文本參考kuka培訓(xùn)

TCP/IPEachcomputertakingpartindatatrafficreceivesanaddresswhichidentifiesitunambiguously(IPaddress).Theoretically,about4.3billionindividualdevicescouldbedistinguished..193.213.951944bytes(decimal)1100000111011011010111111100001032bits(binary)Networknumber(networkprefix)HostnumberComputernumberThisissimilartotelephoneareacodesandsubscribernumbers.Example:10110011.11000001.10011010.00001011=(1)Itissubdividedintoanetworknumber(networkprefix)andaputernumber.IPv432-bitnumber(IPv6128-bit)TCP/IPNetworkclassesinIPnetworksClassA0NetworkHost8bits24bitsClassB10NetworkHost16bits16bitsClassC110NetworkHost24bits8bitsTCP/IPClassAIfthefirstbitoftheaddressis0,thentheaddressbelongstoClassA:Bits0to7specifythenetwork.

Bits8to31specifythecomputer.Atotalof126networkswith16,777,214computerseacharepossible.

0XXX.

XXXX…….(0-126)2Ifthefirsttwobitsoftheaddressare10,thentheaddressbelongstoClassB:Bits0to15specifythenetwork.

Bits16to31specifythecomputer.Atotalof16,382networkswith65,534computerseacharepossible.ClassB

TCP/IP10XX.XXXX…….(128-191)2Ifthefirstthreebitsoftheaddressare110,thentheaddressbelongstoClassC:Bits0to23specifythenetwork.

Bits24to31specifythecomputer.Atotalof2,097,150networkswith254computerseacharepossible.

ClassCTCP/IPClassDforspecialhostsClassEreserved110XXXXX…….(192-223)2TCP/IPSubdivisionoflargenetworksintosubnetworks(organizationalstructures).PartoftheIPaddressisspecifiedasthesubnetaddress.Inorderforahosttorecognizewhetheritistheintendedrecipientofadatapacket,itmustknowwhichpartoftheIPaddressisasubnetaddress(subnetmask).Subnetmasksare32-bitdatawords.Bitssetto"1"indicatewhichpartoftheIPaddressisanetworknumberandwhichpartisthehostnumber.SubnetmaskTCP/IPExampleofanIPaddressinasubnetwork:00010111000000110001111010001011BinaryIPaddress11000000111111111111111111111111Binarysubnetmask192.255.255255Subnetmask.23.3.30139IPaddressNetworkHostClassBsubnetworkClassBnetwork(networkID139.30.)TCP/IPTheTCPprotocolcreatesaconnectionbetweenthecommunicationschannelandtheapplicationprogram.

Thisisdoneviaports.

Eachporthasanumberbywhichitcanbeidentified.

"Servicedeclaration"Standardports:

Protocol Portnumber

FTP 21

Telnet 23

SMTP 25

POP 110

HTTP 80/8080PortsThecombinationofanIPaddressandaportiscalleda"socket".Example:

FTPsocket0:21Userports 1024-4999Serverports 5000-65535TCP/IPEthernet;TokenRingNetworklayerIPInternetlayerTCP,UDPTransportlayerHTTP;FTP;TELNET;SMTP;DNS,RIPApplicationlayerTCP/IPprotocolsTCP/IPlayerTCP/IPasaprotocolstack:DuetothedifferenceinagebetweenTCP/IP(older)andtheOSImodel(newer),thelayersofthetwomodelsarenotcompletelyidentical.PhysicalDatalinkNetworkTransportSessionPresentationApplicationPhysicalInternetTransportApplication4321OSITCP/IP7654321TCP/IP-ExampleofTCP/IPtransmissionviaFTPETH.IPTCPFTPETH.IPTCPFTPTransmissionmediumClientServerApplicationTransportInternetNetworkTCP-HeadDataTCP-HeadDataIP-HeadTCP-HeadDataIP-HeadEN-HeadCRCSegmentFrameDatagramPort-NumberIP-AddressHardware-AddressIPaddress/IPportIPaddressAUTOMATICMANUAL*Planningofclass(es)/sizesDHCP

DynamicHostConfigurationProtocolAutomaticallyassignedbytheDHCPserverattimeoflogon

(leasingprinciple)Routing,DNSinformationviaDHCPConfigurationofthecomputers(listing)Routing,DNSinformationprovidedmanually*Onlyadvisableforsmallnetworks!**DomainlogonisonlypossiblewithadministratorprivilegesAssignmentofaddresses:TCP/IPDomain**orworkgroupsstructure?TCP/IPExampleofaDHCPserver:Let'sassume,forexample,thatthenetworkaddressoftheLANisfromto8.

Thisisasubnetw