourresearch,”Dr.Tuckerconcluded,“didnotsupporttheseopinions.”

1.Lackofmotivationwastheprincipalreasonfordroppingout.

2.Mostdropoutswentasfarintheirdoctoralprogramaswasconsistentwiththeirlevelsofabilityortheirspecialities.

3.Mostdropoutsarenowengagedinworkconsistentwiththeireducationandmotivation.

Nearly75percentofthedropoutssaidtherewasnoacademicreasonfortheirdecision,butthosewhomentionedacademicreasoncitedfailuretopassthequalifyingexamination,uncompletedresearchandfailuretopasslanguageexams.Amongthesinglemostimportantpersonalreasonsidentifiedbydropoutsfornon-completionoftheirPh.D.program,lackoffinanceswasmarkedby19percent.

Asanindicationofhowwellthedropoutsweredoing,achartshowed2%inhumanitieswerereceiving$20,000andmoreannuallywhilenoneofthePh.D.swiththatbackgroundreachedthisfigure.ThePh.D.sshoneinthe$7,500to$15,000bracketwith78%atthatlevelagainst50%forthedropouts.Thismayalsobeanindicationofthefactthattopsalariesintheacademicfields,wherePh.D.stendtorisetothehighestsalaries,arestilllaggingbehindotherfields.

Astothepossibilityofgettingdropoutsbackoncampus,theoutlookwasglum.Themainconditionwhichwouldhavetoprevailforatleast25%ofthedropoutswhomightconsiderreturningtograduateschoolwouldbetoguaranteethattheywouldretaintheirpresentlevelofincomeandinsomecasestheirpresentjob.

31.Theauthorstatesthatmanyeducatorsfeelthat___.

32.Researchhasshownthat___.

33.MeetingforeignlanguagerequirementsforthePh.D.___.

34.Afterreadingthearticle,onewouldrefrainfromconcludingthat___.

35.Itcanbeinferredthatthehighrateofdropoutsliesin___.

問題1選項

A.stepsshouldbetakentogetthedropoutsbacktocampus

B.thedropoutsshouldreturntoalowerqualityschooltocontinuetheirstudy

C.thePh.

D.holderisgenerallyabetteradjustedpersonthanthedropoutD.thehighdropoutsrateislargelyattributabletothelackofstimulationonthepartoffacultymembers

問題2選項

A.dropoutsaresubstantiallybelowPh.D.sinfinancialattainment

B.theincentivefactorisaminoroneinregardtopursuingPh.D.studies

C.D.sinfinancialattainmentB.theincentivefactorisaminoroneinregardtopursuingPh.D.studiesC.

D.sinfinancialattainmentB.theincentivefactorisaminoroneinregardtopursuingPh.D.studiesC.thePh.D.candidateislikelytochangehisfieldofspecializationifhedropsoutD.aboutone-thirdofthosewhostartPh.D.workdonotcompletetheworktoearnthedegree

問題3選項

A.isthemostfrequentreasonfordroppingout

B.ismoredifficultforthesciencecandidatethanforthehumanitiescandidate

C.isanessentialpartofmanyPh.

D.programsD.doesnotvaryindifficultyamonguniversities

問題4選項

A.optimismreignsinregardtogettingPh.D.dropoutstoreturntotheirpursuitofthedegree

B.aPh.D.dropout,byandlarge,doesnothavewhatittakestolearnthedegree

C.D.dropoutstoreturntotheirpursuitofthedegreeB.aPh.D.dropout,byandlarge,doesnothavewhatittakestolearnthedegreeC.

D.dropoutstoreturntotheirpursuitofthedegreeB.aPh.D.dropout,byandlarge,doesnothavewhatittakestolearnthedegreeC.collegesanduniversitiesemployasubstantialnumberofPh.D.dropoutsD.Ph.D.sarenotearningwhattheydeserveinnonacademicpositions

問題5選項

A.salaryforPh.D.toolow.

B.academicrequirementtoohigh.

C.D.toolow.B.academicrequirementtoohigh.C.

D.toolow.B.academicrequirementtoohigh.C.salaryfordropoutstoohigh.D.1000positions.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:A

第5題:A

【解析】31.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)原文定位到第一段開頭Educatorsareseriouslyconcernedaboutthehighrateofdropouts(輟學者)amongthedoctorofphilosophycandidatesandtheconsequentlossoftalenttoanationinneedofPh.D.s.（教育工作者非常關(guān)注哲學博士候選人的高輟學率，以及一個需要博士生的國家隨之而來的人才流失）以及第三段SomepeopleexpressedtheopinionthattheshortageofhighlytrainedspecialistsandcollegeteacherscouldbereducedbypersuadingthedropoutstoreturntograduateschoolstocompletethePh.D.（一些人認為，通過說服輟學者回到研究生院攻讀博士學位，可以減少受過良好訓練的專家和大學教師的短缺）可知一些人希望采取措施說服輟學者重回校園，選A選項“應(yīng)該采取措施讓輟學者重返校園”；B選項“那些輟學的學生應(yīng)該回到質(zhì)量較低的學校繼續(xù)他們的學業(yè)”，C選項“擁有博士學位的人通常比輟學的人更能適應(yīng)環(huán)境”以及D選項“高輟學率很大程度上是由于教員缺乏激勵”和原文不符合。因此A選項正確。

32.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第二段開頭Thedropoutsratewasfoundtobe31percent（調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)，輟學率為31%）可知輟學人數(shù)占據(jù)三分之一，D選項“大約三分之一開始攻讀博士學位的人沒有完成學業(yè)獲得學位”符合原文；第二段結(jié)尾Theyarenotonlydoingwellfinancially,but,accordingtothereport,arenotfarbelowtheincomelevelsofthosewhowentontocompletetheirdoctorates.（他們不僅經(jīng)濟狀況良好，而且，根據(jù)這份報告，他們的收入水平并不比那些繼續(xù)攻讀博士學位的人低多少）可知A選項“在經(jīng)濟成就方面，輟學者大大低于博士”和原文相悖；原文1.Lackofmotivationwastheprincipalreasonfordroppingout.（1.缺乏動力是退學的主要原因）可知B選項“激勵因素是攻讀博士學位的次要因素”和原文相悖；原文3.Mostdropoutsarenowengagedinworkconsistentwiththeireducationandmotivation.（3.大多數(shù)輟學者現(xiàn)在從事與他們的教育和動機相一致的工作）可知C選項“如果博士候選人輟學，他很可能改變他的專業(yè)領(lǐng)域”和原文相悖。因此D選項正確。

33.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵字“foreignlanguagerequirements”定位到原文倒數(shù)第三段butthosewhomentionedacademicreasoncitedfailuretopassthequalifyingexamination,uncompletedresearchandfailuretopasslanguageexams.（但那些提到學術(shù)原因的人以未能通過資格考試、未完成研究和未能通過語言考試為由）可推測出外語要求是博士生課程的基本組成部分，選C選項“是許多博士項目的重要組成部分”；倒數(shù)第三段Nearly75percentofthedropoutssaidtherewasnoacademicreasonfortheirdecision（近75%的退學者表示，他們的決定沒有學術(shù)原因）可知學術(shù)原因不是導(dǎo)致退學的主要原因，A選項“是退學最常見的原因”不符合原文；B選項“對理科考生來說比人文學科考生來說更難”以及D選項“不同的大學在難度上沒有太大的差別”原文未涉及。因此C選項正確。

34.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文最后一段開頭Astothepossibilityofgettingdropoutsbackoncampus,theoutlookwasglum.（至于讓輟學學生重返校園的可能性，前景不容樂觀）可知無法得出A選項“在讓從博士學位輟學的人重新攻讀學位的問題上，樂觀主義占據(jù)了主導(dǎo)地位”這一結(jié)論；B選項“一個從博士學位退學的人，總的來說，沒有獲得學位所需要的條件”以及C選項“學院和大學雇傭了許多退學學生”文章無提及，因此也沒有能從文章得出這個結(jié)論這一說，排除；根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段最后一句Thismayalsobeanindicationofthefactthattopsalariesintheacademicfields,wherePh.D.s.tendtorisetothehighestsalaries,arestilllaggingbehindotherfields.（這也可能表明這樣一個事實：在博士能掙到最高工資的學術(shù)領(lǐng)域中，高工資仍然落后于其他領(lǐng)域）可以推測出D選項“博士們在非學術(shù)崗位上掙的錢比不上他們應(yīng)得的”，排除。因此A選項符合題意。

35.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)原文倒數(shù)第二段最后一句Thismayalsobeanindicationofthefactthattopsalariesintheacademicfields,wherePh.D.s.tendtorisetothehighestsalaries,arestilllaggingbehindotherfields.（這也可能表明這樣一個事實：在博士能掙到最高工資的學術(shù)領(lǐng)域中，高工資仍然落后于其它領(lǐng)域）以及最后一段Astothepossibilityofgettingdropoutsbackoncampus,theoutlookwasglum.Themainconditionwhichwouldhavetoprevailforatleast25%ofthedropoutswhomightconsiderreturningtograduateschoolwouldbetoguaranteethattheywouldretaintheirpresentlevelofincomeandinsomecasestheirpresentjob.（至于返回校園的可能性，前景不樂觀。至少有25%的退學生可能考慮返回研究生院就讀，條件是保證他們保留現(xiàn)有的收入水平，有些還要保留他們目前的工作）推測出高輟學率主要在于博士的薪水太低，選A選項“博士的薪水太低”；倒數(shù)第三段Nearly75percentofthedropoutssaidtherewasnoacademicreasonfortheirdecision（近75%的退學者表示，他們的決定沒有學術(shù)原因）可知學術(shù)要求太高不是導(dǎo)致退學的主要原因，B選項“學術(shù)要求太高”錯誤；根據(jù)第二段Theyarenotonlydoingwellfinancially,but,accordingtothereport,arenotfarbelowtheincomelevelsofthosewhowentontocompletetheirdoctorates.（他們不僅經(jīng)濟狀況良好，而且，根據(jù)這份報告，他們的收入水平并不比那些繼續(xù)攻讀博士學位的人低多少）可知C選項“輟學者的薪水太高”屬于過度推斷；D選項“1000個職位”和原文不符。因此A選項正確。

6.單選題

BetweentheeighthandeleventhcenturiesA.D.，theByzantineEmpire(拜占庭帝國)stagedanalmostunparalleledeconomicandculturalrevival,arecoverythatisallthemorestrikingbecauseitfollowedalongperiodofsevereinternaldecline.Bytheearlyeighthcentury,theempirehadlostroughlytwo-thirdsoftheterritoryithadpossessedintheyear600,anditsremainingareawasbeingraidedbyArabsandBulgarians,whoattimesthreatenedtotakeConstantinopleandextinguishedtheempirealtogether.Thewealthofthestateanditssubjectswasgreatlydiminished,andartisticandliteraryproductionhadvirtuallyceased.Bytheearlyeleventhcentury,however,theempirehadregainedalmosthalfofitslostpossessions,itsnewfrontiersweresecure,anditsinfluenceextendedfarbeyonditsborders.Theeconomyhadrecovered,thetreasurywasfull,andartandscholarshiphadadvanced.

ToconsidertheByzantinemilitary,cultural,andeconomicadvancesasdifferentiatedaspectsofasinglephenomenonisreasonable.Afterall,thesethreeformsofprogresshavegonetogetherinanumberofstatesandcivilizations.RomeunderAugustusandfifth-centuryAthensprovidethemostobviousexamplesinantiquity.Moreover,anexaminationoftheapparentsequentialconnectionsamongmilitary,economic,andculturalformsofprogressmighthelpexplainthedynamicsofhistoricalchange.

ThecommonexplanationoftheseapparentconnectionsinthecaseofByzantiumwouldrunlikethis:whentheempirehadturnedbackenemyraidsonitsownterritoryandhadbeguntoraidandconquerenemyterritory,Byzantineresourcesnaturallyexpandedandmoremoneybecameavailabletopatronizeartandliterature.Therefore,Byzantinemilitaryachievementsledtoeconomicadvances,whichinturnledtoculturalrevival.

Nodoubtthishypotheticalpatterndidapplyattimesduringthecourseoftherecovery.Yetitisnotclearthatmilitaryadvancesinvariablycamefirst.Economicadvancessecond,andintellectualadvancesthird.Inthe860’stheByzantineEmpirebegantorecoverfromArabincursionssothatby872themilitarybalancewiththeAbbasidCaliphatehadbeenpermanentlyalteredintheempire’sfavor.Thebeginningoftheempire’seconomicrevival,however,canbeplacedbetween810and830.Finally,theByzantinerevivaloflearningappearstohavebegunevenearlier.Anumberofnotablescholarsandwritersappearedby788and,bythelastdecadeoftheeighthcentury,aculturalrevivalwasinfullbloom,arevivalthatlasteduntilthefallofConstantinoplein1453.Thus,thecommonlyexpectedorderofmilitaryrevivalfollowedbyeconomicandthenbyculturalrecoverywasreversedinByzantium.Infact,therevivalofByzantinelearningmayitselfhaveinfluencedthesubsequenteconomicandmilitaryexpansion.

41.Whichofthefollowingbeststatesthecentralideaofthetext?

42.ItcanbeinferredfromthetextthattheByzantineEmpiresustainedsignificantterritoriallosses___.

43.Inthethirdparagraph,theauthormostprobablyprovidesanexplanationoftheapparentconnectionsamongeconomic,military,andculturaldevelopmentinorderto___.

44.WhichofthefollowingdoestheauthormentionascrucialevidenceconcerningthemannerinwhichtheByzantinerevivalbegan?

45.Accordingtotheauthor,“Thecommonexplanation”(paragraph3)ofconnectionsbetweeneconomic,military,andculturaldevelopmentis___.

問題1選項

A.TheByzantineEmpirewasauniquecaseinwhichtheusualorderofmilitaryandeconomicrevivalprecedingculturalrevivalwasreversed.

B.Theeconomic,cultural,andmilitaryrevivalintheByzantineEmpirebetweentheeighthandeleventhcenturieswassimilarinitsordertothesequenceofrevivalinAugustanRomeandfifth-centuryAthens.

C.After810Byzantineeconomicrecoveryspurredamilitaryand,later,culturalexpansionthatlasteduntil1453.

D.TherevivaloftheByzantineEmpirebetweentheeighthandeleventhcenturiesshowsculturalrebirthprecedingeconomicandmilitaryrevival,thereverseofthegenerallyacceptedsequenceofprogress.

問題2選項

A.in600

B.duringtheseventhcentury

C.acenturyaftertheculturalachievementsoftheByzantineEmpirehadbeenlost

D.soonaftertherevivalofByzantinelearning

問題3選項

A.suggestthattheprocessofrevivalinByzantiumaccordswiththismodel

B.setupanorderofeventsthatisthenshowntobenotgenerallyapplicabletothecaseofByzantium

C.castaspersionsontraditionalhistoricalscholarshipaboutByzantium

D.suggestthatByzantiumrepresentsacaseforwhichnohistoricalprecedentexists

問題4選項

A.TheByzantinemilitaryrevivalofthe860’sledtoeconomicandculturaladvances.

B.TheByzantineculturalrevivallasteduntil1453.

C.TheByzantineeconomicrecoverybeganinthe900’s.

D.TherevivalofByzantinelearningbegantowardtheendoftheeighthcentury.

問題5選項

A.revolutionaryandtoonewtohavebeenappliedtothehistoryoftheByzantineEmpire

B.reasonable,butanantiquatedtheoryofthenatureofprogress

C.notapplicabletotheByzantinerevivalasawhole,butdoesperhapsaccuratelydescribelimitedperiodsduringtherevival

D.equallyapplicabletotheByzantinecaseasawholeandtothehistoryofmilitary,economic,andculturaladvancesinancientGreeceandRome

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:B

第4題:D

第5題:C

【解析】41.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段開頭BetweentheeighthandeleventhcenturiesA.D.,theByzantineEmpirestagedanalmostunparalleledeconomicandculturalrevival,arecoverythatisallthemorestrikingbecauseitfollowedalongperiodofsevereinternaldecline.（在公元8世紀到11世紀之間，拜占庭帝國上演了一場幾乎無與倫比的經(jīng)濟和文化復(fù)興，這種復(fù)興之所以格外引人注目，是因為它經(jīng)歷了一段長時間的嚴重內(nèi)部衰退）和最后一段結(jié)尾Thus,thecommonlyexpectedorderofmilitaryrevivalfollowedbyeconomicandthenbyculturalrecoverywasreversedinByzantium.Infact,therevivalofByzantinelearningmayitselfhaveinfluencedthesubsequenteconomicandmilitaryexpansion.（因此，在拜占庭，人們普遍期望的軍事復(fù)興，隨后是經(jīng)濟復(fù)蘇，然后是文化復(fù)蘇的秩序被逆轉(zhuǎn)了。事實上，拜占庭學習的復(fù)興本身可能影響了后來的經(jīng)濟和軍事擴張）可知選D選項“拜占庭帝國在8世紀和11世紀之間的復(fù)興顯示了經(jīng)濟和軍事復(fù)興之前的文化復(fù)興，與普遍接受的進步秩序相反”；根據(jù)第二段開頭ToconsidertheByzantinemilitary,cultural,andeconomicadvancesasdifferentiatedaspectsofasinglephenomenonisreasonable.Afterall,thesethreeformsofprogresshavegonetogetherinanumberofstatesandcivilizations.（將拜占庭的軍事、文化和經(jīng)濟進步視為單一現(xiàn)象的不同方面是合理的。畢竟，這三種形式的進步在許多國家和文明中是同時發(fā)生）可知A選項“拜占庭帝國是一個獨特的例子，在文化復(fù)興之前，通常的軍事和經(jīng)濟復(fù)興的秩序被逆轉(zhuǎn)了”錯誤，文中只是說明了拜占庭帝國的發(fā)展順序與一般的不一樣，但并未說明唯一；B選項“810年后，拜占庭的經(jīng)濟復(fù)蘇刺激了軍事和文化的擴張，這種擴張一直持續(xù)到1453年”，C選項“8世紀拜占庭學術(shù)的復(fù)興是一種無法解釋的現(xiàn)象，它的經(jīng)濟和軍事先驅(qū)尚未被發(fā)現(xiàn)”只是文章中的部分內(nèi)容，并不能概括文章主旨。因此D選項符合題意。

42.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干可以定位到原文第一段Bytheearlyeighthcentury,theempirehadlostroughlytwo-thirdsoftheterritoryithadpossessedintheyear600…（到了八世紀初，帝國在公元600年失去了大約三分之二的領(lǐng)土）可以推斷出在七世紀時拜占庭帝國遭受到了嚴重的領(lǐng)域損失，所以到八世紀初，帝國失去了大約三分之二的領(lǐng)土，選B選項“在七世紀”，同時可知A選項“600年”錯誤；C選項“拜占庭帝國的文化成就消失后的一個世紀”和D選項“拜占庭學習復(fù)興后不久”和原文不符，排除。因此B選項正確。

43.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到第三段ThecommonexplanationoftheseapparentconnectionsinthecaseofByzantiumwouldrunlikethis:whentheempirehadturnedbackenemyraidsonitsownterritoryandhadbeguntoraidandconquerenemyterritory,Byzantineresourcesnaturallyexpandedandmoremoneybecameavailabletopatronizeartandliterature.Therefore,Byzantinemilitaryachievementsledtoeconomicadvances,whichinturnledtoculturalrevival.（在拜占庭的例子中，對這些明顯聯(lián)系的一般解釋是這樣的：當?shù)蹏芙^了敵人對自己領(lǐng)土的襲擊，并開始突襲和征服敵人的領(lǐng)土時，拜占庭的資源自然擴大了，更多的錢可以用來資助藝術(shù)和文學。因此，拜占庭的軍事成就導(dǎo)致了經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展，經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展反過來又導(dǎo)致了文化的復(fù)興）證明拜占庭的情況和常見的事件順序不一樣，則選B選項“建立一個事件的順序，然后顯示不普遍適用于拜占庭的情況”，同時可知A選項“認為拜占庭的復(fù)興過程符合這個模式”錯誤；C選項“對關(guān)于拜占庭的傳統(tǒng)歷史學術(shù)進行誹謗”不是作者的意圖，在文章中看不到與之相關(guān)的線索；D選項“表明拜占庭代表了一個沒有歷史先例的案例”也未在原文確定。因此B選項正確。

44.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】事實細節(jié)題。定位到最后一段Thebeginningoftheempire’seconomicrevival,however,canbeplacedbetween810and830.Finally,theByzantinerevivaloflearningappearstohavebegunevenearlier.（然而，羅馬帝國的經(jīng)濟復(fù)蘇開始于810年至830年之間。最后，拜占庭式的學習復(fù)興似乎更早開始）以及最后一句Infact,therevivalofByzantinelearningmayitselfhaveinfluencedthesubsequenteconomicandmilitaryexpansion.（事實上，拜占庭學習的復(fù)興本身可能影響了后來的經(jīng)濟和軍事擴張）可知選D選項“拜占庭學習的復(fù)興開始于8世紀末”，同時可知A選項“拜占庭軍事的復(fù)興導(dǎo)致了經(jīng)濟和文化的進步”和C選項“拜占庭的經(jīng)濟復(fù)蘇開始于900年”錯誤；B選項“拜占庭文化的復(fù)興持續(xù)到1453年”在原文中有提及，但是不符合題目所問關(guān)于拜占庭復(fù)興方式的關(guān)鍵證據(jù)，排除。因此D選項正確。

45.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第三段ThecommonexplanationoftheseapparentconnectionsinthecaseofByzantiumwouldrunlikethis:whentheempirehadturnedbackenemyraidsonitsownterritoryandhadbeguntoraidandconquerenemyterritory,Byzantineresourcesnaturallyexpandedandmoremoneybecameavailabletopatronizeartandliterature.（在拜占庭的例子中，對這些明顯聯(lián)系的一般解釋是這樣的：當?shù)蹏芙^了敵人對自己領(lǐng)土的襲擊，并開始突襲和征服敵人的領(lǐng)土時，拜占庭的資源自然擴大了，更多的錢可以用來資助藝術(shù)和文學）以及結(jié)合第四段開頭Nodoubtthishypotheticalpatterndidapplyattimesduringthecourseoftherecovery.（毫無疑問，在經(jīng)濟復(fù)蘇的過程中，這種假設(shè)模式有時確實適用）可知選C選項“不適用于拜占庭的整個復(fù)興，但可能準確地描述了復(fù)興期間的有限時期”，同時可知A選項“革命性的，太新了，不適合應(yīng)用于拜占庭帝國的歷史”以及D選項“同樣適用于整個拜占庭案件以及古希臘和羅馬的軍事、經(jīng)濟和文化進步的歷史”錯誤；B選項“合理的，但是一個關(guān)于進步本質(zhì)的過時的理論”原文未涉及，排除。因此C選項正確。

7.翻譯題

1.TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoChinese(5marks)

It’sanotherbad-airdayinBeijing.Youcanbarelysee.Youcanbarelybreathe.Butyoucanfeel—andeventaste—thegritfloatingintheair.TheWorldHealthOrganizationhassethealthylevelofAirQualityIndexat25micrograms,whileBeijingconsidersa300readingas“Bad”and500as“Hazardous.”Lastweekend,however,itbreached700!“I’mgettingitchy,”complainedmydaughterMichelle,visitingusfromNewYork.“Icouldfeelitatthebackofmythroat.”

LongtimeexpatriateresidentsintheChinesecapitaljokinglycallitthe“Beijingtickle(癢癢)”,anaggingcoughthattakesalongtimetoshrugoff.

【答案】北京又是一個空氣不好的日子。你幾乎看不見。你幾乎不能呼吸。但你能感覺到——甚至嘗到——漂浮在空氣中的沙礫。世界衛(wèi)生組織將空氣質(zhì)量指數(shù)的健康水平定為25微克，而北京認為300微克是“不好的”，500微克是“危險的”。然而，上周末，空氣質(zhì)量指數(shù)突破了700微克！“我有點癢！”米歇爾來紐約時抱怨道，“我能感覺到它在我的喉嚨后面?！?/p>

在中國首都的長期外籍居民開玩笑地稱之為“北京癢癢”，需要很長時間才能擺脫的持續(xù)咳嗽。

8.單選題

Iwastaken___whenIsawhimbecausehehadlostallhishair.

問題1選項

A.aback

B.aside

C.about

D.apart

【答案】A

【解析】考查固定搭配。A選項betakenaback“吃驚；大為震驚”；B選項takeaside“把……叫到一旁”；C選項takeabout“領(lǐng)……游覽……；帶某人出入娛樂場所”；D選項takeapart“拆開；剖析；粗暴對待”。句意：當我看到他的時候，我很___，因為他的頭發(fā)全都掉光了。本句表達“看到他頭發(fā)掉光我很震驚”的意思，因此A選項正確。

9.單選題

Ⅳ.(CriminalLaw)

ThefirstchallengeforcriminalresponsibilityforcollectiveperpetrationsiswhetherthenotionofcollectiveactioncanbemadesenseforthepurposesofInternationalCriminalLaw.AsKutzsuggeststheissueofinclusionandexclusionofmembersfromacollectiveactionis“alwaysbothnormativeandfactual”,because“thechoiceofappropriatedescriptivelevel”remainsamatteroflegalpolicy.Iftherequirementsforcollectiveactionaresettoostrictthenmanyparticipantswillbeexcused.Ontheotherhandtoolaxrequirementsincreaseprosecutor’sdiscretionandallowchargingwiderrangeofindividuals,attheexpenseofimplicatingtoomanyindividualsandpossiblyrenderingpunishmentcontroversialandover-inclusiveonthelevelofthesystem.

Inanycaseacollectiveintentionstestisnecessaryinordertobeabletoholdanyparticularindividualresponsibleasopposedtochargingeveryoneontheoneextreme,orattributingharmtoindeterminatecausesontheother.Besidesidentifyingindividualsinvolvedincooperativeharmdoingcollectiveintentionwillbenecessaryforattributionofharmtosuchcausallyresponsibleindividuals.Furthermoreasarguedinthesectiononmoralblameaconsiderationofdecisionmethodinacollectiveaction,whichisnecessaryfordistributionofmoralblame,isalsoimpossiblewithoutaconceptionofcollectiveintention.

Theproblemofcollectiveintentionsisdownplayedbythe“romantic”argumentforcollectiveguilt,asitjumpstodrawthemembershipalongthestatelines,whichultimatelyleadstoproblemsof“guiltlesssincerity”and“excessoftransmissionbybirth”.Partofthe“romantic”appealstemsfromtheimplicationofstateagencyincrimesagainsthumanity(through“stateandorganizationalpolicy”)andwarcrimesaccordingtothepublicinternationallaw.Whereasthequestionsofretroactivesuspensionoflegalordersorimmunityofstateofficialsaresometimesstillrelevantlegalobstaclesforprosecutinghumanrightsviolations,thisworkdiscardssuchissuesasirrelevantforthepurposesofexcusesandjustificationsundertheRomeStatute(國際刑事法院羅馬規(guī)約).Collectiveactionincasesofcrimesagainsthumanityorwarcrimescouldbemanifestedinspontaneouscoordinatedactions,mobviolence,governmentactionsordecentralizednetworksoutsidethecolorofthelaw.Variouspassiveorindeterminatefacts,suchasmilitaryculture,religiousortraditionalinstitutions,ideologyorlegalsystemcanandoftenaremanipulatedbyperpetratorstoblendcollectiveactionwithhistorical,naturalorevensupernaturalcauses.Thiswayevenleadersandinfluentialdecisionmakerswouldclaimthattheyfollowednecessityorthattheircrueltyweredeterminedbytheanarchic,anomicorelseapocalypticconditionsofwar.

63.Thebesttopicforthefirstparagraphis___.

64.Todeterminecollectiveintentionsisnecessary___.

65.WhichofthefollowingstatementisNOTmentionedintheparagraph3?

66.PerpetratorscanandoftenmanipulatethefollowingBUT___.

問題1選項

A.CriminalResponsibilityforCollectivePerpetrations

B.TheDefectofSettingTooStrictaLevel

C.TheDifficultiesinChoosinganAppropriateDescriptiveLevelofCollectiveAction

D.TheDefectofSettingTooLaxaLevel

問題2選項

A.toholdanyparticularindividualresponsible

B.tochargeeveryoneresponsible

C.foraconsiderationofdecisionmethod

D.toattributeharmtoindeterminatecauses

問題3選項

A.Theargumentofcollectiveguiltdilutestheproblemsofcollectiveintentions.

B.Theretroactivesuspensionoflegalorderissometimesrelevanttohumanrightsviolations.

C.Theargumentofcollectiveguiltstemsfrompublicinternationallaw.

D.Theargumentofcollectiveguiltdealswithmembershipthroughstateresponsibility.

問題4選項

A.militaryculture

B.religiousortraditionalinstitutions

C.ideologyorlegalsystem

D.collectiveaction.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:D

【解析】63.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第一段AsKutzsuggeststheissueofinclusionandexclusionofmembersfromacollectiveactionis“alwaysbothnormativeandfactual”,because“thechoiceofappropriatedescriptivelevel”remainsamatteroflegalpolicy.（正如庫茨所指出，將成員納入和排除在集體行動之外的問題“總是規(guī)范性和事實性的”，因為“選擇適當?shù)拿枋鏊健比匀皇且粋€法律政策問題）可知選C選項“在選擇適當?shù)募w行動描述水平方面的困難”；A選項“集體犯罪的刑事責任”；B選項“等級設(shè)置過嚴的缺陷”以及D選項“水平設(shè)置過松的缺陷”都是為了證明選擇適當?shù)募w行動描述水平的困難，是這一觀點的論據(jù)，不足以概括第一段的內(nèi)容。因此C選項正確。

64.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第二段第一句Inanycaseacollectiveintentionstestisnecessaryinordertobeabletoholdanyparticularindividualresponsibleasopposedtochargingeveryoneontheoneextreme,orattributingharmtoindeterminatecausesontheother.（在任何情況下，集體意圖檢驗都是必要的，以便能夠追究任何特定個人的責任，而不是將所有人歸為一個極端，或?qū)w因于另一種不確定的原因）可知選A選項“追究任何特定個人的責任”，同時可知B選項“追究每個人的責任”，D選項“將傷害歸因于不確定的原因”不符合原文；第二段Furthermoreasarguedinthesectiononmoralblameaconsiderationofdecisionmethodinacollectiveaction,whichisnecessaryfordistributionofmoralblame,isalsoimpossiblewithoutaconceptionofcollectiveintention.（此外，正如道德責備一節(jié)所論證的那樣，如果沒有集體意圖的概念，集體行動中決策方法的考慮也是不可能的，這對于道德責備的分配是必要的）可知集體行動中決策方法的考慮對道德責備的分配是必要的，而不是對集體意圖必要，C選項“考慮決策方法”邏輯關(guān)系錯誤。因此A選項正確。

65.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第三段Theproblemofcollectiveintentionsisdownplayedbythe“romantic”argumentforcollectiveguilt（集體罪責的“浪漫”論點淡化了集體意圖的問題）對應(yīng)A選項“集體犯罪的論點淡化了集體意圖的問題”；第三段Whereasthequestionsofretroactivesuspensionoflegalordersorimmunityofstateofficialsaresometimesstillrelevantlegalobstaclesforprosecutinghumanrightsviolations（然而，追溯中止法律命令或國家官員豁免的問題有時仍然是起訴侵犯人權(quán)行為的相關(guān)法律障礙）對應(yīng)B選項“追溯中止法律秩序有時與侵犯人權(quán)有關(guān)”；第二段Partofthe“romantic”appealstemsfromtheimplicationofstateagencyincrimesagainsthumanity(through“stateandorganizationalpolicy”)andwarcrimesaccordingtothepublicinternationallaw.（這種“浪漫”的吸引力部分源于國家機構(gòu)涉嫌違反國際公法的反人類罪（通過“國家和組織政策”）和戰(zhàn)爭罪）對應(yīng)C選項“集體有罪的論點源于國際公法”；D選項“集體犯罪的論點通過國家責任來處理成員問題”未在第三段提及。因此D選項符合題意。

66.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵字“Perpetrators”定位到原文最后一段Variouspassiveorindeterminatefacts,suchasmilitaryculture,religiousortraditionalinstitutions,ideologyorlegalsystemcanandoftenaremanipulatedbyperpetratorstoblendcollectiveactionwithhistorical,naturalorevensupernaturalcauses.（各種消極或不確定的事實，如軍事文化、宗教或傳統(tǒng)機構(gòu)、意識形態(tài)或法律制度，可以而且往往被肇事者操縱，將集體行動與歷史、自然甚至超自然原因相結(jié)合）對應(yīng)A選項“軍事文化”，B選項“宗教或傳統(tǒng)機構(gòu)”以及C選項“意識形態(tài)或法律體系”；不涉及D選項“集體行動”。因此D選項符合題意。

10.單選題

Ⅵ.Internationalenvironmentallawseemstohavereachedanimpasse.Thisishardlysurprising:thecomplexityofenvironmentalproblems,evenwhenconsideredapartfromunderlyingsocial,political,