2022年考研考博-考博英語-首都經(jīng)濟貿(mào)易大學考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號25

住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語-首都經(jīng)濟貿(mào)易大學考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實際調(diào)整大?。╊}型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

Despitehisdisappointingrecordthisyear,I（）feelheisthebestmaninourteam.

問題1選項

A.however

B.therefore

C.nonetheless

D.otherwise

【答案】C

【解析】Normal07.8磅02falsefalsefalseEN-USZH-CNX-NONE

考查副詞詞義辨析。A選項however表示“然而，可是”，表轉(zhuǎn)折，后面必須用逗號隔開；B選項therefore表示“所以，因此”；C選項nonetheless表示“盡管如此，但是”；D選項otherwise表示“否則”。由Despite“盡管”可知，空缺處應表轉(zhuǎn)折關系，因此只有C符合句意。A項however雖然也表示轉(zhuǎn)折，但后面必須用逗號隔開；【句意】雖然他今年的成績差強人意，但我仍然覺得他是我們隊最好的球員。

2.單選題

Thecrowdcheeredin（

）whentheplayerscaughttheball.

問題1選項

A.recognition

B.appreciation

C.interaction

D.participation

【答案】B

【解析】考察名詞詞義辨析。recognition“識別；承認，認出；”;appreciation“欣賞，鑒別;感謝”;interaction“相互作用”；participation“參與;分享;參股”。根據(jù)cheer與caughttheball可知觀眾是因為球被接住歡呼，對球員表示贊賞，因此選項B符合題意。句意：當球員接住球時，觀眾歡呼表示贊賞。

3.單選題

Being（）yourjobisfine,ofcourse,butyoushouldn'tletworkeatupallyourleisuretime.

問題1選項

A.trappedin

B.committedto

C.convincedof

D.confrontedwith

【答案】B

【解析】考查詞組辨析。A選項betrappedin表示“被困在；陷入困境”；B選項becommittedto表示“致力于；委身于”；C選項beconvincedof表示“確信；認識到”；D選項beconfrontedwith表示“面臨，面對”。根據(jù)youshouldn'tletworkeatupallyourleisuretime可知，雖然致力于工作是好的，但你不應該讓工作占據(jù)所有的休閑時間。因此，B選項最符合句意，故本題正確答案為B。

4.單選題

Hewas（

）totellthetrutheventohisclosedfriend.

問題1選項

A.toomuchofacoward

B.toomuchthecoward

C.acowardenough

D.enoughofacoward

【答案】A

【解析】考查固定用法。句意：他太膽怯，甚至都不敢把真相告訴他的好朋友。toomuchofa...todosth.是英語中的固定用法，是too...to...句式與muchofa...句式的混合用法，表示“太…而不能…”，只有A項符合，因此答案選A。

5.單選題

Petroleumproducts,suchasgasoline,kerosene,homeheatingoil,residualfueloilandlubricatingoils,comefromonesource—crudeoilfoundbelowtheearth’ssurfaceaswellasunderlargebodiesofwater,fromafewhundredfeetbelowtheearth’ssurfacetoasdeepas25,000feetintotheearth’sinterior.Sometimescrudeoilissecuredbydrillingaholethroughtheearth,butmoredryholesaredrilledthanthoseproducingoil.Pressureatthesourceofpumpingforcescrudeoiltothesurface.

Crudeoilwellsflowatvaryingrates,fromtentothousandsofbarrelsperhour.Petroleumproductsarealwaysmeasuredin42-gallonbarrels.

Petroleumproductsvarygreatlyinphysicalappearance:thin,thick,transparentoropaque,buttheirchemicalcompositionismadeupofonlytwoelements:carbonandhydrogen,whichformcompoundscalledhydrocarbons.Otherchemicalelementsfoundinunionwiththehydrocarbonsarefewandareclassifiedasimpurities.Traceelementsarealsofound,butthoseareofsuchminutequantitiesthattheyaredisregarded.Thecombinationofcarbonandhydrogenformsmanythousandsofcompoundswhicharepossiblebecauseofthevariouspositionsandjoiningofthesetwoatomsinthehydrocarbonmolecule.

Thevariouspetroleumproductsarerefinedfromthecrudeoilbyheatingandcondensingthevapors.Theseproductsaretheso-calledlightoils,suchasgasoline,keroseneanddistillateoil.Theresidueremainingafterthelightoilsaredistilledisknownasheavyorresiduefueloilandisusedmostlyforburningunderboilers.Additionalcomplicatedrefiningprocessesrearrangethechemicalstructureofthehydrocarbonstoproduceotherproducts,someofwhichareusedtoupgradeandincreasetheoctaneratingofvarioustypesofgasoline.

1.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?

2.Manythousandsofhydrocarboncompoundsarepossiblebecause（

）.

3.Whichofthefollowingistrue?

4.Howiscrudeoilbroughttothesurface?

5.WhichofthefollowingisNOTlistedasalightoil?

問題1選項

A.Crudeoilisfoundbelowlandandwater.

B.Crudeoilisalwaysfoundafewhundredfeetbelowthesurface.

C.Pumpingandpressureforcecrudeoiltothesurface.

D.Avarietyofpetroleumproductsisobtainedfromcrudeoil.

問題2選項

A.thepetroleumproductsvarygreatlyinphysicalappearance

B.complicatedrefiningprocessesrearrangethechemicalstructure

C.thetwoatomsinthemoleculeassumemanypositions

D.thepressureneededtoforceittothesurfacecausesmoleculartransformation

問題3選項

A.Thevariouspetroleumproductsareproducedbyfiltration.

B.Heatingandcondensationproducethevariousproducts.

C.Chemicalseparationisusedtoproducethevariousproducts.

D.Mechanicalmeanssuchasthecentrifugeareusedtoproducethevariousproducts.

問題4選項

A.Expansionofthehydrocarbons.

B.Pressureandpumping.

C.Vacuumcreatedinthedrillingpipe.

D.Expansionandcontractionoftheearth’ssurface.

問題5選項

A.Distillateoil.

B.Gasoline.

C.Lubricationoil

D.Kerosene.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:B

第5題:C

【解析】1.細節(jié)事實題。A:原油在陸地和水下被發(fā)現(xiàn),B:原油經(jīng)常被發(fā)現(xiàn)于地球表面下幾百英尺,第一段指出:crudeoilfoundbelowtheearth'ssurfaceaswellasunderlargebodiesofwater,fromafewhundredfeetbelowtheearth’ssurfacetoasdeepas25,000feetintotheearth’sinterior(被發(fā)現(xiàn)于地球表面和廣泛水域下的原油，從地球表面下幾百英尺到深入地球內(nèi)部2.5萬英尺),因此A項符合原意,B項過于絕對。由第一段中“Pressureatthesourceofpumpingforcescrudeoiltothesurface.栗源壓力迫使原油滲出表面?！敝狢項是對原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述。D:各種石油產(chǎn)品從原油中被獲取,由最后一段“Thevariouspetroleumproductsarerefinedfromthecrudeoilbyheatingandcondensingthevapors(各種石油產(chǎn)品從原油中通過加熱和冷凝蒸汽而從原油中被精煉出來)”可知D項正確。

2.細節(jié)事實題。第三段指出:Thecombinationofcarbonandhydrogenformsmanythousandsofcompoundswhicharepossiblebecauseofthevariouspositionsandjoiningofthesetwoatomsinthehydrocarbonmolecule(碳和氫的結合構成了數(shù)千計的化合物，而這種構成的可能是因為這兩種原子在烷烴分子中的不同位置和結合方式),由此可知C項“這兩種原子可以在分子中處于多種位置”正確。

3.細節(jié)事實題。最后一段指出:Thevariouspetroleumproductsarerefinedfromthecrudeoilbyheatingandcondensingthevapors(各種石油產(chǎn)品從原油中通過加熱和冷凝蒸汽而從原油中被精煉出來),由此可知B項“加熱和冷凝產(chǎn)生了各種產(chǎn)品”正確。

4.細節(jié)事實題。第一段指出:Pressureatthesourceofpumpingforcescrudeoiltothesurface(泵源壓力迫使原油滲出表面),故選B項“壓力和泵送”。

5.判斷推理題。由關鍵詞lightoil定位至第三段:Theseproductsaretheso-calledlightoils,suchasgasoline,keroseneanddistillateoil(這些產(chǎn)品就被稱之為輕油，例如汽油、煤油和餾出油)。故選C。

6.單選題

Sustainabledevelopmentisappliedtojustabouteverythingfromenergytocleanwaterandeconomicgrowth,andasaresultithasbecomedifficulttoquestioneitherthebasicassumptionsbehinditorthewaytheconceptisputtouse.Thisisespeciallytrueinagriculture,wheresustainabledevelopmentisoftentakenasthesolemeasureofprogresswithoutaproperappreciationofhistoricalandculturalperspectives.

Tostartwith,itisimportanttorememberthatthenatureofagricultureliaschangedmarkedlythroughouthistory,andwillcontinuetodoso.MedievalagricultureinnorthernEuropefed,clothedandshelteredapredominantlyruralsocietywithamuchlowerpopulationdensitythanitistoday.Ithadminimaleffectonbiodiversity,andanypollutionitcausedwastypicallylocalized.Intermsofenergyuseandthenutrients（營養(yǎng)成分）capturedintheproductitwasrelativelyinefficient.

Contrastthiswithfarmingsincethestartoftheindustrialrevolution.Competitionfromoverseasledfarmerstospecializeandincreaseyields.Throughoutthisperiodfoodbecamecheaper,safeandmorereliable.However,thesechangeshavealsoledtohabitat（棲息地）Iossandtodiminishingbiodiversity.

What'smore,demandforanimalproductsindevelopingcountriesisgrowingsofastthatmeetingitwillrequireanextra300milliontonsofgrainayearby2050,yetthegrowthofcitiesandindustryisreducingtheamountofwateravailableforagricultureinmanyregions.

Allthismeansthatagricultureinthe21stcenturywillhavetobeverydifferentfromhowitwasinthe20th.Thiswillrequireradicalthinking.Forexample,weneedtomoveawayfromtheideathattraditionalpracticesareinevitablymoresustainablethannewones.Wealsoneedtoabandonthenotionthatagriculturecanbe‘‘zeroimpact”.Thekeywillbetoabandontherathersimpleandstaticmeasuresofsustainability,whichcentreontheneedtomaintainproductionwithoutincreasingdamage.

Insteadweneedamoredynamicinterpretation,onethatlooksattheprosandcons(正反兩方而)ofallthevariouswaylandisused.Therearemanydifferentwaystomeasureagriculturalperformancebesidesfoodyield:energyuse,environmentalcosts,waterpurity,carbonfootprintandbiodiversity.Itisclear,forexample,thatthecarbonoftransportingtomatoesfromSpaintotheUKislessthanthatofproducingthemintheUKwithadditionalheatingandlighting.Butwedonotknowwhetherlowercarbonfootprintswillalwaysbebetterforbiodiversity.

Whatiscrucialisrecognizingthatsustainableagricultureisnotjustaboutsustainablefoodproduction.

1.Howdopeopleoftenmeasureprogressinagriculture?

2.Specializationandtheefforttoincreaseyieldshaveresultedin（

）.

3.Whatdoestheauthorthinkoftraditionalfanningpractices?

4.Whatwillagriculturebelikeinthe21stcentury?

5.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthispassage?

問題1選項

A.Byitsproductivity

B.Byitssustainability

C.Byitsimpactontheenvironment

D.Byitscontributiontoeconomicgrowth

問題2選項

A.Localizedpollution

B.theshrinkingoffarmland

C.competitionfromoverseas

D.thedecreaseofbiodiversity

問題3選項

A.Theyhaveremainedthesameoverthecenturies.

B.Theyhavenotkeptpacewithpopulationgrowth.

C.Theyarenotnecessarilysustainable.

D.Theyareenvironmentallyfriendly.

問題4選項

A.Itwillgothroughradicalchanges

B.Itwillsupplymoreanimalproducts

C.Itwillabandontraditionalfanningpractices

D.Itwillcausezerodamagetotheenvironment

問題5選項

A.Toremindpeopleoftheneedofsustainabledevelopment.

B.Tosuggestwaysofensuringsustainablefoodproduction.

C.Toadvancenewcriteriaformeasuringfarmingprogress.

D.Tourgepeopletorethinkwhatsustainableagricultureis.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:A

第5題:D

【解析】1.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題干關鍵詞measureprogressinagriculture定位至第一段:Thisisespeciallytrueinagriculture,wheresustainabledevelopmentisoftentakenasthesolemeasureofprogresswithoutaproperappreciationofhistoricalandculturalperspectives(這一點在農(nóng)業(yè)領域表現(xiàn)得尤為突出，在該領域中，人們常常在未從歷史、文化的角度予以適當考慮的情況下，認為可持續(xù)發(fā)展史衡量農(nóng)業(yè)進步的唯一方法),因此B項“可持續(xù)性”正確。

2.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題干關鍵詞Specialization和increaseyields定位至第三段:Competitionfromoverseasledfarmerstospecializeandincreaseyields(來自海外的競爭壓力使得農(nóng)民們不得不進行專門的研究來增加作物的產(chǎn)量),該段還指出:However,thesechangeshavealsoledtohabitatlossandtodiminishingbiodiversity(但是，這些變化也導致棲息地的損失和生物多樣性的不斷減少),故選D“生物多樣性的減少”。

3.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題干關鍵詞traditionalfanningpractices定位至第五段:Forexample,weneedtomoveawayfromtheideathattraditionalpracticesareinevitablymoresustainablethannewones(比如，我們?nèi)粢饤夁@樣的想法:傳統(tǒng)的做法必然會比新的做法更能夠促進可持續(xù)發(fā)展)。因此C項“這些做法不一定是可持續(xù)性的”正確。

4.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題干關鍵詞inthe21stcentury定位至第五段:Allthismeansthatagricultureinthe21stcenturywillhavetobeverydifferentfromhowitwasinthe20th(所有這一切意味著，21世紀的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)將會與20世紀的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)截然不同)。故選A“將會經(jīng)歷巨變”。

5.主旨大意題。最后一段點明主題:Whatiscrucialisrecognizingthatsustainableagricultureisnotjustaboutsustainablefoodproduction(關鍵是我們需要認識到，可持續(xù)性農(nóng)業(yè)并不只是糧食生產(chǎn)的可持續(xù)性)。因此D項“催促人們重新思考什么是可持續(xù)性農(nóng)業(yè)”正確。

7.單選題

ThefamousmovieTitanic（）itsaudience.

問題1選項

A.thoughtintermswith

B.touchedachordin

C.hadconfidencein

D.hadatastefor

【答案】B

【解析】考查固定搭配。A選項thinkintermswith表示“結合……思考”；B選項touchachordin表示“觸動……的心弦”；C選項haveconfidencein表示“對……有信心”；D選項haveatastefor表示“對……感興趣；愛好……”。根據(jù)“Titanic”（《泰坦尼克號》）可知，這部電影應當是觸動了觀眾的心弦，故B項最符合句意。因此，本題正確答案為B項。

8.單選題

Asadevelopingcountry,wemustkeep（）withtherapiddevelopmentoftheworldeconomy.

問題1選項

A.pace

B.move

C.step

D.speed

【答案】A

【解析】考查詞組的固定搭配。A選項pace表示“步速，步伐，速度”；B選項move表示“行動，舉措，改變”；C選項step表示“腳步，步驟，步伐”；D選項speed表示“速度，進展”。詞組keeppacewith是一個固定搭配，表示“與并駕齊驅(qū)，保持一致”。因此本題正確答案為A選項。

9.單選題

（）thatnight.theuniongovernmentwouldhavebeenoverthrown.

問題1選項

A.Ifhewereassassinated

B.Wereheassassinated

C.Hehadbeenassassinated

D.Hadhebeenassassinated

【答案】D

【解析】考查虛擬語氣。在if虛擬條件句中，如果是對過去情況的虛擬，則條件從句中謂語動詞用過去完成時，主句用would/could/should+have+動詞過去分詞形式。如果虛擬條件句中有were，had或should，則可以將if省略，將這幾個詞提到主語之前，構成主謂倒裝。句意：如果他那天晚上被暗殺，那么聯(lián)邦政府可能就已經(jīng)被推翻了。故本題正確答案為D。

10.翻譯題

A.TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoChinese.

Theairwebreatheissofreelyavailablethatwetakeitforgranted.Yetwithoutitwecouldnotsurvivemorethanafewminutes.Forthemostpart,thesameairisavailabletoeveryone,andeveryoneneedsit.Somepeopleusetheairtosustainthemwhiletheysitaroundandfeelsorryforthemselves.Othersbreatheintheairandusetheenergyitprovidestomakeamagnificentlifeforthemselves.

Opportunityisthesameway.Itiseverywhere.Opportunityissofreelyavailablethatwetakeitforgranted.Yetopportunityaloneisnotenoughtocreatesuccess.Opportunitymustbeseizedandacteduponinordertohavevalue.Somanypeoplearesoanxiousto“getin”ona“groundflooropportunity’’,asiftheopportunitywilldoallthework.That’simpossible.Justasyouneedairtobreathe,youneedopportunitytosucceed.Ittakesmorethanjustbreathinginthefreshairofopportunity,however.Youmustmakeuseofthatopportunity.That’snotuptotheopportunity.That’suptoyou.Itdoesn’tmatterwhat“floor”theopportunityison.Whatmattersiswhatyoudowithit.

B.TranslatethefollowingpassageintoEnglish.

如果失敗了你會怎么做？很多人可能會選擇放棄。然而，要想成功，最可靠的方法就是堅持你的方向和目標。在通往成功的路上，你必須堅持你的方向。它就像一盞燈，在黑暗中為你指路，幫助你度過難關。否則，你很容易就會迷失方向或猶豫不前。方向意味著目標，人生如果沒有目標，將一事無成。你可以試著把你的目標寫在紙上，并制定實現(xiàn)目標的計劃。這樣，你就會懂得如何合理安排時間，如何正確地支配時間。而且你還要有這樣的信念：只要你一直堅持自己的方向，你就一定可以成功。

【答案】A.TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoChinese.

【參考譯文】

我們所呼吸的空氣觸手可及，以至于我們將其視為理所當然。然而，倘若沒有空氣，我們只能存活幾分鐘。大多數(shù)情況下，每個人都能呼吸到同樣的空氣，也都需要空氣。有的人一邊坐著自怨自艾，一邊又呼吸空氣來維持生命。另一些人卻呼吸空氣，并利用空氣提供的能量為自己創(chuàng)造美好的生活。

機遇也是如此。它無處不在。機遇是如此唾手可得，以至于我們將其當作理所當然。然而，只有機遇不足以創(chuàng)造成功。為了讓機遇有價值，必須抓住機遇并采取行動。很多人都急于抓住“先機”，好像抓住機遇就會一勞永逸，這是不可能的。正如你需要空氣來呼吸一樣，你也需要獲得成功的機遇。然而，成功不僅僅是呼吸到機遇的新鮮空氣。你必須利用所獲得的機遇。對機遇的利用不取決于機遇，而取決于你。機遇處于什么“階段”不重要，最重要的是你如何利用它。

B.TranslatethefollowingpassageintoEnglish.

【參考譯文】

Whatwouldyoudoifyoufailed?Manypeoplemaychoosetogiveup.However,thereliablewaytosuccessistoadheretoyourdirectionandgoal.Onthewaytosuccess,youmustkeepyourdirection.Itisjustlikealamp,guidingyouindarknessandhelpingyoupullthough.Otherwise,youwilleasilygetlostorhangback.Directionmeansgoals.Nothingcanbedonewithoutagoalinyourlife.Youcantrytowritedownyourgoalsandmakesomeplanstoachievethem.Inthisway,youwillknowhowtoarrangeanduseyourtimeproperly.Furthermore,youshouldhaveabeliefthatyouaresuretosucceedaslongasyoukeepyourdirectionallthetime.

11.翻譯題

A.TranslatethefollowingparagraphsintoChinese.

AccordingtothetraditionalChineselunarcalendar,we’llofficiallywelcometheYearoftheHorsefollowingthearrivalofSpringFestival.

Thehorsehasplayedanimportantrotethroughouthumanhistoryallovertheworld.Horseswereusedforthousandsofyearsasameansoftransport,aweaponofwarandaplougheroffields,butthehorsewasmorethanjustavehicle—ithadmorecharacterthanacar,atankoratractor.IntheMiddleAgesinWesternsocieties,thehorsewasasymbolofchivalry（騎士精神）andnobility.Infact,theword‘‘chivalry’，coinesfrom“cheval”inOldFrench,whichmeanthorse.Theideaofchivalryhelpedtofashionthe19th-centuryconceptofthe“gentleman”，whichwasrelatedtocourtesy,courageandloyaltytofriends.Nowadays,becauseofeconomicdevelopment,peopleinModemsocietiesarelesslikelytoseeorridehorses.Peoplelivingincities,inparticular,hardlyeverexperiencehorsesexceptthroughmovies,paintingsorbooks.

Besidestheirphysicalstrengths,horseshavepowerfulbrains.Maybethat’swhytheChineseidiomsays:“Anoldhorsenevergetslost”.Sincethehorseishonoredasasymbolofvigor,loyalty,persistenceandintelligence,peoplebomintheYearoftheHorsearesaidtosharesuchgoodqualities.

B.TranslatethefollowingparagraphsintoEnglish.

中國作為文明古國，同樣有著輝煌的城市發(fā)展史。中國的城市也具有自身特色。改革開放30多年來，中國工業(yè)化、城鎮(zhèn)化(urbanization)步伐明顯加快，城鎮(zhèn)居民從1.7億人增加到近7億人，形成了一批有重要影響與發(fā)展活力的城市群，促進了經(jīng)濟發(fā)展和社會進步。城市化對經(jīng)濟、社會、文化都有巨大而深遠的影響。面向未來，中國致力于推動科學發(fā)展，加快轉(zhuǎn)變經(jīng)濟發(fā)展方式，把城鎮(zhèn)化作為現(xiàn)代化建設的重大戰(zhàn)略。

【答案】A.

按照中國農(nóng)歷，隨著春節(jié)的到來，我們將正式迎來馬年。

在世界各國，馬在人類歷史上都扮演著舉足輕重的角色。數(shù)千年來，馬被用作運輸工具、戰(zhàn)爭武器以及犁地農(nóng)具。但其實，馬不僅僅是一種交通工具，其地位要遠超汽車、坦克和拖拉機。在中世紀的西方社會，馬是騎士精神和貴族的象征。實際上，騎士精神chivalry—詞來源于古法語中的“馬(cheval)”。在騎士精祌的推動下，19世紀代表禮貌、勇氣和真誠的“紳士粘祌”成為一種風尚。如今，隨著經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展，現(xiàn)代社會的人很少看到馬或騎馬。尤其是城市中的人們，除了通過電影、繪畫和書籍，幾乎沒有接觸過馬。

馬除了健壯的體魄外，還擁有強大的頭腦，這或許就是成語“老馬識途”的由來吧。馬是活力、忠誠、毅力和智慧的象征，因此傳說屬馬之人也具備這些優(yōu)良品質(zhì)。

B.

China,acountrywithanancientcivilization,alsohasaproudhistoryofurbandevelopment.Chinesecitiesarealsouniqueintheirownways.Sincethelaunchingofreformandopening-upprogramover30yearsago,Chinahasquickenedthepaceofindustrializationandurbanization,withurbanpopulationincreasingfrom170milliontosome700million.Theemergenceofanumberofcityclusterswithstronginfluenceanddynamismfordevelopmenthasboostedeconomicdevelopmentandsocialprogress.Urbanizationhasatremendousandprofoundimpactoneconomy,societyandculture.Goingforward,Chinawillpursuedevelopmentinascientificway,accelerateshiftofthegrowthmodelandtakeurbanizationasanimportantstrategyforpromotingmodernization.

12.單選題

Mutualismisatypeofsymbiosisthatoccurswhentwounlikeorganismslivetogetherinastatethatismutuallybeneficial.Itcanexistbetweentwoanimals,betweentwoplants,orbetweenaplantandananimal.Mutualismisunlikethesymbioticstateofcommensalisminthatcommensalismisaone-sidedstateinwhichahostgivesandaguesttakes,whileinmutualismbothpartnersliveonagive-and-takebasis.

IntheAfricanwilds,thezebraandtheostrichenjoyasymbioticrelationshipthatenhancestheabilityoftheselargelandanimalstosurvive.Bothserveaspreyforthelion,andneitherhasthecapabilityalonetowithstandanattackfromthisfiercehunter.However,whenthezebraandtheostrichcollaborateintheirdefensebyalertingeachothertopossibledangerfromanapproachingpredator,thelionisrarelyabletocapturemorethantheoldestorfeeblestoftheherd.Thecomplementaryphysicalstrengthsandweaknessesoftheostrichandthezebraallowthemtoworkincoordinationtoavoidsuccumbingtothelion.Theostrich,thelargestflightlessbirdintheworld,possessesgreatspeedandkeeneyesight,whichenableittospotlargepredatoryanimalslongbeforetheyareabletopositionthemselvestoattack.Thezebra,witharunningspeedequaltothatoftheostrich,hasexcellenthearingandagoodsenseofsmellbutlacksthesharpeyesightoftheostrich.Whenostrichesandzebraintermixforgrazing,eachanimalbenefitsfromtheabilityoftheothertodetectapproachingdanger.Ifeitheranimalsensesdanger,bothanimalsarealertedandtakeoff.Withtherunningspeedthatbothoftheseanimalspossess,theyareabletooutrunanypredatorexceptthecheetah.

1.Choosethedrawingthatdescribesacommensaliststate.

2.Thedifferencebetweenmutualismandcommensalismisthat（）.

3.Inparagraph2,theWord"that"refersto（）.

4.Whichofthefollowingdrawingdescribeswhathappenswhenalionapproachesazebraandanostrich?

5.Fromthepassage,wecanlearnthat（）.

問題1選項

A.

B.

C.

問題2選項

A.commensalismisatwo-sidedstate.

B.thepartnersliveonagive-and-takebasisinmutualism.

C.thehostgiveswhiletheguesttakesinmutualism.

D.mutualismoccursbetweentwosimilarorganisms;however,commensalism,twounlikeorganisms.

問題3選項

A.runningspeed

B.strength

C.weakness

D.eyesight

問題4選項

A.

B.

C.

D.

問題5選項

A.thezebraoftenoffersmorehelpthantheostrichtodetecttheattackofthelion.

B.thezebraandtheostricharecomplementaryintheirabilitiesofavoidingbeingattackedby

C.boththezebraandtheostrichpossessgreatspeedandkeeneyesight.

D.withgreatspeed,thezebraandtheostrichrunfasterthananypredator.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:B

第3題:A

第4題:D

第5題:B

【解析】1.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)原文第一段“Mutualismisunlikethesymbioticstateofcommensalisminthatcommensalismisaone-sidedstateinwhichahostgivesandaguesttakes…”可知，互利共生與偏利共生的共生狀態(tài)并不相同，因為偏利共生是一種單向狀態(tài)，即宿主給予，寄生物索取。由此可知B項“宿主→寄生物”表述正確，故本題正確答案為B項。

2.細節(jié)事實題。題干詢問哪一項符合互利共生和偏利共生的區(qū)別。根據(jù)原文第一段“Mutualismisatypeofsymbiosisthatoccurswhentwounlikeorganismslivetogetherinastatethatismutuallybeneficial.”可知，互利共生是一種共生關系，當兩個不同的有機體生活在一種互惠的狀態(tài)時就會發(fā)生。根據(jù)后文敘述的“Mutualismisunlikethesymbioticstateofcommensalisminthatcommensalismisaone-sidedstateinwhichahostgivesandaguesttakes...”可知，互利共生與偏利共生的共生狀態(tài)是不同的，偏利共生是一種單向的狀態(tài)，即宿主給予而寄生物索取。由此可知A項“偏利共生是一種雙向狀態(tài)”表述錯誤；B項“靠彼此相互給予和索取合伙共生”表述正確；C項“在互利共生中，宿主給予而寄生物索取”表述錯誤；D項“互利共生發(fā)生在兩種類似的生物之間，而偏利共生卻發(fā)生于兩種不同的生物之間”與原文不符。因此，本題正確答案為B項。

3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)原文第二段“Thezebra,witharunningspeedequaltothatoftheostrich,hasexcellenthearingandagoodsenseofsmellbutlacksthesharpeyesightoftheostrich.”可知，斑馬的奔跑速度與鴕鳥相當，聽覺和嗅覺都很好，但缺乏鴕鳥敏銳的視力。由此可知這里的that指代“runningspeed（奔跑速度）”，故A項正確。B項strength表示“力量”；C項weakness表示“弱點”；D項eyesight表示“視力”。

4.理判斷題。根據(jù)原文第二段“Ifeitheranimalsensesdanger,bothanimalsarealertedandtakeoff.Withtherunningspeedthatbothoftheseanimalspossess,theyareabletooutrunanypredatorexceptthecheetah.”可知，如果兩者（即斑馬和鴕鳥）中任一種動物覺察到危險，那么兩種動物都會警覺起來并迅速奔跑。憑借這兩種動物的奔跑速度，它們能夠超越獵豹以外的任何捕食者。因此，本題正確答案為D項。

5.推理判斷題。根據(jù)原文第二段可知，斑馬和鴕鳥屬于互利共生的關系，它們都是獅子的獵物，都沒有能力獨自抵抗獅子的攻擊，所以它們要進行協(xié)同防御，提醒對方可能有危險。如果兩者中任一種動物覺察到危險，那么這兩種動物都會警覺起來并迅速奔跑。憑借這兩種動物的奔跑速度，它們能夠超越獵豹以外的任何捕食者。由此可以判斷，B項“斑馬和鴕鳥在躲避攻擊的能力上是互補的”表述正確。而A項“在發(fā)現(xiàn)獅子的攻擊時，斑馬往往比鴕鳥提供更多的幫助”；C項“斑馬和鴕鳥都有極快的速度和敏銳的視力”以及D項“由于有非?？斓乃俣?，斑馬和鴕鳥跑得比任何食肉動物都快”均與原文不符，可排除。

13.單選題

Theyaretryingto（

）thewastedischargedbythefactoryforprofit.

問題1選項

A.expose

B.exhaust

C.exhibit

D.exploit

【答案】D

【解析】考查動詞辨析。expose“揭發(fā)，揭露，顯示”;exhaust“用完，花光，使筋疲力盡”;exhibit“展覽，顯示”；exploit“運用，利用”。句意：他們嘗試著通過利用工廠排出的廢物來創(chuàng)造利潤。根據(jù)句意可知，D項符合題意，因此D項為正確答案。

14.單選題

It’sgoodtoknowthatquiteafewpopularEnglishexpressionsactually（）fromtheBible.

問題1選項

A.acquire

B.result

C.obtain

D.derive

【答案】D

【解析】考查動詞詞義辨析。A選項acquire表示“獲得，取得”；B選項result表示“結果，導致”；C選項obtain表示“獲得，取得”；D選項derive表示“源于，得自”。根據(jù)句意可知，很多流行的英語表達實際上來自圣經(jīng)。因此，本題選擇D項最符合句意。

15.單選題

Thepuzzleofleft-handednessseemstobeamodestgrowthareaincurrentresearch.Oneofthelatestproposalslinksleft-handednessbothwithanoverproductionofthemalehormoneandwithdeficienciesinthebody’sautomaticdefensemechanisms,althoughitisnotclearwhethertheoverproductionofhormonecausesthedefensedefect,orissimplyonesymptomofageneralimbalance.Couldthisexplainwhy13percentofmalechildren,butonly10percentoffemales,areleft-handed?

Today,veryroughly10percentofthepopulationisleft-handed.Theoddthingisthatthispercentageseemstohaveremainedconstantthroughouthistory,andindeedthroughouthumanprehistory.Fromwrittenrecords,andevenpainting,researcherscangetaguidetotheincidenceofleft-handednessamongourrecentancestors

Lookingfurtherback,someexpertsclaimtobeabletotellfromtheshapingofflint(打火石)toolswhetherourStoneAgeforebearswereleft-orright-handedwhilethehabitofcavepaintersofleavinghandprints(as“signatures”)onwallsatleasttellsuswhichhandanindividualusedformarkingwalls.Theevidencesuggeststhat10percentofthepopulationwasleft-handed.

Thisisacommonevolutionarypatternwheretherearevariationsthateachprovidessomeadvantagefortheindividualthatcarriesthem,butnotanoverwhelmingadvantage,sothatallthevariationsexistsomewhereinthepopulation.

Abalanceisstruckinwhichtheproportionsofthepopulationinwhicheachversionisexpressedstayroughlythesameformgenerationtogeneration-asinthecaseofbloodgroups,forexample.Theremustbesomeadvantage,inDarwinianterms,inbeingaleft-handeramongapopulationofpredominantlyright-handedpeople.Butthisisverydifferentfromthepatternseeninmostanimals.

Ournearrelatives,thechimpanzees,alsoshowindividualpreferenceforonehandortheother,buthalfthechimppopulationisleft-handed.Evenratsshowthesamesplit-50percentleft-pawedand50percentright-pawed.Manmaynotquitebeuniqueamongmammals;therehavebeenclaimsthatpolarbearsaremorelikelytobeleft-handedthanright,althoughunderstandablyfewexperimentshavebeendonewithpolarbearsunderlaboratoryconditions.Butbycomparisonwithourcousinapes,itlooksasifresearchintoleft-handednessinpeoplemaybeaskingthewrongquestion.

Therealpuzzleisnotwhy10percentofpeopleareleft-handed,butwhy90percentareright-handed.Whathashappenedtothehumanspecies,inevolutionaryterms,totiltthebalanceawayfromleft-handersinfavorofright-handers?Whyismantheright-handedape?Nobodyhasasatisfactoryanswer.Butitisoneofthecuriositiesofscientificresearchthatstudiesofsomethingseeminglysomundaneasleft-handednessinpeoplecouldactuallyshednewlightonhumanevolution.

1.Thearticlesuggeststhatleft-handednessmightbedueto（）

2.Itappearsfromthearticlethat（）

3.Whatdowelearnaboutpolarbears?

4.Whatadvantageisshowninbeingaleft-hander?

5.Fromthepassage,wecanguesstheword“mundane”inthelastparagraphmeans（）.

問題1選項

A.ashortageofmalehormone

B.veryweakdefensemechanisms

C.anexcessofmalehormone

D.therebeingmoremalethanfemalechildren

問題2選項

A.thereweremoreleft-handedpeopleinancienttimes

B.thepercentageofleft-handershasn'tchanged

C.therewerefewerleft-handedpeopleinancienttime

D.thenumberofleft-handershasn'treallychanged

問題3選項

A.Itisimpossibletodolaboratoryexperimentswiththem.

B.Therearemoreright-handedthanleft-handedones.

C.Theyareprobablynotallleft-handed.

D.Therearemoreleft-handedthanright-handedones.

問題4選項

A.Noclearadvantageisshown.

B.Youalwaysbelongto,thesamebloodgroup.

C.Youbelongtoanimportantminority.

D.Youarefreetomakeachoice.

問題5選項

A.strange

B.ordinary

C.confusing

D.interesting

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:D

第4題:A

第5題:B

【解析】1.細節(jié)事實題。由原文第一段“Oneofthelatestproposalslinksleft-handednessbothwithanoverproductionofthemalehormoneandwithdeficienciesinthebody’sautomaticdefensemechanisms...”可知，最新一項研究表明左撇子可能與雄激素產(chǎn)生過剩以及人體自動防御機制缺陷有關，故A選項錯誤，C選項正確。原文指的是自動防御機制缺陷而非薄弱，故B項錯誤。D項內(nèi)容與題目無關。因此，本題選擇C選項最符合題意。

2.推理判斷題。本題詢問古今左撇子人數(shù)變化趨勢。根據(jù)原文第二段第二句“Theoddthingisthatthispercentageseemstohaveremainedconstantthroughouthistory,andindeedthroughouthumanprehistory”可知，雖然隨著人類發(fā)展，人口數(shù)目發(fā)生了變化，但是左撇子所占的比例幾乎維持不變。因此，本題正確答案為B項。

3.細節(jié)事實題。題干詢問北極熊的相關情況。根據(jù)原文倒數(shù)第二段“polarbearsaremorelikelytobeleft-handedthanright,althoughunderstandablyfe