2022年考研考博-考博英語(yǔ)-四川師范大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號(hào)86

住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語(yǔ)-四川師范大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實(shí)際調(diào)整大?。╊}型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

Itwasunfortunatethat,aftersotrouble-freeanarrival,heshouldstumbleinthedarkashewasrisingandseverelytwisthisankleonapieceofrock.Afterthefirstshockthepainbecamebearable,andhegathereduphisparachutebeforelimpingintothetreestohideitasbestashecould.Thehardnessofthegroundandthedeepdarknessmadeitalmostimpossibletodothisefficiently.Thepineneedleslayseveralinchesdeep,sohesimplypilethemontopoftheparachute,cuttingtheshorttwigsthathecouldfeelaroundhislegs,andspreadingthemontopoftheneedles.Hehadgreatdoubtsaboutwhetheritwouldstayburied,buttherewasverylittleelsethathecoulddoaboutit.

Afterlimpingforsomedistanceinanindirectcourseawayfromhisparachutehebegantomakehiswaydownhillthroughthetrees.Hehadtofindoutwherehewas,andthendecidewhattodonext.Butwalkingdownhillonarapidlyswellinganklesoonprovedtobealmostbeyondhispowers.Hemovedmoreandmoreslowly,walkinginlongsidewaymovementsacrosstheslope,whichmeanttakingmorestepsbutlesspainfulones.Bythetimeheclearedthetreesandreachedthevalley,daywasbreaking.Misthunginsoftsheetsacrossthefields.Smallcottagesandfarmbuildingsgroupedlikesleepingcattlearoundavillagechurch,whosepointedtowerpointedhighintothecoldwinterairtowelcomethemorning.

“Ican’tgonofarther,”JohnHardingthought.“Someoneisboundtofindme,butwhatcanIdo?ImustgetarestbeforeIgoon.They’lllookformefirstupthereonthemountainwheretheplanecrashed.Ibetthey’reoutlookingforitalreadyandtheyareboundtofindtheparachuteintheend.Ican’tbelievetheywon’t.Sothey’llknowI’mnotdeadandmustbesomewhere.They’llthinkI’mhidingupthereinthetreesandrockssothey’lllookformethere.SoI’llgodowntothevillage.Withluckbytheeveningmyfootwillbegoodenoughtogetmetotheborder.”

Farabovehimonthemountainsidehecouldhearthefaintechoofvoices,startlinghimafterthegreatsilence.Lookinguphesawlightslikelittlepinpointsmovingacrossthefaceofthemountaininthegraylight.Buttheroadwasdeserted,andhestruggledalong,stillalmostinvisibleinthefirstlight,easinghisachingfootwheneverhecould,avoidingstonesandroughplaces,andlimpingquietlyandpainfullytowardsthevillage.Hereachedthechurchatlast.Agreatneedforpeacealmostdrewhiminside,butheknewthatwouldnotdo.Instead,helimpedalongitswallstowardsaveryoldbuildingstandingashortdistancefromthechurchdoors.Itseemedtohavebeenthereforever,asifithadgrownoutofthehillinside.Ithadthesameairoftimelessnessasthechurch.JohnHardingpushedopentheheavywoodendoorandslippedinside.

1.ItisknownfromthepassagethatJohnHardingwas_______.

2.JohnHardingfoundithardtohidehisparachutebecause_______.

3.Inspiteofhisbadankle,JohnHardingwasableto_______.

4.WhenJohnHardinggotoutoftheforest,hesawthat_______.

5.JohnHardingdecidedtogodowntothevillage_______.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.anescapedprisoner

B.acriminalontherunfromthepolice

C.aspywhohadbeenhidingintheforest

D.anairmanwhohadlandedinanenemycountryarea

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.hegothisankletwistedseverely

B.thetreesdidnotgiveverygoodcover

C.theearthwasnotsoftandtherewaslittlelight

D.thepineneedleslaytoothickontheground

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.carryonwalkingfairlyrapidly

B.walkinadirectionthatwaslesssteep

C.bearthepainwithoutchangingdirection

D.findoutwherehehadlanded

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.itwasbeginningtogetmuchlighter

B.washingwashangingonthelinesinthevillage

C.thefieldswerefullofsleepingcows

D.sometreeshadbeenclearednearthevillage

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.tofindadoctortoseetohisankle

B.tobenearthefrontier

C.toavoidthesearchparty

D.tofindshelterinabuilding

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:C

第4題:A

第5題:B

【解析】1.判斷推理題。根據(jù)第一段“...hegathereduphisparachutebeforelimpingintothetreestohideitasbestashecould.（……他收起降落傘，跛著腳走入樹(shù)林，盡可能將降落傘藏好。）”可以推斷出約翰?哈丁是一個(gè)降落在敵國(guó)區(qū)域的飛行員。所以D選項(xiàng)“一名降落在敵國(guó)地區(qū)的飛行員”正確。A選項(xiàng)“一個(gè)逃犯”和B選項(xiàng)“一個(gè)正在被警察追捕的罪犯”說(shuō)法不正確，罪犯有降落傘的可能性極低；C選項(xiàng)“一個(gè)藏在森林里的間諜”也不符合題意，因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

2.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第一段“Thehardnessofthegroundandthedeepdarknessmadeitalmostimpossibletodothisefficiently.（地面很堅(jiān)硬，天又一片漆黑，這使他幾乎不可能很好地完成這件事。）”，該句中的“這件事”指的就是藏降落傘，因此C選項(xiàng)“地面堅(jiān)硬，而且?guī)缀鯖](méi)有光”正確。A選項(xiàng)“他的腳踝嚴(yán)重扭傷了”是原因之一，但不是最主要的原因；關(guān)于B選項(xiàng)“樹(shù)木沒(méi)有很好的遮蔽”，文章提到“Thepineneedleslayseveralinchesdeep,sohesimplypilethemontopoftheparachute...（堆在地上的松針有幾英尺厚，所以他只需用松針蓋在降落傘的上部……）”，由此可知松針足夠遮蓋住降落傘了，因此B選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤；D選項(xiàng)“地上的松針太厚了”，說(shuō)法錯(cuò)誤，這正好給了降落傘一個(gè)很好的掩蓋，因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第二段“Afterlimpingforsomedistanceinanindirectcourseawayfromhisparachutehebegantomakehiswaydownhillthroughthetrees.Hehadtofindoutwherehewas,andthendecidewhattodonext.Butwalkingdownhillonarapidlyswellinganklesoonprovedtobealmostbeyondhispowers.Hemovedmoreandmoreslowly,walkinginlongsidewaymovementsacrosstheslope,whichmeanttakingmorestepsbutlesspainfulones.（他一瘸一拐地離開(kāi)降落傘，繞道走了一段路，然后穿過(guò)樹(shù)林往下走。他必須弄清楚自己在哪里，然后決定下一步該做什么。但他的腳踝迅速腫脹，走下坡很快就超出了他的能力范圍。他走得越來(lái)越慢，在斜坡上橫著走很長(zhǎng)一段路，這就意味著他要多走幾步，但不那么痛苦了。）”，由此可知C選項(xiàng)“忍受痛苦而不改變方向地向前走”正確。A選項(xiàng)“繼續(xù)相當(dāng)快地走”文中提到“Hemovedmoreandmoreslowly...（他走得越來(lái)越慢）”，由此可知A選項(xiàng)不正確；B選項(xiàng)“朝著不那么陡峭的方向走”說(shuō)法錯(cuò)誤，文中只提到他換了一個(gè)姿勢(shì)，但是并沒(méi)有更換方向；D選項(xiàng)“找出他降落的地方”說(shuō)法錯(cuò)誤，題干問(wèn)的是“盡管腳踝受傷，約翰?哈丁依然能夠……”，文章并沒(méi)有提到他已經(jīng)找到了自己降落的地方，只提到他想要弄清楚，因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第二段“Bythetimeheclearedthetreesandreachedthevalley,daywasbreaking.（當(dāng)他走出樹(shù)林到達(dá)山谷時(shí)，天已經(jīng)破曉了）”，由此可知A選項(xiàng)“天開(kāi)始變亮了”符合題意。B選項(xiàng)“村子里的繩子上掛著剛洗的衣服”文章沒(méi)有提到；C選項(xiàng)“田野里到處都是睡覺(jué)的牛”說(shuō)法錯(cuò)誤，文章只提到了“Smallcottagesandfarmbuildingsgroupedlikesleepingcattlearoundavillagechurch...（在村莊的教堂周圍小農(nóng)舍和農(nóng)場(chǎng)建筑物像沉睡的牛群一樣聚在一起……）”，并沒(méi)有說(shuō)到田野里到處都是沉睡的牛群；D選項(xiàng)“村莊附近的一些樹(shù)被清除了”文章沒(méi)有提到，因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

5.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第三段的最后一句話“SoI’llgodowntothevillage.Withluckbytheeveningmyfootwillbegoodenoughtogetmetotheborder.（所以我要去村子里。運(yùn)氣好的話，到晚上我的腳就能走到邊境了。）”，由此可知約翰?哈丁決定去村子主要是想去邊境，因此B選項(xiàng)“靠近邊境”正確。A選項(xiàng)“找醫(yī)生治療他的腳踝”和C選項(xiàng)“避開(kāi)搜索隊(duì)”以及D選項(xiàng)“在建筑中尋找庇護(hù)”都不符合題意，因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

2.單選題

Likeamagazine,anewspaperhasacontentsguidethatindicates______located.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.whereiseachfeature

B.eachofthefeaturesis

C.eachfeaturewhereitis

D.whereeachfeatureis

【答案】D

【解析】考查賓語(yǔ)從句。where引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，句子中的where相當(dāng)于theplacewhere，后接的從句用陳述語(yǔ)序。本句中缺少動(dòng)詞indicate的賓語(yǔ)從句，根據(jù)句意：像雜志一樣，報(bào)紙也有一個(gè)內(nèi)容指南，指出每一個(gè)專題的位置。可知D選項(xiàng)正確。

3.單選題

Whyshouldanyonebuythelatestvolumeintheever-expandingDictionaryofNationalBiography?Idonotmeanthatitisbad,asthereviewerswillagree.Butitwillcostyou65pounds.Andhaveyougottherestofvolumes?Youneedthebasic22plusthelargelydecennialsupplementstobringthetotalto31.Ofcourse,itwillbeanswered,publicandacademiclibrarieswillwantthenewvolume.Afterall,itadds1,068livesofpeoplewhoescapedthenetoftheoriginalcompilers.Yetin10years’timearevisedversionofthewholecaboodle,calledtheNewDictionaryofNationalBiography,willbepublished.Itseditor,ProfessorColinMatthew,tellsmethathewillhaveroomforabout50,000lives,some13,000morethaninthecurrentDNB.Thisratherputsthe1,068inMissingPersonsintheshade.

WhenDr.NichollswrotetotheSpectatorin1989askingfornamesofpeoplewhomreadershadlookedupintheDNBandhadbeendisappointednottofind,shesaysthatshereceivedsome100,000suggestions.(Well,shehadwrittento“otherqualitynewspapers”too.)Assoonashercommitteehadwhittledthenumbersdown,theprofessionalproblemsofaneditorbegan.Contributorsdidn’tfilecopyontime;somewhodidsenttoomany:50,000wordsinsteadof500isarecord,accordingtoDr.Nicholls.

Thereremainsthedinner-partygameofwho’sin,who’sout.Thatisagamethatthereviewershaveplayedandwillcontinuetoplay.Criminalsweremyinitialworry.Afterall,theoriginaleditionoftheDNBboasted.Malefactorswhosecrimesexciteapermanentinteresthavereceivedhardlylessattentionthanbenefactors.Mr.JohnGrossclearlyhadsimilaranxieties,forhecomplainsthat,whilethemurdererChristieisin,Crippenisout.OnemightsayinreplythattheinjusticeofthehangingofEvansinsteadofChristie(entryinMissingPersons)notes.ButthenCrippenwasreputedasthefirstmurderertobecaughtbytelegraphy(hehadtriedtoescapebyshiptoAmerica).

ItissurprisingtofindMaxMillerexcludedwhenreallynotverymemorablenamesgetin.Therehasbeenaconsciousefforttoputinartistsandarchitectsfromthemiddleages.Abouttheirlivesnotmuchisalwaysknown.

OfHugoofBuryStEdmunds,a12th-centuryilluminatorwhosedatesofbirthanddeatharenotrecorded,hisbiographercomments:“WhetherornotHugowasawall-painter,therecordsofhisactivitiesascarverandmanuscriptpainterattesttohisversatility(多才多藝).”Thentherehadtobemorewomen,too(12percent,againsttheoriginalDBNs3),suchasRoyStrong’ssubject,theTudorpainterLevinaTeerlinc,ofwhomheremarks:“Hermostcharacteristicfeatureisaheadattachedtoatoosmall,spindlybody.Hertechniqueremainedawkward,thinandoftencursory.”Doesn’tseemtoqualifyherasamemorableartist.YetitmaybebetterthantherecordoftheoriginalDNB,whichincludedlivesofpeoplewhoneverexisted(suchasMerlin).

1.Thewritersuggeststhatthereisnosenseinbuyingthelatestvolume_______

2.OntheissueofwhoshouldbeincludedintheDNB,thewriterseemstosuggestthat_______

3.CrippenwasabsentfromtheDNB_______.

4.Theauthorquotedafewentireinthelastparagraphto______.

5.Throughoutthepassage,thewriter’stonetowardstheDNBwas______.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.becauseitisnotworththeprice.

B.becauseithasfewerentriesthanbefore.

C.unlessonehasallthevolumesinhiscollection.

D.unlessanexpandedDNBwillcomeoutshortly.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.theeditorshadclearrulestofollow.

B.thereweretoomanycriminalsintheentries.

C.theeditorsclearlyfavoredbenefactors.

D.theeditorswereirrationalintheirchoices.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.becauseheescapedtotheU.S.

B.becausedeathsentencehadbeenabolished

C.forreasonsnotclarified

D.becauseoftheeditors’mistake

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.illustratesomefeaturesoftheDNB

B.giveemphasistohisargument

C.impressthereaderwithitscontent

D.highlightthepeopleintheMiddleAges

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.complimentary

B.supportive

C.sarcastic

D.bitter

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:C

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第一段開(kāi)頭“Whyshouldanyonebuythelatestvolumeintheever-expandingDictionaryofNationalBiography?Idonotmeanthatitisbad,asthereviewerswillagree.Butitwillcostyou65pounds.Andhaveyougottherestofvolumes?Youneedthebasic22plusthelargelydecennialsupplementstobringthetotalto31.（人們?yōu)槭裁匆?gòu)買不斷增補(bǔ)的《全國(guó)名人傳記辭典》的最新一卷？我并不是像那些評(píng)論家一樣認(rèn)為這本辭典不好。但是，它的價(jià)格高達(dá)65英鎊，而且，你買了其他卷冊(cè)了嗎？你需要22卷基礎(chǔ)冊(cè)，加上每?jī)赡瓿霭娴脑鲇喚?，要買齊整套書(shū)就要買31冊(cè)。）”，由此可知這本辭典每?jī)赡甓家鲈鲅a(bǔ)卷，除非你全部都買了，否則購(gòu)買最新一卷就沒(méi)有意義，所以C選項(xiàng)“除非你收藏了所有的書(shū)”正確。A選項(xiàng)“因?yàn)樗恢颠@個(gè)價(jià)”也是原因之一，卻不是主要原因；B選項(xiàng)“相比之前的版本，它收錄的詞條更少”與原文意思不符；D選項(xiàng)“除非增訂版名人傳記縮短出版時(shí)間”在文章中沒(méi)有提及。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第三段“Thereremainsthedinner-partygameofwho’sin,who’sout.Thatisagamethatthereviewershaveplayedandwillcontinuetoplay.（關(guān)于錄取誰(shuí)的問(wèn)題，這是讀者提出的問(wèn)題，并且他們還將提出這樣的問(wèn)題。）”；“Malefactorswhosecrimesexciteapermanentinterest...Crippenisout.（罪犯的入選讓人擔(dān)心……但是Crippen卻沒(méi)有當(dāng)作值得一提的人物收錄其中）”；和第四段“ItissurprisingtofindMaxMillerexcludedwhenreallynotverymemorablenamesgetin.Therehasbeenaconsciousefforttoputinartistsandarchitectsfromthemiddleages.Abouttheirlivesnotmuchisalwaysknown.（令人驚訝的是，麥克斯?米勒被排除在名單之外，而這些名字實(shí)在不太容易記住。從中世紀(jì)開(kāi)始，很多生平不詳?shù)乃囆g(shù)家和建筑師就有意識(shí)被收錄其中。）”，由此可知D選項(xiàng)“編輯在選錄人選上沒(méi)有合理的依據(jù)”正確。A選項(xiàng)“編輯們有明確的規(guī)則要遵守”文章沒(méi)有提到；B選項(xiàng)“條目中有太多的罪犯”說(shuō)法錯(cuò)誤，雖然文中有提到條目中有收錄罪犯，但那只是作者為了闡述編輯們選錄人選沒(méi)有依據(jù)的一個(gè)例子，所以B選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤；C選項(xiàng)“編輯們顯然偏愛(ài)捐助者”可定位到文章第三段“Malefactorswhosecrimesexciteapermanentinteresthavereceivedhardlylessattentionthanbenefactors.（罪犯的入選讓人擔(dān)心，他們受到的關(guān)注不亞于捐助者。）”，此處是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)人們對(duì)罪犯入選的關(guān)注不亞于捐助者，并不是強(qiáng)調(diào)編輯們偏愛(ài)捐助者，C選項(xiàng)不符合題意，因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第三段“Mr.JohnGrossclearlyhadsimilaranxieties,forhecomplainsthat,whilethemurdererChristieisin,Crippenisout.OnemightsayinreplythattheinjusticeofthehangingofEvansinsteadofChristie(entryinMissingPersons)notes.ButthenCrippenwasreputedasthefirstmurderertobecaughtbytelegraphy(hehadtriedtoescapebyshiptoAmerica).（約翰?格羅斯顯然也有類似的焦慮，因?yàn)樗г拐f(shuō)，雖然兇手Christie上榜，但Crippen出局了。有人可能會(huì)回答說(shuō)，絞死Evans而不是在失蹤人口的條目上的Christie是不公正的。但后來(lái)克里朋被認(rèn)為是第一個(gè)被電報(bào)抓獲的殺人犯，他曾試圖乘船逃往美國(guó)。）”。作者舉出Crippen的例子，正是為了說(shuō)明Crippen應(yīng)該被收錄進(jìn)名人傳記，結(jié)果卻沒(méi)有，作者自己也沒(méi)有找出原因，因此C選項(xiàng)“原因不明”正確。A選項(xiàng)“因?yàn)樗拥搅嗣绹?guó)”說(shuō)法錯(cuò)誤，根據(jù)第三段最后一句話可知他只是試圖逃到美國(guó)，并沒(méi)有成功；B選項(xiàng)“因?yàn)樗佬桃驯粡U除”和D選項(xiàng)“因?yàn)榫庉嫷腻e(cuò)誤”文章均未提到，因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

4.判斷推理題。作者在最后一段提到了辭典中包括的幾個(gè)生平不詳，而且是他認(rèn)為被莫名其妙地收錄辭典的人，用以說(shuō)明他在第四段提到的觀點(diǎn)，即編輯在收錄人選時(shí)沒(méi)有合理的依據(jù)。所以B選項(xiàng)“強(qiáng)調(diào)他的觀點(diǎn)”正確。A選項(xiàng)“舉例說(shuō)明DNB的一些特征”不符合段意；C選項(xiàng)“打動(dòng)讀者的內(nèi)容”和D選項(xiàng)“強(qiáng)調(diào)中世紀(jì)的人”都與文章意思不符，因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

5.觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。結(jié)合文章，可知作者全文都在批評(píng)名人傳記一書(shū)，如第一段作者說(shuō)道“除非你全部都買了，否則購(gòu)買最新一卷就沒(méi)有意義”，由此表示他覺(jué)得沒(méi)有必要購(gòu)買此書(shū)；又如后面作者提到該辭典的編輯在收錄人選時(shí)沒(méi)有合理的依據(jù)等等，都在表示作者對(duì)該書(shū)充滿諷刺與批評(píng)。A選項(xiàng)“稱贊的”；B選項(xiàng)“支持的”；C選項(xiàng)“諷刺的”；D選項(xiàng)“充滿仇恨的”。由此可知C選項(xiàng)更符合題意。

4.單選題

Thefather,whowasilliterate,saidtohissonthathewas______dogtolearnnewtricks.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.tooolda

B.atooold

C.soolda

D.asoold

【答案】A

【解析】考查句式。根據(jù)句意可知本題主要考查too...todo“太……而不能……”，故可排除C選項(xiàng)和D選項(xiàng)。too＋adj.＋a(an)＋n.＋todo/tobedone，這個(gè)句型在too＋形容詞后再接一個(gè)帶不定冠詞的名詞，不定冠詞一定要放在形容詞后，只有當(dāng)too后形容詞修飾一個(gè)可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，才可以在形容詞與名詞間加不定冠詞“a/an”。當(dāng)句子主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)詞不定式的執(zhí)行者時(shí)，用todo主動(dòng)式，當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)詞不定式的承受者時(shí)，則用tobedone被動(dòng)式。句意：那位父親不識(shí)字，對(duì)他兒子說(shuō)自己簡(jiǎn)直就是一只老狗，哪還學(xué)得了什么新把戲。所以該句中應(yīng)用tooolda...而不用atooold...，因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

5.單選題

Theusualdistinctionsbetween“basicresearch”,“appliedresearch”,and“development”,usedformanyyearsintheformalgovernmentstatisticskeptbytheNationalScienceFoundationare,unfortunatelyinsufficientfordiscussionsofpolicyforgovernmentinvestmentintechnicalactivities.Indeed,definitionsarethesourceofmuchoftheconfusionovertheappropriateroleforgovernmentinthenationalscientificandtechnicalenterprise.Onecannotdistinguishinanymeaningfulway“basic”from“appliedresearch”byobservingwhatascientistisdoing.

“Appliedresearch”shouldnotbeusedtomean“purposefulanddemonstrablyusefulbasicresearch,”andoneshouldbewaryoftheuseofthetermingovernmentstatistics.Incorporateresearchlaboratories,suchastheTJ.WatsonResearchLaboratoriesofIBM,alloftheworkisreferredtosimplyas“research.”Thereisnoneedtoattemptadistinctionbetween“basic”and“applied”research.Allofthecompany’sresearchinvestmentsaremotivatedbycorporateinterests.Alloftheresearchhasapurpose.Allofitisconductedunderhighlycreativeconditions.Noneofitisso“pure”thattherearenoexpectationsofvaluefromtheresearchinvestment.

Weshouldreservethewords“appliedresearch”forthosenarrowly-definedtasksinwhichlimitedtimeandresourcesaredevotedtoaspecificproblemforanidentifieduserwhogetsallthebenefitandshouldpayallthecosts.Tomakethisviewofappliedresearchclearinthisdiscussion,Iusethewords“problem-solvingresearch”instead.

Narrowproblem-solvinganddevelopmentareactivitiesinitiatedbysomeonewhowishestoapplyresearchmethodspurposefullytoexploitanidentifiedopportunityorsolveaproblem.Theyinvolvetheapplicationoftechnicalresourcestoachieveanidentifiedgoalforaspecifiedbeneficiary,usuallytheinvestorinthework.Itisareasonableassumptionthatthosewhoengageinsuchactivitiesexpecttobenefitfromthem,andtobenefitbyasufficientmarginoverthecosttoaccommodatethetechnicalriskthatisever-presentinresearch.Theinvestorinproblem-solvingmaybeagovernmentagency,butismorelikelytobeaprivatefirm.Inmostcasesthatfirmwouldbeexpectedtobeabletoappropriatesufficientbenefitstoneednogovernmentsubsidytotakethoserisks.Publicinvestmentinthecreationofnewtechnology(technologicaldevelopment,whetherbyresearchorasaproductofproblem-solving)isacriticallinkbetweenidthescientificresearchthatispursuedbyvirtueofsociety’scommitmenttothosegoals.Thusthedesirefortechnologyisanimportant-perhapsthemostimportant-sourceofdemandforscience.

1.Accordingtotheauthor,thedistinctionbetweenBasicandappliedresearchesingovernmentdocumentsis______.

2.Adisturbingresultofthedefinitionsofnatureofresearchingovernmentstatisticsisthat______.

3.Itisimpliedinthesecondparagraphthatbasicresearchischaracterizedby______.

4.The“appliedresearch”astheauthorunderstandsitisbestdefinedintermsof______.

5.Thepassageismainlyconcernedwithdefiningtheroleof______.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.theoreticallyunjustifiable

B.obscureandmisleading

C.scientificbutinsufficient

D.meaningfulthoughconfusing

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.theroleofgovernmentinfundingresearchactivitiesispoorlydefined

B.scientistsarenotsurewhetherwhattheyaredoingismeaningful

C.thegoalsofbothbasicandappliedresearchesarenotrationallyset

D.researchincorporatesettingsisnotpurposefulordemonstrablyuseful

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.lesscreativity

B.highermotivation

C.lackofimmediatevalue

D.insufficientinvestment

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.thegoalitservesandtheproblemitsolves

B.thepartythatsponsorsandbenefitsfromit

C.thecostandrisksinvolvedinsuchresearch

D.bothAandB

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.appliedresearchinthecreationofnewtechnology

B.basicresearchinthecreationofnewtechnology

C.privatefirmsinrefundingproblem-solvingresearch

D.governmentinthecreationofnewtechnology

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:D

第5題:D

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第一段“Theusualdistinctionsbetween‘basicresearch,’‘a(chǎn)ppliedresearch,’and‘development’,usedformanyyearsintheformalgovernmentstatisticskeptbytheNationalScienceFoundationare,unfortunatelyinsufficientfordiscussionsofpolicyforgovernmentinvestmentintechnicalactivities.Indeed,definitionsarethesourceofmuchoftheconfusionovertheappropriateroleforgovernmentinthenationalscientificandtechnicalenterprise.（對(duì)‘基礎(chǔ)研究’和‘應(yīng)用研究’與‘發(fā)展’這些詞語(yǔ)的基本區(qū)分，在國(guó)家科學(xué)基金會(huì)記錄的正式的政府?dāng)?shù)據(jù)中已經(jīng)沿用多年，不幸的是，在討論政府對(duì)技術(shù)活動(dòng)的投資政策時(shí)，這些區(qū)分顯得很不足。的確，在討論政府在國(guó)家科技事業(yè)中的合理角色時(shí)，對(duì)這些詞語(yǔ)的界定引起很多混亂。）”，由此可知“基礎(chǔ)研究”和“應(yīng)用研究”的區(qū)別定義不夠清楚，且會(huì)引起誤導(dǎo)，所以B選項(xiàng)“模糊和誤導(dǎo)性的”符合題意。A選項(xiàng)“理論上不合理的”；C選項(xiàng)“科學(xué)但不充分的”；D選項(xiàng)“有意義但令人困惑的”。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第一段“Indeed,definitionsarethesourceofmuchoftheconfusionovertheappropriateroleforgovernmentinthenationalscientificandtechnicalenterprise.（的確，在討論政府在國(guó)家科技事業(yè)中的合理角色時(shí)，對(duì)這些詞語(yǔ)的界定引起很多混亂。）”，由此可知政府在資助研究活動(dòng)中的角色定義不明確是導(dǎo)致不安結(jié)果的原因，所以A選項(xiàng)“政府在資助研究活動(dòng)中的角色定義不明確”符合題意。B選項(xiàng)“科學(xué)家不確定他們正在做的事情是否有意義”；C選項(xiàng)“基礎(chǔ)研究和應(yīng)用研究的目標(biāo)設(shè)置不合理”；D選項(xiàng)“在公司背景下的研究是沒(méi)有目的的，也沒(méi)有明顯的用處”。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章二段“Alloftheresearchhasapurpose.Allofitisconductedunderhighlycreativeconditions.Noneofitisso‘pure’thattherearenoexpectationsofvaluefromtheresearchinvestment.（所有的研究都有一個(gè)目的。所有這些都是在高度創(chuàng)造性的條件下進(jìn)行的。哪項(xiàng)研究都不是那么‘純粹’，以至于研究的投資者不指望它有任何價(jià)值。）”，由此可推測(cè)，基礎(chǔ)研究（即所謂的純科學(xué)研究）不在于滿足某些人的功利需求，也不在于滿足一個(gè)短期的價(jià)值預(yù)期，所以C選項(xiàng)“缺乏直接價(jià)值”符合題意。A選項(xiàng)“更少的創(chuàng)造力”；B選項(xiàng)“更高的動(dòng)機(jī)”；D選項(xiàng)“投資不足”。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第三段“Weshouldreservethewords‘a(chǎn)ppliedresearch’forthosenarrowly-definedtasksinwhichlimitedtimeandresourcesaredevotedtoaspecificproblemforanidentifieduserwhogetsallthebenefitandshouldpayallthecosts.Tomakethisviewofappliedresearchclearinthisdiscussion,Iusethewords‘problem-solvingresearch’instead.（我們應(yīng)該把‘應(yīng)用研究’這個(gè)詞保留在那些狹義的定義上，即‘應(yīng)用研究’指在有限時(shí)間內(nèi)利用有限資源為某個(gè)特定使用者完成某個(gè)特定任務(wù)，作為受益者的使用者獲得全部利益，并支付所有研究成本。為了在這次討論中明確應(yīng)用研究的觀點(diǎn)，我使用了‘以解決問(wèn)題為目的的研究’這個(gè)詞。）”，作者稱之為“以解決問(wèn)題為目的的研究”這個(gè)定義，以及下一段對(duì)這個(gè)定義的進(jìn)一步解釋，強(qiáng)調(diào)了研究的目的性，當(dāng)然也強(qiáng)調(diào)了解決問(wèn)題，因此A選項(xiàng)“它服務(wù)的目標(biāo)和它解決的問(wèn)題”表達(dá)的意思是正確的。同時(shí)，這個(gè)定義也強(qiáng)調(diào)了受益者（=投資者），因此B選項(xiàng)“贊助并從中受益的一方”也是正確的。C選項(xiàng)“這種研究涉及的成本和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)”沒(méi)有提及，所以D選項(xiàng)正確。

5.主旨大意題。第一段前兩句實(shí)際上表達(dá)了本文的主旨。分析“應(yīng)用研究”的定義也是為了澄清概念，說(shuō)明政府在研究中的作用。因此最后一段再次指出“Publicinvestmentinthecreationofnewtechnology(technologicaldevelopment,whetherbyresearchorasaproductofproblem-solving)isacriticallinkbetweenidthescientificresearchthatispursuedbyvirtueofsociety’scommitmenttothosegoals.Thusthedesirefortechnologyisanimportant-perhapsthemostimportant-sourceofdemandforscience.對(duì)新技術(shù)創(chuàng)新進(jìn)行公共投資（區(qū)別于上面提到的私人和公司投資，所謂‘公共的’根據(jù)上下文實(shí)際上指‘政府的’）是一個(gè)關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)，將社會(huì)目標(biāo)和為追求這些社會(huì)目標(biāo)所做的科學(xué)研究聯(lián)系在一起。因此，對(duì)技術(shù)的追求是對(duì)科學(xué)的追求的一個(gè)重要——也許是最重要的源泉?！弊詈笠痪鋵?shí)際上又強(qiáng)調(diào)了應(yīng)用研究和基礎(chǔ)研究的關(guān)系?？梢?jiàn)，本文的主要意圖是如何解決政府在“應(yīng)用研究”和“基礎(chǔ)研究”中的作用，所以D選項(xiàng)“政府在創(chuàng)造新技術(shù)上的支持”符合題意。A選項(xiàng)“新技術(shù)創(chuàng)造中的應(yīng)用研究”；B選項(xiàng)“創(chuàng)造新技術(shù)的基礎(chǔ)研究”；C選項(xiàng)“私營(yíng)企業(yè)資助問(wèn)題解決研究”。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

6.單選題

Thewoodwassorottenthat,whenwepulled,it______intofragments.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.brokeoff

B.brokeaway

C.brokethrough

D.brokeup

【答案】D

【解析】考查短語(yǔ)辨析。A選項(xiàng)breakoff“折斷；突然停止，暫?！?；B選項(xiàng)breakaway“脫離；放棄；逃跑”；C選項(xiàng)breakthrough“突破；突圍；有重要?jiǎng)?chuàng)見(jiàn)”；D選項(xiàng)breakup“打碎，破碎；結(jié)束；解散；衰落；終止；分手”。句意：木頭已經(jīng)是如此的腐朽以至于我們一拉它就變成了碎片。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

7.單選題

Thisarticledealswiththenatural______whichismostinterestingtoeveryone.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.phenomenon

B.phenomena

C.phenomenons

D.phenomenas

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)phenomenon“現(xiàn)象；奇跡；杰出的人才”；B選項(xiàng)phenomena為phenomenon的復(fù)數(shù)形式，C選項(xiàng)phenomenons這種復(fù)數(shù)形式基本和“現(xiàn)象”無(wú)關(guān)，只用于特殊的人（事物）；非凡的人；特別的事情（或事實(shí)）；D選項(xiàng)phenomenas這種復(fù)數(shù)形式不存在。句意：這篇文章論述了大家最感興趣的自然現(xiàn)象。which后面的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是單數(shù)形式“is”，所以空格處也應(yīng)填單數(shù)形式，因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

8.單選題

Asoneoftheyoungestprofessorsintheuniversity,MissKingiscertainlyonthe______ofabrilliantcareer.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.threshold

B.edge

C.porch

D.course

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)threshold“入口；門檻；開(kāi)始；極限；臨界值”；B選項(xiàng)edge“邊緣；優(yōu)勢(shì)；刀刃；鋒利”；C選項(xiàng)porch“門廊；走廊”；D選項(xiàng)course“科目；課程；過(guò)程；進(jìn)程；道路；路線，航向；一道菜”。onthethresholdof...“處于……的開(kāi)端”；ontheedgeof...“處于……的邊緣”；inthecourseof...“在……的進(jìn)程中”。句意：作為大學(xué)里最年輕的教授之一，金女士無(wú)疑正處于她輝煌事業(yè)的開(kāi)端。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

9.單選題

Itisclearthathumanhistorywillend;theonlymysteryiswhen.Itisalsoclearthatifthetimingislefttonature(or,ifyouprefer,toGod)andhumanshangonuntilthebloodyend,therace’sfinalexitwillbeignoble.Iffuturegenerationsescapethesaurianagonyofextinctionbyawanderingchunkofrockorice,thesun’sunavoidablegrowthtogiant-hoodwillstillburntheirlastsuccessorstoashes:onlycindersandgasesanddustwillremain.

Farfuturegenerationsmightprolongtheprocessbypostingcoloniesbeyondtheearth’sorbit,butthesewouldbesadoutpostsattheendofthesolarsystem’slongday,clutchingmemoriesofalostplanetandofbillionsofsacrificedsouls.Thedifficulties—fantasticdifficulties—ofinterstellartravelmightbeovercome,butthemightiestofstarshipscoulddonomorethandefertheendoftheworld.Anignobleexistencehoppingfromplanettoplanet—clingingtoeachcloduntilit,initsturn,wasvaporizedorfrozen—mightstillbebearablewereitnotfortheknowledgeofitsfinaluselessness.Intheend,thereisonlydeathbygravityorentropy,thefieryquantumpitortheheatlessgreysoup.

ThegreatviolinistJaschaHeifetzwasgreatnotleastbecausehequittheconcertstageathispeak,beforetheshowbecamestaleortheaudiencedriftedaway.Toexitgracefullyissublime,asHeifetzunderstood.Andonlyonespeciesiscapableofchoosingasimilarlygracefulexit;allothersmarchonlikerobots.Tocalltimeonthehumanracebychoice,notnecessity,wouldbethefinalvictoryofthehumanspiritoveranimalnature,anabsoluteemancipationfromthecommandofDNA.Preciselybecausenootherknownlife-formcoulddoorevenconceivesuchathing,humanitymust.

Moresciencehasrevealedonlyoneplaceintheuniversethatishospitabletointelligentlife,andhumansaretheonlyintelligencethat,asfarasisknown,haseverenjoyedtheopportunitytooccupyit.Ifpeopleleftthestageafterareasonablerun,inthefullnessoftimeintelligencecouldevolveagain(dolphin-people?Chimp-people?Orchid-people?).Andthen,induecourse,whenthisnewspeciesdecipheredhumanbooksorreachedthemarkerthatmightbeleftforthemonthewindlessmoon,theywouldknowthatmanendedhisdominionsothattheirsmightbegin.Imagine,then,howtheywillregardus.Itis,farandaway,thegreatestactofgoodnessevercontemplated,theennoblementofawholespecies;anact,almost,ofangels.

1.Accordingtothepassage,whatmightbehumanbeing’sbestchoiceaboutitsfuture?

2.Whatdoes“interstellartravel”serveaccordingtothewriter?

3.ThewritercitesJaschaHeifetz’sexamplemainlybecause______.

4.Accordingtothepassage,whatmaybethereasonforhumanbeing’sleavingthestage?

5.Thewriterthinkshumanbeing’sleavingthestagecanbeanyofthefollowingBUT______.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Leavingthetimingtonature.

B.Thesaurian-likeelimination.

C.Beingeliminatedbythesun’sunavoidablegrowthtogianthood.

D.Leavingthetimingtohumanbeingitself.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Apracticalwaytoescapetheendoftheworld.

B.Nothingmorethanpostponingtheendoftheworld.

C.Awayhoppingfromplanettoplanet.

D.Awaytoescapefromgravity.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.heisafamousviolinist

B.hequitstheconcertstageathispeak

C.hequittingthestagegivessomeinspirationtohumanbeings

D.heisadornedbyhisaudience

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Theforceofthenature.

B.TheforceoftheGod.

C.Humanbeing’srationality.

D.ThecommandofDN

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.thegreatestactofgoodnessevercontemplated

B.theennoblementofawholespecies

C.anact,almost,ofangels

D.humanbeing’shavingnoalternative

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:B

第4題:C

第5題:D

【解析】1.判斷推理題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第三段“Toexitgracefullyissublime,asHeifetzunderstood.Andonlyonespeciesiscapableofchoosingasimilarlygracefulexit;allothersmarchonlikerobots.Tocalltimeonthehumanracebychoice,notnecessity,wouldbethefinalvictoryofthehumanspiritoveranimalnature,anabsoluteemancipationfromthecommandofDNA.（正如海菲茲所理解的，優(yōu)雅地退出是崇高的。只有生物物種能夠選擇同樣優(yōu)雅的退出；其他所有人都像機(jī)器人一樣前進(jìn)。選擇而非必然地呼喚人類的時(shí)間，將是人類精神對(duì)動(dòng)物本性的最終勝利，是人類從DNA的控制下的絕對(duì)解放。）”，由此表明人類應(yīng)該自愿地選擇結(jié)束，即作者認(rèn)為，人類應(yīng)該用自己的理性控制退出的時(shí)間，因此D選項(xiàng)“把時(shí)間留給人類自己”正確。根據(jù)第一段中的“...ifthetimingislefttonatureandhumanshangonuntilthebloodyend,therace’sfinalexitwillbeignoble.（……如果把時(shí)間留給大自然，人類堅(jiān)持到血腥的結(jié)局，種族的最后退出將是不光彩的。）”可知本文不支持A選項(xiàng)“把時(shí)間留給大自然”的做法；B選項(xiàng)“像蜥蜴一樣的消滅”和C選項(xiàng)“被太陽(yáng)不可避免的長(zhǎng)成的巨大的遮光罩所消滅”都還是屬于由自然的力量結(jié)束人類的做法，同樣不能作為本題答案。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第二段“Thedifficulties—fantasticdifficulties—ofinterstellartravelmightbeovercome,butthemightiestofstarshipscoulddonomorethandefertheendoftheworld.（星際旅行的困難——難以想象的困難——也許能被克服，但是最強(qiáng)大的星際飛船也只能推遲世界末日的到來(lái)。）”，由此可知B選項(xiàng)“無(wú)非是推遲世界末日”說(shuō)法正確。A選項(xiàng)“一個(gè)逃離世界末日的實(shí)用方法”說(shuō)法錯(cuò)誤，文中作者提到了“fantasticdifficulties（難以想象的困難）”，由此可知星際旅行要面臨很多問(wèn)題，因此并不是一個(gè)很實(shí)用的方法；C選項(xiàng)“是從一個(gè)星球登上另一個(gè)星球的方式”文中沒(méi)有具體提到；D選項(xiàng)“逃離地心引力的方法”文中也沒(méi)有提到。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

3.判斷推理題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第三段，作者引用JaschaHeifetz的例子主要是為了指出下文中的觀點(diǎn)：“Toexitgracefullyissublime,asHeifetzunderstood.Andonlyonespeciesiscapableofchoosing