2022年考研考博-考博英語(yǔ)-哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號(hào)93

住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語(yǔ)-哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實(shí)際調(diào)整大小）題型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

In1923theinnovativeRussianfilmmakerDzigaVertovdescribedfilmmakingasaprocessthatleadsviewerstowarda“freshperceptionoftheworld.”Vertov’sdescriptionoffilmmakingshouldapplytofilmsonthesubjectofart.Yetfilmsonarthavenothadapowerfulandpervasiveeffectonthewaywesee.

Publicationsonartflourish,butthesebooksandarticlesdonotnecessarilysucceedinteachingustoseemoredeeplyormoreclearly.Muchwritinginarthistoryadvancesthediscourseinthefieldbutisunlikelytoinformtheeyeofoneunfamiliarwithitspolemics.Films,however,withtheircapacitytopresentmaterialvisuallyandtoreachabroaderaudience,havethepotentialtoenhancevisualliteracy(theabilitytoidentifythedetailsthatcharacterizeaparticularstyle)moreeffectivelythanpublicationscan.Unfortunately,fewofthehundredorsofilmsonartthataremadeeachyearintheUnitedStatesarebroadcastnationallyonprime-timetelevision.

Thefactthatfilmsonartarerarelyseenonprime-timetelevisionmaybeduenotonlytolimitationsondistributionbutalsototheshortcomingsofmanysuchfilms.Someoftheseshortcomingscanbeattributedtothefailureofarthistoriansandfilmmakerstocollaboratecloselyenoughwhenmakingfilmsonart.Theseprofessionalsareable,withintheirrespectivedisciplines,toincreaseourawarenessofvisualforms.Forclosecollaborationtooccur,professionalsineachdisciplineneedtorecognizethatfilmsonartcanbebotheducationalandentertaining,butthiswillrequirecompromiseonbothsides.Afilmmakerwhoiscreatingafilmabouttheworkofanartistshouldnotfollowthestandardssetbyrockvideosandadvertising.Filmmakersneedtoresisttheimpulsetomovethecameraquicklyfromdetailtodetailforfearofboringtheviewer,toframetheimageforthesakeofdramaalone,toadmusicforfearofsilence.Filmmakersareawarethatanartobjectdemandsconcentrationand,atthesametime,areconcernedthatitmaynotbecompellingenough-andsotheyhopetoprovidereliefbyinterposing“real”scenesthatbearonlyatangentialrelationshiptothesubject.Butaworkofartneedstobeexploredonitsownterms.Ontheotherhand,arthistoriansneedtotrustthatonecanindicateandanalyze,notsolelywithwords,butalsobydirectingtheviewer’sgaze.Thespecializedwrittenlanguageofarthistoryneedstoberelinquishedoratleasttemperedforthescreen.Onlyaneffectivecollaborationbetweenfilmmakersandarthistorianscancreatefilmsthatwillenhanceviewers’perceptionsofart.

1.Thepassagesuggeststhatafilmmakerdesiringtoenhanceviewers’perceptionsofartshoulddowhichofthefollowing?

2.TheauthorofthepassagereferstoVertovinthefirstparagraphmostprobablyinorderto

3.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthepassage?

4.Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith（

）.

5.Theauthorwouldmostlikelyagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutfilmandvisualliteracy?

6.Accordingtothepassage,arthistoriansdesiringtoworkwithfilmmakerstoenhancethepublic’sappreciationofartneedtoacknowledgewhichofthefollowing?

7.Whichofthefollowingwoulddescribetheauthor’smostlikelyreactiontoaclaimthatfilmsonartwouldmoresuccessfullypromotevisualliteracyiftheyfollowedthestandardssetforrockvideos?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Relyonthepreciselanguageofarthistorywhendevelopingscriptsforfilmsonart.

B.Relyondramaticnarrativeandmusictosetafilm’stoneandstyle.

C.Recognizethataworkofartbyitselfcanbecompellingenoughtoholdaviewer’sattention.

D.Dependmorestronglyonnarrationinsteadofcameramovementstoguidetheviewer’sgaze.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.provideanexampleofhowfilmscanbeusedtoinfluenceperceptions

B.presentevidencetosupporttheargumentthatfilmshavebeenusedsuccessfullytoinfluenceviewers’perceptions

C.introducethenotionthatfilmcaninfluencehowviewerssee

D.contrastatraditionalviewoftheusesoffilmwithamoremodemview

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Anobservationaboutanunsatisfactorysituationisoffered,thereasonsforthesituationarediscussed,andthenwaystochangeitaresuggested.

B.Twoopinionsregardingacontroversialphenomenonarecontrasted,supportingevidenceforeachispresented,andthenthetwoopinionsarereconciled.

C.Criticismofapointofviewisdiscussed,thecriticismisanswered,andthenthecriticismisappliedtoanotherpointofview.

D.Apointofviewisdescribed,evidencesupportingtheviewisprovided,andthenasummaryispresented.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.discussingwhyfilm’spotentialasamediumforpresentingarttothegeneralpublichasnotbeenfullyrealizedandhowfilmmightbemademoreeffectiveinthisregard

B.discussingtheshortcomingsoffilmsonartandthetechnologicalinnovationsrequiredtoincreasetheimpactoffilmonvisualliteracy

C.discussingtheadvantagesandthedisadvantagesofusingfilmsratherthanpublicationstopresentworksofarttothegeneralpublic

D.presentinginformationtosupporttheviewthatfilmsonartmustfocusmoreoneducationandlessonentertainmentinordertoincreasevisualliteracy.

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.Readingapublicationaboutaworkofartandthenseeingafilmaboutthesameworkisthemosteffectivewaytodevelopvisualliteracy.

B.Anincreaseinaviewer’sawarenessofvisualformswillalsoleadtoanincreasedattentionspan.

C.Filmhasagreatbutnotyetfullyexploitedcapacitytoincreaseviewers’awarenessofvisualforms.

D.Afilmthatfocusesonthedetailsofaworkofartwillhinderthedevelopmentofvisualliteracy.

問(wèn)題6選項(xiàng)

A.Thearthistorian’sroleinthecreationofafilmonartislikelytobearelativelyminorone.

B.Filmcanusenonverbalmeanstoachievesomeofthesameresultsthataspokenorwrittendiscoursecanachieve.

C.Anin-depthanalysisofaworkofartisnotanappropriatetopicforafilmonart.

D.Althoughsilencemaybeanappropriateback-groundwhenviewingaworkofartinamuseum,itisinappropriateinafilm.

問(wèn)題7選項(xiàng)

A.Ambivalence

B.Indifference

C.Sympathy

D.Disdain

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:B

第5題:C

第6題:B

第7題:D

【解析】1.根據(jù)文章第三段：Filmmakersareawarethatanartobjectdemandsconcentration.制片人要意識(shí)到藝術(shù)的目標(biāo)就是吸引注意力。確定C選項(xiàng)‘承認(rèn)藝術(shù)作品本身有足夠的魅力可以吸引觀眾的注意’正確。A選項(xiàng)‘在創(chuàng)作藝術(shù)類(lèi)電影時(shí)，需要精準(zhǔn)的藝術(shù)史語(yǔ)言’、B選項(xiàng)‘設(shè)計(jì)電影基調(diào)與風(fēng)格時(shí)，需要戲劇性的敘事與音樂(lè)’和D選項(xiàng)‘要抓住觀眾的注意力，更多的依靠的是敘事，而不是移動(dòng)的鏡頭’與原文不符，排除。

2.根據(jù)文章第一段：...describedfilmmakingasaprocessthatleadsviewerstowarda“freshperceptionoftheworld”.Vertov’sdescriptionoffilmmakingshouldapplytofilmsonthesubjectofart.認(rèn)為電影制作是一個(gè)讓觀眾重新感知世界的過(guò)程。托夫影制作的描述是把電影看成是一種藝術(shù)。確定C選項(xiàng)‘闡述一個(gè)概念：電影是如何影響觀眾的視覺(jué)’正確。A選項(xiàng)‘舉個(gè)例子說(shuō)明電影可以影響感知力’、B選項(xiàng)‘為以下論點(diǎn)提供論據(jù)：電影已經(jīng)成功影響了觀眾的感知力’和D選項(xiàng)‘將對(duì)電影作用的傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)與現(xiàn)代觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行比較’與原文不符，排除。

3.整個(gè)文章是按照先講問(wèn)題，再分析原因，最后提出解決辦法這一模式行文的，所以A選項(xiàng)‘先提出觀察到的令人不滿意的現(xiàn)狀，再分析原因，最后給出解決方法’正確。B選項(xiàng)‘先提出兩個(gè)矛盾的觀點(diǎn)，再提出各自支持的論據(jù)，最后將兩個(gè)矛盾綜合’、C選項(xiàng)‘先批駁一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)，再反駁回去，然后再批駁另一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)’和D選項(xiàng)‘先提出一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)，再給支持該觀點(diǎn)的論據(jù)，最后總結(jié)’不符合原文的寫(xiě)作結(jié)構(gòu)，排除。

4.根據(jù)文章第二段：Films...havethepotentialtoenhancevisualliteracymoreeffectivelythanpublicationscan:電影比出版物更具有提高觀眾視覺(jué)認(rèn)識(shí)能力的潛力。第三段：Thefactthatfilmsonartarerarelyseenonprime-timetelevisionmaybeduenotonlytolimitationsondistributionbutalsototheshortcomingsofmanysuchfilms.藝術(shù)類(lèi)電影很少在黃金時(shí)段播出，究其原因，一方面是因?yàn)榉峙涞南拗?，另一方面就是許多這類(lèi)影片本身的不足之處。由確定B選項(xiàng)‘討論藝術(shù)類(lèi)電影本身的不足之處以及技術(shù)創(chuàng)新，要求提高對(duì)視覺(jué)認(rèn)識(shí)能力的影響力’符合題意。A選項(xiàng)‘討論電影作為媒體，其向大眾傳播藝術(shù)的潛力沒(méi)有得到充分發(fā)揮的原因，以及電影在這方面或許有著更大的效應(yīng)’、C選項(xiàng)‘討論與出版物相比，運(yùn)用電影這一方式向大眾宣傳藝術(shù)作品的優(yōu)勢(shì)與劣勢(shì)’和D選項(xiàng)‘為以下觀點(diǎn)提供論據(jù)：藝術(shù)類(lèi)電影為了提高觀眾的視覺(jué)認(rèn)識(shí)能力，把重點(diǎn)放在教育意義上而非娛樂(lè)性‘不符合原文，排除。

5.根據(jù)文章第三段：Afilmmakerwhoiscreatingafilmabouttheworkofanartistshouldnotfollowthestandardssetbyrockvideosandadvertising.創(chuàng)作藝術(shù)類(lèi)影片的制片人不應(yīng)當(dāng)遵循拍攝搖滾影片和廣告的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。Butaworkofartneedstobeexploredonitsownterms.Ontheotherhand,arthistoriansneedtotrustthatonecanindicateandanalyze,notsolelywithwords...藝術(shù)作品需要開(kāi)發(fā)出屬于自己的特色語(yǔ)言或術(shù)語(yǔ)。藝術(shù)歷史學(xué)家也要相信觀眾有能力去辨析，而不是僅僅依靠言語(yǔ)。確定C選項(xiàng)‘電影在提高觀眾的視覺(jué)形式意識(shí)方面，大有潛力可挖’正確。A選項(xiàng)‘閱讀有關(guān)藝術(shù)作品的出版物，然后看一場(chǎng)同類(lèi)型的電影，這是提高觀眾視覺(jué)認(rèn)識(shí)能力最有效的方法’、B選項(xiàng)‘觀眾視覺(jué)認(rèn)識(shí)能力的擴(kuò)大將擴(kuò)大觀眾注意力的范圍’和D選項(xiàng)‘以藝術(shù)類(lèi)作品為題裁的電影將會(huì)阻礙視覺(jué)認(rèn)識(shí)能力的發(fā)展’不符合原文。

6.根據(jù)文章第三段：Afilmmakerwhoiscreatingafilmabouttheworkofanartistshouldnotfollowthestandardssetbyrockvideosandadvertising.創(chuàng)作藝術(shù)類(lèi)影片的制片人不應(yīng)當(dāng)遵循拍攝搖滾影片和廣告的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。Butaworkofartneedstobeexploredonitsownterms.Ontheotherhand,arthistoriansneedtotrustthatonecanindicateandanalyze,notsolelywithwords...：藝術(shù)作品需要開(kāi)發(fā)出屬于自己的特色語(yǔ)言或術(shù)語(yǔ)。藝術(shù)歷史學(xué)家也要相信觀眾有能力去辨析，而不是僅僅依靠言語(yǔ)。由此確定B選項(xiàng)‘演講或書(shū)面言語(yǔ)所取得的效果，電影可以通過(guò)非言語(yǔ)的方式獲得同樣的效果‘正確。A選項(xiàng)‘藝術(shù)歷史學(xué)家創(chuàng)作藝術(shù)類(lèi)電影的作用相對(duì)降低了’、C選項(xiàng)‘進(jìn)一步分析藝術(shù)類(lèi)作品不適合成為藝術(shù)類(lèi)電影的主題的原因’和D選項(xiàng)‘在博物館欣賞藝術(shù)作品時(shí)，寂靜與之最為相村，可是這一點(diǎn)并不適合用在電影中’不符合原文，排除。

7.根據(jù)文章第三段：Afilmmakerwhoiscreatingafilmabouttheworkofanartistshouldnotfollowthestandardssetbyrockvideosandadvertising.合作藝術(shù)類(lèi)影片的制片人不應(yīng)當(dāng)遵循拍攝搖滾影片和廣告的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。Butaworkofartneedstobeexploredonitsownterms.藝術(shù)作品需要開(kāi)發(fā)出屬于自己的特色語(yǔ)言或術(shù)語(yǔ)。由此得出，如果遵照做了，勢(shì)必產(chǎn)生相反的效果。所以D選項(xiàng)‘蔑視’符合題意。A選項(xiàng)‘矛盾心理’、B選項(xiàng)‘漠不關(guān)心’和C選項(xiàng)‘同情’不符合原文，排除。

2.翻譯題

研究人員稱(chēng)，遠(yuǎn)程辦公等彈性工作模式有益于身體健康。研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，如果人們有條件在家工作，壓縮工作周的時(shí)間，那他們就可以選擇更為健康的生活方式，鍛煉身體的機(jī)會(huì)增多，睡眠也會(huì)更好。

可能彈性工作模式讓人們能有更充裕的時(shí)間來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)健康的生活方式，或者是它讓人們能更好的安排自己的時(shí)間。彈性工作制最初是為了幫助人們（尤其是女性）同時(shí)兼顧工作和家庭，但有關(guān)證據(jù)表明這顯然不僅僅是女性的問(wèn)題。

研究人員對(duì)一家大型醫(yī)藥公司職員的“健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估”進(jìn)行了分析，職員涉及倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)，生產(chǎn)和管理等多個(gè)不同的崗位。

一名研究人員說(shuō)：“這不僅僅針對(duì)管理層，而是涉及到公司各個(gè)崗位的員工?！彼f(shuō)，該研究能讓衛(wèi)生部門(mén)和相關(guān)機(jī)構(gòu)認(rèn)識(shí)到，給員工更多的自由其實(shí)能帶來(lái)很多益處。但他也說(shuō)，要評(píng)估彈性工作制的長(zhǎng)期益處還需要開(kāi)展進(jìn)一步研究。

【答案】Aflexibleworklifesuchastelecommutingisgoodforourhealth,researcherssaid.Theyfoundthatifpeoplehavetheabilitytoworkathomeandtocompressworkweeks,theyaremorelikelytomakehealthierlifestylechoices,toexercisemoreandtosleepbetter.

Perhapsitgivespeoplethetimetofitinhealthierlifestyleintotheireverydayregimenormaybeitjustenablespeopletobettermanagetheirtime.Whiletheprimarypurposebehindtheflexibilitymovementwastohelppeople,especiallywomen,combineworkandfamily,evidencesuggeststhisisclearlynotonlyawomen'sissue.

TheresearchersanalyzeHealthRiskAppraisalsfromemployeesinjobsrangingfromwarehouseandproductionworkerstoexecutivesatalargemultinationalpharmaceuticalcompany.

"It'snotjustaboutmanagement,"saysoneresearcher."It'saboutpeopleineverypositioninthecompany."Hesaidthestudycouldhelphealthdepartmentsandagenciesrealizethatgivingworkersmorefreedomcouldhavemanybenefits.But,headded,furtherresearchwasneededtoassessthelong-termbenefits.

3.單選題

Everyprofessionortrade,everyart,andeveryartsciencehasitstechnicalvocabulary.

Differentoccupations,however,differwidelyinthecharacteroftheirspecialvocabularies.Intradesandhandicrafts,andothervocations,likefarmingandfishery,thathaveoccupiedgreatnumbersofmenfromremotetimes,thetechnicalvocabulary,isveryold.Itconsistslargelyofnativewords,orofborrowedwordsthathaveworkedthemselvesintotheveryfiberofourfamiliarinsound,andmoregenerallyunderstoodthanmostothertechnicalities.Thespecialdialectsoflaw,medicine,divinity,andphilosophyhavealso,intheirolderstrata,becomeprettyfamiliartocultivatedpersonsandhavecontributedmuchtothepopularvocabulary.Yeteveryvocationstillpossessesalargebodyoftechnicaltermsthatremainessentiallyforeign,eventoeducatedspeech.Andtheproportionhasbeenmuchincreasedinthelastfiftyyears,particularlyinthevariousdepartmentsofnaturalandpoliticalscienceandinthemechanicarts.Herenewtermsarecoinedwiththegreatestfreedomandabandonedwithindifferencewhentheyhaveservedtheirturn.Mostofthenewcoinagesareconfinedtospecialdiscussions,andseldomgetintogeneralliteratureorconversation.Yetnoprofessionisnowadays,asallprofessiononcewere,acloseguild（行會(huì)）.Thelawers,thephysician,themanofscience,thedivine,associatedfreelywithhisfellow-creatures,anddoesnotmeettheminamerelyprofessionalway.Furthermore,whatiscalled’’popularscience"makeseverybodyacquaintedwithmodemviewsandrecentdiscoveries.Anyimportantexperiment,thoughmadeinaremoteorprovinciallaboratory,isatoncereportedinthenewspapers,andeverybodyissoontalkingaboutitasinthecaseoftheRoentgenraysandwirelesstelegraphy.Thusourcommonspeechisalwaystakingupnewtechnicaltermsandmakingthemcommonplace.

1.Specialwordsusedintechnicaldiscussion（

）.

2.Itistruethat（

）

3.Inrecentyears,therehasbeenamarkedincreaseinthenumberoftechnicaltermsintheterminologyof（

）.

4.Thewriterofthearticlewasundoubtedly（

）.

5.Theauthor'smainpurposeinthepassageisto（

）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.neverlastlong

B.shouldbeconfinedtoscientificfields

C.maybecomepartofcommonspeech

D.areconsideredartificiallanguagespeech

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.everyoneisinterestedinscientificfinding

B.theaveragemanoftenusesinhisownvocabularywhatwasoncetechnicallanguagenotmeantforhim

C.aneducatedpersonwouldbeexpectedtoknowmosttechnicalterms

D.variousprofessionsandoccupationsofteninterchangetheirdialectsandjargons

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.fishery

B.farming

C.government

D.sports

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.alinguist

B.anattorney

C.anscientist

D.anessayist

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.describeaphenomenon

B.proposeasolution

C.beentertaining

D.argueabelief

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:A

第5題:A

【解析】1.根據(jù)文章最后一句：Thusourcommonspeechisalwaystakingupnewtechnicaltermsandmakingthemcommonplace.因此，我們的日常用語(yǔ)總是采用新的技術(shù)術(shù)語(yǔ)，使它們變得司空見(jiàn)慣。在一種新的技術(shù)詞匯產(chǎn)生之后，經(jīng)過(guò)同化，變成了日常語(yǔ)言的一部分。所以C選項(xiàng)正確。

2.文章說(shuō)明了一種現(xiàn)象，即在新的科技成果出現(xiàn)后，便成為人們津津樂(lè)道的話題，變成人們?nèi)粘Ｉ畹囊徊糠帧€(gè)人也將科技成果變成日常生活用于的一部分，所以B選項(xiàng)‘普通人經(jīng)常在自己的詞匯中使用曾經(jīng)對(duì)他毫無(wú)意義的技術(shù)語(yǔ)言‘正確。

3.particularlyinthevariousdepartmentsofnaturalandpoliticalscienceandinthemechanicarts.可知，在自然科學(xué)、政治學(xué)科以及機(jī)械藝術(shù)方面的詞匯大量增加，C選項(xiàng)符合題意。

4.全文討論了專(zhuān)業(yè)詞匯、科技詞匯與人們?nèi)粘Ｉ畹年P(guān)系，可知作者從語(yǔ)言學(xué)的角度分析了科技產(chǎn)生的詞匯。作者應(yīng)屬于語(yǔ)言學(xué)家，A選項(xiàng)符合題意。

5.文章至始至終在討論科技產(chǎn)生伴隨著科技詞匯的產(chǎn)生，進(jìn)而科技詞匯也影響著人們的日常生活，逐漸成為一體，作者描述了這樣一種特有的現(xiàn)象，所以A選項(xiàng)符合題意。

4.單選題

TheindustrializationofEuropewhichstartedinthe18thcenturyproducedurbanslimswhichweresweptperiodicallybyepidemicsoftyphoidandtyphus.WhileisolatedgeographicallyfromthescourgesofEurope,Americawasoccasionallyhitwithepidemicsofitsown,especiallyinthegrowingeastcoastcities.Recognizingthatdiseasemaybecomingfromtheshipsthatdockedintheirports,citiesinstitutedquarantinesduringoutbreaks.Treatmentsforwidespreaddisease,however,didnotimprove.

In1847,thenewly-formedAmericanMedicalAssociationsponsoredaninvestigationoflargeU.ScitiesandfoundthatlivingconditionsformanyresidentshadbecomeasbadastheworstslumsofEurope.Itconcludedthatwithoutimprovementsinhygieneandlivingstandards,European-typeepidemicswouldsoonhitAmericancities.Italsoadvocatedcollectingvitalstatisticstotrackthecountry’sbirthanddeathrates.Soonafterthis,manybureausofvitalstatisticswereorganized.IncludinginOhio,wherebirthanddeathstatisticswerecollectedatthecountrylevelbeginningin1867.Localsanitarycommissionsformedincitiesandtowns,spurredonbyreformmovementswhichstressedhealthierlivingandcleanwater.TheMassachusettsSanitaryCommission,forexample,soughtbetterventingofcityhomestoremoveanynoxiousodorsandfumesthatmightcausedisease.Toprovideplentifulwater,32waterworkswerebuiltinthecountryby1825,andalmost600wereaddedby1880.Unfortunatelyitwasassumedthatfree-flowingwaterwaspure,sothefirstfiltrationplantwasnotbuiltuntil1871.Thefirstnationalconventiontoestablishuniformquarantinelaws,metinPhiladelphiainMay1857,andfourmoresuchconventionstodiscusspublichealthissueswereheldbeforetheCivilWardisruptedthemovement.

TheAmericanPublicHealthAssociationwasfoundedin1872bysomeofthosewhoattendedtheseearlierconventions.ThefollowingyearthenumberofboardsofhealthintheU.S.Increasedfrom4to123.Themostsignificanteventinthepublichealthmovement,however,wasthedevelopmentofthegermtheoryandtherealizationthatdiseasecouldbecontagious.

1.AmericawasprotectedfromtheperiodicepidemicsoftyphoidandtyphusinEuropebecauseof（

）.

2.Theword“hygiene”inline13isclosestinmeaningto（

）.

3.WhatfeardidtheAmericanMedicalAssociationhave?

4.WhichofthefollowingactionsdoestheauthorimplywasdoneinresponsetotheAmericanMedicalAssociationrecommendations?

5.Theword“noxious”inline22isclosestinmeaningto.

6.Thefirstfiltrationplantwasnotbuiltuntil1871because（

）.

7.Theword“contagious”inline36isclosestinmeaningto（

）.

8.Throughoutthepassage,theauthorimpliesthatpublichealth（

）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.bettersanitation

B.lessurbanslums

C.delayedindustrialization

D.geographicalisolation

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.salary

B.Sanitation

C.protection

D.behavior

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.thatlivingstandardswouldnotimprove

B.thatAmericanslumswouldbeasbadasthoseinEurope

C.thatAmericanslumscouldleadtoEuropean-typeepidemics

D.thatwithoutimprovements，AmericancitieswouldbecomelikeEuropeancities

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.collectingvitalstatistics

B.quarantinefacilities

C.removingnoxiousodorsandfumes

D.geographicalisolationofdisease

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.harmful

B.unpleasant

C.lingering

D.obvious

問(wèn)題6選項(xiàng)

A.ofdisruptionbytheCivilWar

B.uniformquarantinelawscouldnotbeagreeduponatthefirstnationalconvention

C.ittookatotaloffivenationalconventionstoagreeonuniformquarantinelaws

D.free-flowingwaterwasthoughttobepure

問(wèn)題7選項(xiàng)

A.serious

B.inherited

C.contained

D.catching

問(wèn)題8選項(xiàng)

A.wasregardedasaEuropeproblem

B.wasslowertodevelopinAmericanthaninEurope

C.treatmentswerenotdevelopedwithanunderstandingofthethreats

D.actionswereusuallyuniformedandineffective

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:A

第5題:A

第6題:A

第7題:D

第8題:D

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)判斷題。根據(jù)文章第一段WhileisolatedgeographicallyfromthescourgesofEurope,Americawasoccasionallyhitwithepidemicsofitsown,especiallyinthegrowingeastcoastcities.由于美國(guó)的地理位置遠(yuǎn)離歐洲，所以是偶爾受到影響，避免了周期性的傳染。所以D選項(xiàng)‘地理位置’符合題意。

2.詞義推測(cè)題。上文提到美國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)美國(guó)居民的生活環(huán)境十分惡劣，急需提高……A“薪水”、C“保護(hù)”和D“行為”都與改善城市的居民生活環(huán)境沒(méi)有關(guān)系，排除。文章第二段末尾處提到衛(wèi)生委員會(huì)在各個(gè)城市及鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)中開(kāi)始成立，出現(xiàn)了Sanitaiy，所以B選項(xiàng)‘環(huán)境衛(wèi)生’符合題意。

3.語(yǔ)義理解題。第二段開(kāi)頭提到美國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)通過(guò)調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)大多數(shù)美國(guó)城市的生活環(huán)境和歐洲最差的貧民窟相差無(wú)幾。如果不提高衛(wèi)生和生活條件，歐洲的流行病會(huì)襲擊美國(guó)。因?yàn)槊绹?guó)醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)擔(dān)心美國(guó)惡劣的生活環(huán)境會(huì)引發(fā)類(lèi)似歐洲的流行病，所以C選項(xiàng)‘美國(guó)的貧民窟可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致歐洲式的流行病‘符合題意。A“生活條件沒(méi)有改善”、B“美國(guó)貧民窟生活條件會(huì)和歐洲的一樣差”以及D“如果生活條件不改善，美國(guó)城市就會(huì)和歐洲城市一樣”是美國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)得出的結(jié)論，不是他們害怕的事情。

4.細(xì)節(jié)判斷題。第二段第三句的主語(yǔ)為“It”，指AmericanMedicalAssociation“advocated”v.主張，提倡，和題干中“recommendationn.提倡”意思基本一致。所以可以推斷答案為A。B“檢疫機(jī)構(gòu)”在疫情爆發(fā)期間由城市建立。C“消除有害氣體”是MassachusettsSanitary的任務(wù)。D“遠(yuǎn)離病源”是客觀存在事實(shí)。因此排除B、C、D。

5.詞義推測(cè)題。...anynoxiousodorsandfumesthatmightcausedisease”中that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句解釋前面的“noxiousodorsandfumes”。只有A“Harmful”與“mightcausedisease”意思相同，所以A選項(xiàng)正確。

6.語(yǔ)義理解題。因?yàn)锽、C選項(xiàng)文章中都沒(méi)有提及。文章第二段最后提到“不幸的是，純凈的自來(lái)水廠到1871年才建成?！?，D“自來(lái)水應(yīng)該是純凈的”不符合文意。第二段最后一句提到“公共衛(wèi)生領(lǐng)域運(yùn)動(dòng)由于內(nèi)戰(zhàn)而中斷?！彼訟選項(xiàng)正確。

7.詞義推測(cè)題。全文都在談?wù)撁绹?guó)意識(shí)到病源是從歐洲傳染來(lái)的，為了降低疾病發(fā)生率，因此采取了一系列措施提高居民的生活環(huán)境，所以D選項(xiàng)“傳染的”符合題意。

8.根據(jù)文中第一段Treatmentsforwidespreaddisease,however,didnotimprove文中倒數(shù)第二段Unfortunatelyitwasassumedthatfree-flowingwaterwaspure,sothefirstfiltrationplantwasnotbuiltuntil1871.都表明作者認(rèn)為出現(xiàn)衛(wèi)生問(wèn)題時(shí)，人們顯得無(wú)知以及所做的行為無(wú)效。所以D選項(xiàng)‘（衛(wèi)生問(wèn)題）的行動(dòng)總是顯得無(wú)知和無(wú)效’正確。文中只說(shuō)European-typeepidemicswouldsoonhitAmericancities.并不能得到A選項(xiàng)‘公共衛(wèi)生問(wèn)題被看作如同歐洲難題’的結(jié)論。ThefollowingyearthenumberofboardsofhealthintheU.S.Increasedfrom4to123.可以證明treatment是隨著對(duì)anunderstandingofthethreats的發(fā)展而發(fā)展，所以C選項(xiàng)‘臨床治療沒(méi)有隨著對(duì)疾病傳染的認(rèn)識(shí)而發(fā)展‘也是錯(cuò)誤的。B選項(xiàng)‘（衛(wèi)生問(wèn)題）美國(guó)比歐洲發(fā)展的慢’文中沒(méi)有提到，排除。

5.翻譯題

與群眾不同，知識(shí)分子喜歡推理，對(duì)事實(shí)感興趣。他們思想上批判的習(xí)性，使他們成為那種很能蠱惑大多數(shù)人的宣傳的抵制者。知識(shí)分子是那種重證據(jù)，厭惡不合乎邏輯和謬論的人。他們把過(guò)于簡(jiǎn)單化看作是思想上犯錯(cuò)誤的根源，他們不喜歡口號(hào)、絕對(duì)肯定和總的概括，而這些恰恰是宣傳家慣用的手法。在這個(gè)人口加速過(guò)度增長(zhǎng)，組織加速過(guò)度膨脹，以及出現(xiàn)了更為有效的廣泛宣傳工具的時(shí)代里，我們?nèi)绾文鼙４鎮(zhèn)€性的完整，又如何能再堅(jiān)持個(gè)人的價(jià)值呢？這是一個(gè)至今可提出并可能得到較好的回答的問(wèn)題。再過(guò)一代，尋找答案可能為時(shí)已晚，而在那個(gè)未來(lái)的令人窒息的集體風(fēng)氣中，可能壓根就想不起提出這樣的問(wèn)題了。

【答案】Unlikethemass,theintellectualsliketoreasonandareinterestedinfacts.Withcriticalthinkinghabits,theyhavebecomeleaderswhoresistpropagandaswhichconfusemostpeople.Theclerisylaystressonevidence,andarenottooreadytobelieveillogicalityandfallacy.Theyconsideroversimplificationastherootofthoughttomakeamistake.Meanwhiletheacademiciansdislikeslogan,absoluteaffirmationandgrossgeneralization,whichareapropagandist’susualmeasures.Therefore,howcanwekeepupintegrityofpersonality,andhowtocontinueupholdingthevalueofindividualinfaceofoverpopulationandoverexpansionoforganizationsaswellasmanymoreeffectiveandcomprehensivepropagandatools?Uptonow,itisaquestionthatcanbeproposedandgivenagoodanswertobutitwillbetoolatetofindoutananswertosuchquestionforthenextgenerationinthefuturewherethestiflingcollectiveatmosphereprevails,descendantsmaynotthinkofsuchquestionatall.

6.單選題

MuchoftheresearchonhallucinogenicdrugssuchasLSDhasfocusedontheneurotransmitterserotonin,achemicalthatwhenreleasedfromaprescriptionserotonin-secretingneuroncausesthetransmissionofanerveimpulseacrossasynapsetoanadjacentpost-synaptic,ortargetneuron.Therearetwomajorreasonsforthisemphasis.First,itwasdiscoveredearlyonthatmanyofthemajorhallucinogenshaveamolecularstructuresimilartothatofserotonin.Inaddition,animalstudiesofbrainneurochemistryfollowingadministrationofhallucinogensinvariablyreportedchangesinserotoninlevels.

EarlyinvestigatorscorrectlyreasonedthatthestructuralsimilaritytotheserotoninmoleculemightimplythatLSD’seffectsarebroughtaboutbyanactionontheneurotransmissionofserotonininthebrain.Unfortunately,theleveloftechnicalexpertiseinthefieldofbrainresearchwassuchthatthishypothesishadtobetestedonperipheraltissue(tissueoutsidethebrain).TwodifferentgroupsofscientistsreportedthatLSDpowerfullyblockadedserotonin’saction.Theirconclusionswerequicklychallenged,however.Wenowknowthattheactionofadrugatonesideinthebodydoesnotnecessarilycorrespondtothedrugactionatanotherside,especiallywhenonesiteisinthebrainandtheotherisnot.

Bythe1960's,technicaladvancespermittedthedirecttestingofthehypothesisthatLSDandrelatedhallucinogensactbydirectlysuppressingtheactivityofserotonin-secretingneuronsthemselves-theso-calledprescriptionhypothesis.Researchersreasonedthatifthehallucinogenicdrugsactbysuppressingtheactivityofserotonin-secretingneurons,thendrugsadministeredaftertheseneuronshadbeendestroyedshouldhavenoeffectonbehavior,becausethesystemwouldalreadybemaximallysuppressed.

Contrarytotheirexpectations,neurondestructionenhancedtheeffectofLSDandrelatedhallucinogensonbehavior.Thus,hallucinogenicdrugsapparentlydonotactdirectlyonserotonin-secretingneurons.

However,theseandotheravailabledatedosupportanalternativehypothesis,thatLSDandrelateddrugsactdirectlyatreceptorsitesonserotonintargetneurons(thepost-synaptichypothesis).ThefactthatLSDelicits"serotoninsyndrome-thatiscausesthesamekindsofbehaviorsasdoestheadmissionofserotonin-inanimalswhosebrainsaredepletedofserotoninindicatesthatLSDactsdirectlyonserotoninreceptors,ratherthanindirectlythroughthereleaseofstoresofserotonin.TheenhancedeffectofLSDreportedafterserotonindepletioncouldbeduetoaproliferationofserotoninreceptorsitesonserotonintargetneurons.Thisphenomenonoftenfollowsneurondestructionorneurotransmitterdepletion;theincreaseinthenumberofreceptorsitesappearstobeacompensatoryresponsetodecreasedinput.Significantly,thishypothesisissupportedbydatefromanumbersofdifferentlaboratories.

1.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisoneoftheprimaryfactorsthatledresearchersstudyinghallucinogenicdrugstofocusonserotonin?

2.Itcanbeinferredthatresearchersabandonedtheprescriptionhypothesisbecause（

）.

3.Whichofthefollowingbestexpressesthemainideaofthepassage?

4.Theresearchdescribedinthepassageisprimarilyconcernedwithansweringwhichofthefollowingquestions?

5.Whichofthefollowingbestdefines’'serotoninsyndrome"（underlined,asthetermisusedinthepassage?

6.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationoftheargumentthattheauthorofthepassagepresentsinthelasttwoparagraphs?

7.Theauthor'sattitudetowardearlyresearchers’reasoningconcerningtheimplicationofsimilaritiesinthestructuresofserotoninandLSDmoleculescanbestbedescribedasoneof（

）

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Thesuppressionoftheactivit3rofserotoninsecretingneuronsbytheadministrationofhallucinogens

B.Theobservedsimilaritiesinthechemicalstructuresofserotoninandhallucinogens

C.Theeffectstheadministrationofhallucinogenshasonserotoninproductioninthehumanbrain

D.Serotonin-inducedchangesintheeffectsofhallucinogensonbehavior

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.anewandmoreattractivehypothesiswassuggested

B.noresearchwasreportedthatsupportedthehypothesis

C.researchresultsprovidedevidencetocounterthehypothesis

D.thehypothesiswassupportedonlybystudiesofanimalsandnotbystudiesofhumanbeings

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Researchhassuggestedthattheneurotransmitterserotoninisresponsiblefortheeffectsofhallucinogenicdrugsonthebrainandonbehavior.

B.Researchershavespentaninadequateamountoftimedevelopingtheoriesconcerningthewayinwhichtheeffectsofhallucinogenicdrugsoccur.

C.Researchresultsstronglysuggestthathallucinogenicdrugscreatetheireffectsbyactingontheserotoninreceptorsiteslocatedontargetneuronsinthebrain.

D.Researchershaverecentlymadevaluablediscoveriesconcerningtheeffectsofdepletingtheamountofserotonininthebrain.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.HowcanresearcherscontroltheeffectsthatLSDhasonbehavior?

B.Howareanimals’reactionstoLSDdifferentfromthoseofhumanbeing?

C.WhattriggerstheeffectsthatLSDhasonhumanbehavior?

D.WhattechnicaladvanceswouldpermitresearcherstopredictmoreaccuratelytheeffectsofLSDonbehavior?

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.Theseriesofbehaviors,usuallyassociatedwiththeadministrationofserotonin,thatalsooccurswhenLSDisadministeredtoanimalswhosebrainsaredepletedofserotonin

B.Theseriesofbehaviors,usuallyassociatedwiththeadministrationofLSD,thatalsooccurswhentheamountofserotonininthebrainisreduced.

C.Themaximalsuppressionofneuronactivitythatresultsfromthedestructionofserotonin-secretingneurons

D.Therele