2022年考研考博-考博英語-首都經(jīng)濟貿易大學考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號47

住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語-首都經(jīng)濟貿易大學考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實際調整大?。╊}型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

Doctorsbelievethatsecondhandsmokemaycauselungcancerinpeoplewhodonotsmoke.Nonsmokersoftenbreatheinthesmokefromotherpeople'scigarettes.Thisissecondhandsmoke.TheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgencyreportsthataboutfifty-threethousandpeopledieinAmericaeachyearasaresultofexposuretosecondhandsmoke.

Thesmokethatcomesfromalitcigarettecontainsmanydifferentpoisonouschemicals.Inthepast,scientistsdidnotthinkthatthesechemicalsharmanonsmoker'shealth.Recently,though,scientistsexpressedtheiropinionaftertheystudiedalargegroupofnonsmokers.Theydiscoveredthatevennonsmokershadunhealthyamountsofthesetoxicchemicalsintheirbodies.Asamatteroffact,almostallofusbreathetobaccosmokeattimes,whetherwerealizeitornot.Forexample,wecannotavoidsecondhandsmokeinrestaurants,hotels,andotherpublicplaces.Eventhoughmanypublicplaceshavenonsmokingareas,smokeflowsinfromtheareaswheresmokingispermitted.

Itisevenharderforchildrentoavoidsecondhandsmoke.InAmerica,ninemillionchildrenundertheageoffiveliveinhomeswithatleastonesmoker.Researchshowsthatthesechildrenaresickmoreoftenthanthechildrenwholiveinhomeswherenoonesmokes.Thedamagingeffectsofsecondhandsmokeonchildrenalsocontinueastheygrowup.Thechildrenofsmokersaremorethantwiceaslikelytodeveloplungcancerwhentheyareadultsasthechildrenofnonsmokers.Theriskisevenhigherforthechildrenwholiveinhomeswherebothparentssmoke.

1.Itcanbeinferredthataboutfifty-threethousandpeopledieinAmerican（

）.

2.Non-smokersgetharmedbysmokers

（

）.

3.WhichofthefollowingstatementisNOTtrue?

4.Whichofthefollowingisnotlistedasanegativeeffectimposedbysecondhandsmokingonchildren?

5.Whichgroupofchildrensufferfromsecondhandsmokingtothegreatestextent?

問題1選項

A.becauseofsmoking

B.thoughtheydon'tsmoke

C.becausetheirparentssmoke

D.thoughtheirparentsdon'tsmoke

問題2選項

A.becauseofthepoisonoussmoketheybreathein

B.iftheylivetogether

C.whenthereisnonon-smokingareainthepublicutilities

D.thoughthepoisonouschemicalscontainedinthesmokedon'tharmthem

問題3選項

A.Non-smokersmaybepassivelyinvolvedinsecondhandsmoking.

B.Somenon-smokersmaydieoflungcancerbecauseofsecondhandsmoking.

C.Weall,moreorless,sufferfromsecondhandsmoking.

D.Secondhandsmokingisevenmoreharmfulthansmokingitself.

問題4選項

A.Theyaremorelikelytobesick.

B.Theyaremorelikelytodevelopmentaldisease.

C.Theytendtohavethebadaffectastheygrowup.

D.Theyaremorelikelytodeveloplungcancer.

問題5選項

A.Childrenundertheageoffivelivinginhomeswithnosmokers.

B.Childrenundertheageoffivelivinginhomeswithoneparentsmoking.

C.Childrenundertheageoffivelivinginhomeswithtwoparentssmoking.

D.Childrenundertheageoffivelivingawayfromtheirparents.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:C

【解析】1.推理判斷題。題干要求推斷美國53,000人死亡的原因。根據(jù)關鍵詞fifty-threethousand定位到文章第一段最后一句可知，這些人的死因是由于exposuretosecondhandsmoke，即“暴露于二手煙中”，由此可以推斷死亡者本人不抽煙，故B項“盡管他們不吸煙”正確。而A項“由于吸煙”和C項“因為他們的父母吸煙”明顯錯誤；D選項“盡管他們的父母不抽煙”屬于過度推斷。因此本題正確答案為B項。

2.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題干Non-smokers可定位到原文第二段第四句，再根據(jù)下一句...almostallofusbreathetobaccosmokeattimes,whetherwerealizeitornot可知，不管我們有沒有意識到，我們幾乎都吸入煙草的煙，所以非吸煙者身體受損的原因是“因為他們吸入有毒的煙”，故A項正確。B選項原文沒有提及，C選項與第二段最后一句不符，故排除；D選項根據(jù)第二段第三句“甚至非吸煙者身體內有過量的這些化學物質”可以排除。

3.細節(jié)事實題。題干要求找出錯誤選項。A選項“非吸煙者也許會被動吸入二手煙”，根據(jù)常識可判斷正確；根據(jù)第一段最后一句可知非吸煙者可能死于二手煙，所以B選項“有些非吸煙者可能因為吸二手煙而死于肺癌”正確；根據(jù)第二段almostallofusbreathetobaccosmokeattimes,whetherwerealizeitornot可知，C選項“我們都多多少少遭受二手煙的痛苦”正確；D選項“二手煙比抽煙本身傷害更大”在原文中并未提及，屬于無中生有。因此本題答案為D項。

4.細節(jié)事實題。題干要求判斷四個選項中哪一個不是二手煙對孩子的消極影響。根據(jù)題干定位至原文最后一段。由thesechildrenaresickmoreoftenthanthechildrenwholiveinhomeswherenoonesmokes可知，這些孩子比家里沒有人吸煙的更容易生病，故A選項正確，可排除；B選項“他們更可能患心理疾病”在原文中并未提及。根據(jù)原文倒數(shù)第三句可知，C選項“孩子們長大了也會受二手煙的影響”正確，可排除。根據(jù)原文最后一句“父母吸煙的孩子長大后患肺癌的概率是父母不吸煙的孩子的兩倍多”可知，D選項“一些非吸煙者可能由于二手煙死于肺癌”正確，可排除。故本題正確答案為B。

5.推理判斷題。題干要求判斷以下那種孩子受二手煙的傷害最大。根據(jù)關鍵詞children定位至最后一段可知，“父母都抽煙的孩子患肺癌的風險更高”。A選項為“5歲以下生活在無人抽煙的家庭的孩子”；B選項為“5歲以下生活在父親或母親一方抽煙的家庭的孩子”；C選項為“5歲以下生活在父母都抽煙的家庭的孩子”；D選項“5歲以下不和父母一起生活的孩子”。因此，本題正確答案為C項。

2.單選題

Noonecanfunctioniftheyare（）ofadequatesleep.

問題1選項

A.deprived

B.ripped

C.stripped

D.contrived

【答案】A

【解析】動詞辨析題。A選項deprive“使喪失，剝奪”，常和介詞of搭配；B選項rip“撕裂”；C選項strip“剝去”；D選項contrive“謀劃，設法做到”。句意：如果剝奪了充足的睡眠，沒有人能正常工作。deprive和strip都有剝奪的意思，但是strip較普遍，多指剝削金錢，土地等物質上的東西。而deprive除了前面的意思，還可以特指權利，勢力等東西。所以選項A更符合語境。

3.單選題

Everyoneinterviewedhadbeen（

）tounfairtreatment.

問題1選項

A.subjected

B.adjusted

C.devoted

D.entitled

【答案】A

【解析】考察動詞詞義辨析。subject“使……隸屬；使屈從于……”；adjust“調整，使……適合”；devote“致力于；奉獻”；entitle“定名為……；使……有權利”。根據(jù)后面的unfairtreatment(不公平待遇)可推測空格處應該填入一個帶有貶義的詞，besubjectto是一個固定詞組，意思是“遭受”，選項A符合題意。句意：每個被采訪的人都遭遇過不公平的對待。

4.單選題

Inorderto（）therisingproductioncosts,thesubscriptionrateshavebeenincreased.

問題1選項

A.addupto

B.lookupto

C.cutshort

D.keepupwith

【答案】D

【解析】詞組辨析題。A選項addupto“合計達...，總共達...”；B選項lookupto“尊敬”；C選項cutshort“縮短，縮減”；D選項keepupwith“跟上，趕上”。句意：為了跟上不斷上漲的生產(chǎn)成本，訂閱費已經(jīng)提高了。選項D符合語境。

5.單選題

Monkeysandbeagleswerecentraltorecentstudieslinkingregularphysicalactivityandanenhanceddiettoimprovedbrainfunction.ThemonkeysparticipatedinanOregonHealthandScienceUniversitystudy.Itshowedprimatesthatexercisedregularly~usingatreadmillfivedaysperweek—hadahigherbraincapillaryvolumeafter20weeksthanacontrolgroupthatdidnotexercise.Also,monkeysintheexercisegroupmorerapidlylearnednewtasks.Thestudyshowedthatthemostsignificantbrainbenefitswereexperiencedbymonkeysdeemed“l(fā)eastfit”atthestartofthetrial.TheOregonresearcherssaidstudyingmonkeyseliminatesanyskewingfromthedecidedlyhumanbehaviorsofsmoking,drinkingandovereating.ThefindingswerediscussedattheannualmeetingoftheSocietyforNeuroscienceinNewOrleans.

Anothernewstudyemployed39beaglestotestthebrain-enhancingeffectivenessofantioxidant-richfoods(especiallythoserichinvitaminsCandEandbetacarotene).UniversityofTorontoresearchersdiscoveredthatolddogsmightpossiblyevenlearnsomenewtrickswiththeproperfortifiedfoodintheirdinnerbowls.“Wefoundolddogsontheantioxidantdietperformedbetteronavarietyofcognitiveteststhandogsnotonthediet,”saidP.DwightTapp,astudyco-authornowbasedattheUniversityofCaliforniaatIrvine.”Infact,thedogseatingtheantioxidant-fortifiedfoodsperformedaswellasyoungbeagles.”Fortheuninitiated―orthoseofuswhohaveneverlivedwithanoldbeagleorothercanines—dogscanexperiencethesamememorylossandslowedcognitivefunctionthatoccurinhumans.

Tappandcolleaguesfoundthattheantioxidant-richdiethelpedimprovecognitiveskillsinolddogsbutnotyoungdogs.Afollow-upstudyisongoingtodetermineiffeedingtheyoungerdogsthespecialdiethelpspreventlossofbrainfunction.

ArthurF.Kramerfigurestostickwithhumansinhisbrainresearch.KramerisaprofessorofpsychologyattheUniversityofIllinoisatUrbana-Champaign.Hewasleadauthoronapioneeringstudypublishedearlierthisyearthatshowedpositivephysiologicalchangesinbrainmatterduetoregularexercise.

Thetypicalmanorwomanlosesbrainmatteraspartoftheagingprocess.Inafirst,Kramerandcolleaguesusedmagnetic-resonanceimaging(MRI)scanstoshowthatindividuals55andolderwhoexerciseregularly—walkingbrisklyfor20minutesthreetimesperweek—canpreservegray-andwhite-matterregionsofthebrain.”Thegreatthingisitdoesn'ttaketoolongtorealizethesebenefits,”Kramersaid,“Wesawsignificantcognitiveimprovementinpeople55andolderoverjustsixmonths.“Graymatterconsistsofaseriesofthintissuelayersinbraincellssuchasneuronsthatarecriticaltolearningandmemory.Whitematterisfoundinthemyelinsheathcontainingnervefibersthattransmitsignalsthroughoutthebrain.Aspeopleage,beginningafter30,thetwotypesofmattershrinkinapatterncloselymatchedbydecreasedcognitiveperformance,Kramersaid.Kramerandhiscolleagueshavecompletedothercutting-edgeresearchaboutthebrainandregularphysicalactivity.Onestudyslottedfor2004publicationfollowsuponthegray/white-matterstudy.Preliminaryresultsindicatethatthesamesortofbriskwalkingwillenhancetheperformancecapabilitiesofcorticalcircuitsinthebrain.

“Wearereportingonfunctionandnotjustthephysiologyofthegrayandwhitematter,’，Kramerexplained.Anotherstudytobepublishedin2004buildsonearlierfindingsthatactiveolderwomenonhormone-replacementtherapyexhibitgreatercognitiveabilitiesthanoldermenwhoareregularexercisers.Innewfindings,Kramerandcolleagueshavefoundlessactualbraintissuedeteriorationinwomen55andolderwhohavehigherlevelsofestrogenintheirbodies.Despitebeinga“formerjock,”Kramerdidn'texpectthathisresearchcareerwouldturnsodirectlytowardfitnessandphysicalactivity.Hehasbecomealeadingresearcherintheareaduringthelastdecadeand,alongwithseveralcolleagues,turnedtheUniversityofIllinoisintoarespectedcenterforresearchonhealthyaging.

“Thereisnodownsidetophysicalactivityforolderadultswhogetclearancefromtheirphysicianstostartaprogram,”hesaid,“Weknowitcanhelppreventheartdiseaseandprotectagainststrokedamage.Nowwearebuildingevidencethatregularphysicalactivityallowsyoutothinkbetter.”

1.ThestudyconductedbyOregonHealthandScienceUniversityshowedthat（）.

2.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementaboutantioxidant-richfoodsisfalse?

3.ArthurF.Kramerisaprofessorin（）.

4.Accordingtothepassage,peoplebegintoageafter（）.

5.FromProfessorKramer’sresearch,wecaninferthat（）.

問題1選項

A.monkeyscanlearnnewtasksmorerapidlyiftheyexercisedregularlythananyotheranimals

B.regularphysicalexercisecanhelptopromotethebrainfunction

C.monkeysaremorecooperativethanhumanbeing

D.monkeysaregoodatusingtreadmill

問題2選項

A.Antioxidant-richfoodsarerichinvitaminsCandEandbetacarotene.

B.Antioxidant-richfoodscanhelpthebraintoperformbetter.

C.Olddogsmightpossiblyevenlearnsomenewtricksiftheyhaveantioxidant-richfoods.

D.Antioxidant-richfoodshelpedimprovecognitiveskillsnotonlyinolddogsbutalsoinyoungdogs.

問題3選項

A.OregonHealthandScienceUniversity

B.theUniversityofToronto

C.theUniversityofCaliforniaatIrvine

D.theUniversityofIllinoisatUrbana-Champaign

問題4選項

A.33

B.55

C.39

D.30

問題5選項

A.gray-andwhite-matterinthebrainareimportantindecidingaperson’scognitiveability

B.whitematteriscriticaltolearningandmemory

C.peoplewhoare55andoldercanonlypreservetheirgray-andwhite-matterinthebrainbywalking

D.6weeksofexercisingregularly—walkingbrisklyfor20minutesthreetimesperweek—isenoughforkeepinghealthy

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:D

第4題:D

第5題:A

【解析】1.推理判斷題。根據(jù)原文第一段“Monkeysandbeagleswerecentraltorecentstudieslinkingregularphysicalactivityandanenhanceddiettoimprovedbrainfunction.”可知，猴子和小獵犬對最近把定期體育活動和加強飲食與改善大腦功能聯(lián)系起來的研究是極為重要的。而根據(jù)“Also,monkeysintheexercisegroupmorerapidlylearnednewtasks.”可知，鍛煉組的猴子可以更快地學會新任務。因此，可推測B項“定期體育鍛煉能幫助改善大腦功能”正確。A項“如果能定期接受鍛煉，那么猴子會比任何其它動物更快地學會新任務”；C項“猴子比人類協(xié)作性更強”；D項“猴子擅長使用跑步機”。A、C、D三項均不能由原文推斷得出，故本題正確答案為B項。

2.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)原文第三段“Tappandcolleaguesfoundthattheantioxidant-richdiethelpedimprovecognitiveskillsinolddogsbutnotyoungdogs.”可知，Tapp和同事們發(fā)現(xiàn)，富含抗氧化劑的飲食有助于改善老狗的認知技能，但對幼狗卻沒用，因此D項“富含抗氧化劑的食物對老狗和幼狗的智力改善都有幫助”表述錯誤。根據(jù)原文第二段內容可判斷，A項“富含抗氧化劑的食物含有豐富的維他命C、E和β-胡蘿卜素”；B項“富含抗氧化劑的食物能幫助大腦更好的運轉”及C項“如果老狗食用富含抗氧化劑的食物，它們甚至可以學得一些新的技巧”均正確。故本題正確答案為D項。

3.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)原文第四段“KramerisaprofessorofpsychologyattheUniversityofIllinoisatUrbana-Champaign.”可知，Kramer是伊利諾伊大學厄巴納—香檳分校的一位心理學教授，故D項正確。A項“俄勒岡健康與科學大學”；B項“多倫多大學”；C項“加州大學歐文分校”。

4.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)原文第五段“Aspeopleage,beginningafter30,thetwotypesofmattershrinkinapatterncloselymatchedbydecreasedcognitiveperformance,Kramersaid.”可知，人們是在30歲后開始變老。故D項“30歲”正確。

5.推理判斷題。根據(jù)原文第五段“Aspeopleage,beginningafter30,thetwotypesofmattershrinkinapatterncloselymatchedbydecreasedcognitiveperformance,Kramersaid.”可知，隨著人在30歲后開始變老，這兩種物質（即大腦中的灰質和白質）與認知能力的下降密切相關，故A項表述正確。由原文第五段內容可知“（大腦中的）灰質對學習和記憶至關重要”，故B項錯誤；原文提到有規(guī)律的鍛煉可以使大腦物質發(fā)生積極地變化，故C項“55歲以上的人只能通過走路來保存他們大腦中的灰質和白質”表述片面，不正確；而原文提及“55歲以上的人如果經(jīng)常進行規(guī)律的鍛煉——每周三次快走20分鐘——就可以保留大部分灰質和白質區(qū)域，6個月后，認知能力會有顯著提高”，故D項不正確。

6.單選題

Overathirdofthepopulationwasestimatedtohaveno（）tothehealthservice

問題1選項

A.assessment

B.access

C.assignment

D.exception

【答案】B

【解析】考查詞組的固定搭配。A選項assessment表示“評定，估價”；B選項access表示“進入，通道，機會”；C選項assignment表示“分配，任務”；D選項exception表示“例外，異議”。詞組haveaccessto可表示“使用，接近，可以利用”，其余3項不可與have構成搭配。句意：估計有超過三分之一的人口沒有享受到醫(yī)療服務。因此本題正確答案為B選項。

7.單選題

ThefamousmovieTitanic（）itsaudience.

問題1選項

A.thoughtintermswith

B.touchedachordin

C.hadconfidencein

D.hadatastefor

【答案】B

【解析】考查固定搭配。A選項thinkintermswith表示“結合……思考”；B選項touchachordin表示“觸動……的心弦”；C選項haveconfidencein表示“對……有信心”；D選項haveatastefor表示“對……感興趣；愛好……”。根據(jù)“Titanic”（《泰坦尼克號》）可知，這部電影應當是觸動了觀眾的心弦，故B項最符合句意。因此，本題正確答案為B項。

8.單選題

ProfessorJohnsonissaid（）somesignificantadvanceinhisresearchinthepastyears.

問題1選項

A.making

B.havingmade

C.tomake

D.tohavemade

【答案】D

【解析】考查非謂語動詞的用法。Sbissaid后接動詞不定式，表示“據(jù)說某人”。用不定式的完成式表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動作。此句相當于ItissaidthatProfessorJohnsonhasmadesomesignificantadvanceinhisresearchinthepastyear．句意：據(jù)說約翰遜教授去年在他的研究中取得了重大進展。故本題正確答案為D項。

9.單選題

Theguides（

）thetouriststogetheratthehotelgate.

問題1選項

A.accumulated

B.collected

C.assembled

D.resembled

【答案】C

【解析】考察動詞詞義辨析。accumulate“積累;累積”:collect“收集”;assemble“聚集；集合”；resemble“類似，像”。根據(jù)后文“togetheratthehotelgate”可知是在門口集合，因此選項C符合題意。句意：這些導游讓游客在酒店門口集合。

10.單選題

Thunderstorms,withtheirjaggedburstsoflightingandroaringthunder,areactuallyoneofnature'sprimarymechanismsfortransferringheatfromthesurfaceoftheearthintotheatmosphere.Athunderstormstartswhenlow-lyingpocketsofwarmairfromthesurfaceoftheearthbegintorise.Thepocketofwarmairfloatupwardsthroughtheairabovethatisbothcoolerandheavier.Therisingpocketscoolastheirpressuredecreases,andtheirheatisreleasedabovethecondensationlinethroughtheformationofcumulusclouds.

Whatwillhappenwiththesecloudsdependsonthetemperatureoftheatmosphere.Inwinter,theairtemperaturedifferentialbetweenhigherandloweraltitudesisnotextremelygreat,andthetemperatureoftherisingairmassdropsmoreslowly.Insummer,however,whenthereisahighaccumulationofheatneartheearth’ssurface,indirectcontrasttotheconsiderablycolderairhigherup,thetemperaturedifferentialbetweenhigherandloweraltitudesismuchmorepronounced.Aswarmairrisesinthistypeofenvironment,thetemperaturedropsmuchmorerapidlythanitdoesinwinter;whenthetemperaturedropsmorethanfourdegreesFahrenheitperthousandfeetofaltitude,cumuluscloudsaggregateintoasinglemassivecumulonimbuscloud,orthunderhead.

Inisolation,asinglethunderstormisanimpressivebutfairlybenignwayforMotherEarthtodefusetrappedheatfromhersurface;thunderstorms,however,canappearinconcert,andtheresultingshow,whileextremelyimpressive,canalsoproveextraordinarilydestructive.Whenthereisalarge-scalecollisionbetweencoldairandwarmairmassesduringthesummermonths,asquallline,orseriesofthunderheads,maydevelop.Itiscommonforasqualllinetobeginwhenanadvancingcoldfrontmeetsupwithandforcesitselfunderalayerofwarmandmoistair,creatingalineofthunderstormsthatracesforwardatspeedsofapproximatelyfortymilesperhour.Asquallline,whichcanbehundredsofmileslongandcancontainfiftydistinctthunderheads,isamagnificentforceofnaturewithincrediblepotentialfordestruction.Withinthesqualllineoftennearitssouthernend,canbefoundsupercells,long-livedrotatingstormsofexceptionalstrengththatserveasthesourceoftornadoes.

1.Thetopicofthepassageis（）.

2.Theword"mechanism"inparagraph1mostprobablymeans（）.

3.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat,insummer,（）.

4.Choosethedrawingbelowthatmostcloselyresemblesasquallline.

5.Allofthefollowingarementionedinthepassageaboutsupercellsexceptthatthey（）.

問題1選項

A.thedevelopmentofthunderstormsandsqualllines

B.thedevastatingeffectsoftornadoes.

C.Cumulusandcumulonimbusclouds

D.thepoweroftornados

問題2選項

A.machines

B.motions

C.methods

D.materials

問題3選項

A.thereisnotagreattemperaturedifferentialbetweenhigherandloweraltitudes.

B.thegreatertemperaturedifferentialbetweenhigherandloweraltitudesmakesthunderstormsmorelikelytooccur.

C.thereisnotmuchcoldairwhichdropsmoreslowlythanitdoesinwinter.

D.thetemperatureofrisingairdropsmoreslowlythanitdoesinwinter.

問題4選項

A.

B.

C.

D.

問題5選項

A.areofshortduration.

B.havecirclingwinds.

C.haveextraordinarypower.

D.cangivebirthtotornadoes.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:C

第5題:A

【解析】1.主旨大意題。題干詢問文章主題。根據(jù)原文第一段“Thunderstorms,withtheirjaggedburstsoflightingandroaringthunder,areactuallyoneofnature'sprimarymechanismsfortransferringheatfromthesurfaceoftheearthintotheatmosphere.”可知，雷暴帶著鋸齒狀的閃電和轟鳴的雷聲，實際上是大自然把熱量從地球表面轉移到大氣中的主要方式之一。此處引出話題Thunderstorm。后文又圍繞Thunderstorm和squallline的形成進行了論述，故A項“雷雨和颮線的形成”符合題意。B項“龍卷風的毀滅性結果”和D項“龍卷風的威力”在文中并未提及，可排除；C項“積云和積雨云”只是在文中有所提及，不能作為文章主題。因此，本題正確答案為A項。

2.詞匯題。將mechanism定位到原文第一段，由“fortransferringheatfromthesurfaceoftheearthintotheatmosphere”可知，雷暴是為了將熱量從地表轉移到大氣中，因此這是一種大自然的原始方式，故C項methods含義最接近。A項machine表示“機器”；B項motion表示“動作；移動；手勢；議案”；D項material表示“材料”。

3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)原文第二段“Whatwillhappenwiththesecloudsdependsonthetemperatureoftheatmosphere.”可知，積雨云的發(fā)生取決于大氣溫度。而根據(jù)“Insummer,...thetemperaturedifferentialbetweenhigherandloweraltitudesismuchmorepronounced.Aswarmairrisesinthistypeofenvironment,thetemperaturedropsmuchmorerapidlythanitdoesinwinter...”可知，較高與較低海拔之間的溫差更顯著。因此，A項“較高與較低海拔之間沒有很大溫差”表述錯誤。B項“較高與較低海拔之間較大的溫差更可能發(fā)生雷雨”；C項“（夏天）沒有太多的冷空氣的溫度下降得比冬天更快”以及D項“（夏天）上升空氣的溫度比冬天下降得慢”均與原文不符。故本題正確答案為B項。

4.推理判斷題。根據(jù)原文最后一段“Asquallline,whichcanbehundredsofmileslongandcancontainfiftydistinctthunderheads,...”可知一條颮線可能長達數(shù)百英里，可容納50個不同的雷雨云砧。通俗的說就是由于雷暴云中強烈上升氣流到達對流層頂后，受到對流層頂（平流層下）強烈的水平氣流作用而不能繼續(xù)上升，從而向四周快速擴散，形成云砧。由于對流層頂溫度很低，上升氣流中凝結的水汽以冰晶形式存在，冰晶隨風擴散，所以云砧看上去是白色的。由此可推測C項正確。A項圖像應為“閃電”；B項圖像應為“龍卷風”；D項圖像應為“晴間多云”。

5.推理判斷題。根據(jù)原文最后一段“Withinthesqualllineoftennearitssouthernend,canbefoundsupercells,long-livedrotatingstormsofexceptionalstrengththatserveasthesourceoftornadoes.”可知，在颮線的南端經(jīng)?？梢园l(fā)現(xiàn)超級單體，這是一種長期存在且又異常強大的旋轉風暴，是龍卷風的源頭。由此可知，A項“持續(xù)時間短暫”與原文不符。而B項“有旋轉風”；C項“能量非凡”以及D項“可以引起龍卷風”均與原文表述相符，故本題正確答案為A項。

11.單選題

Throughtheyears,ourviewofwhatleadershipisandwhocanexerciseithaschangedconsiderably.Leadershipcompetencieshaveremainedconstant,butourunderstandingofwhatitis,howitworks,andthewaysinwhichpeoplelearntoapplyithasshifted.Wedohavethebeginningofageneraltheoryofleadership,fromhistoryandsocialresearchandaboveallfromthethoughtsofreflectivepractitionerssuchasMoses,JuliusCaesar,andJamesMadison,andinourowntimefromsuchdisparatesourcesofwisdomasGandhi,WinstonChurchill,MaoTse-tung,andHenryKissinger,whohaveverylittleincommonexceptthattheyhavenotbeentherebuttriedwithsomefairnesstospeculateonpaperaboutit.

Buttalesandreflectiveobservationarenotenoughexcepttoconvinceusthatleadersarephysicallystrongandabnormallyhardworkers.Todaywearealittleclosertounderstandinghowandwhopeoplelead,butitwasn'teasygettingthere.Decadesofacademicanalysishavegivenusmorethan350definitionsofleadership.Literallythousandsofempiricalinvestigationsofleadershavebeenconductedinthelast75yearsalone,butnoclearunderstandingexistsastowhatdistinguishesleadersfromnon-leaders,andperhapsmoreimportant,whatdistinguisheseffectiveleadersfromineffectiveleadersandeffectiveorganizationsfromineffectiveorganizations.

Neverhavesomanylaboredsolongtosaysolittle.Multipleinterpretationsofleadershipexist,eachprovidingafragmentofinsightbuteachremaininganincompleteandwhollyinadequateexplanation.Mostofthesedefinitionsdon'tagreewitheachother,andmanyofthemwouldseemquiteremotetotheleaderswhoseskillsarebeingexamined.Definitionsreflectfashions,politicaltidesandacademictrends.Theydon'talwaysreflectrealityandsometimestheyjustrepresentnonsense.It'sasifwhatBraqueoncesaidaboutartisalsotrueofleadership:"Theonlythingthatmattersinartisthepartthatcannotbeexplained."

Manytheoriesofleadershiphavecomeandgone.Somelookedattheleader.Somelookedatthesituation.Nonehasstoodthetestoftime.Withsuchatrackrecord,itisunderstandablewhyleadershipresearchandtheoryhavebeensofrustratingastodeservethelabel"thelaBreaTarPits"oforganizationalinquiry.LocatedinLosAngeles,theseasphaltpitshousetheremainsofalongsequenceofprehistoricanimalsthatcametoinvestigatebutneverleftthearea.

1.Severalbignamesarementionedinthefirstparagraphmainlytoshowtheir（）.

2.Accordingtothewriter,people'sopinionsofleadershipareonthewholequite（）.

3.Thewriterthinksthat（）.

4."ThelaBreaTarPits"probablysignifiesthingsthat（）.

5.Thispassageismainlyconcernedwith（）?

問題1選項

A.differentstylesofleadership

B.effectiveexerciseofleadership

C.contributionstothetheoryofleadership

D.wisdominapplyingthetheoryofleadership

問題2選項

A.divided

B.original

C.misleading

D.sophisticated

問題3選項

A.manypeoplehavelaboredtobeleaders

B.leadersarebeyondourunderstanding

C.theessenceofleadershiphasnotbeengrasped

D.thedefinitionsofleadershipshouldvary

問題4選項

A.canbetracedbacktotheprehistoricage

B.aretrapsforthosewhowanttoinquire

C.arelocatedinoneplaceforever

D.don'tdeservefullinvestigation

問題5選項

A.theinaccuratedefinitionsofleadership

B.thefamousleadersandtheirtheories

C.thechangesinthetrendofleadership

D.theinconsistenttheoriesofleadership

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:D

【解析】1.細節(jié)事實題。題干詢問：第一段中提到這幾位偉人的名字是為了表明什么？根據(jù)題干定位到原文第一段，由第一段最后一句可知，我們對領導力的初識源于歷史和社會的研究，尤其是從反思性實踐者的思想而來，譬如摩西、凱撒大帝和詹姆斯?麥迪遜；在我們自己的時代就來源于甘地、溫斯頓?丘吉爾、毛澤東和亨利?基辛格等人的截然不同的思想。由此可知，第一段提及多位領導人的目的，是想表明他們對于領導力理論的貢獻。因此本題正確答案選C。

2.觀點態(tài)度題。題干詢問：作者認為，人們對領導力的看法總體上是怎樣的。根據(jù)原文第三段Multipleinterpretationsofleadershipexist...以及Mostofthesedefinitionsdon'tagreewitheachother可知，人們對領導力存在多種解釋并且大多數(shù)的定義都不一致。因此，作者認為人們對于領導力的觀點是分化的，故本題正確答案為A項。

3.觀點態(tài)度題。由原文第二段Decadesofacademicanalysishavegivenusmorethan350definitionsofleadership.Literallythousandsofempiricalinvestigationsofleadershavebeenconductedinthelast75yearsalone,butnoclearunderstandingexistsastowhatdistinguishesleadersfromnon-leaders,andperhapsmoreimportant,whatdistinguisheseffectiveleadersfromineffectiveleadersandeffectiveorganizationsfromineffectiveorganizations.可知，幾十年的學術分析為我們提供了350多種領導力的定義。僅在過去的75年里，人們就對領導者進行了成千上萬的實證研究，但對于如何區(qū)分領導者和非領導者，或許更重要的是如何區(qū)分有效的領導者和無效的領導者，以及有效的組織和無效的組織，卻沒有明確的認識。由此可知，C選項“領導力的本質還沒有被掌握”符合題意，故本題正確答案為C項。

4.詞匯題。將thelaBreaTarPits定位到原文最后一段，由后文信息LocatedinLosAngeles,theseasphaltpitshousetheremainsofalongsequenceofprehistoricanimalsthatcametoinvestigatebutneverleftthearea.可知，這些瀝青坑位于洛杉磯，里面存放著一長串史前動物的遺骸，這些動物前來調查，但從未離開過這個地區(qū)。由此可知，這些瀝青坑是那些想要問問題的人的陷阱。故本題正確答案為B選項。

5.主旨大意題。文章第一段講述了多年來，我們對什么是領導以及誰能行使領導職能的看法發(fā)生了很大變化；第二段雖然我們對領導力的認識有了更進一步的認識，但是這樣的研究還遠遠不夠；最后兩段講了關于領導力的解釋五花八門，但這些解釋都不充分且互相抵觸，許多理論都只是暫時的，經(jīng)不住時間的考驗。由此可知，文章主要闡述的是對于領導力的理論不一致，故本題正確答案為D項。

12.單選題

ConradHiltonreallywantedtobeabanker.Instead,hesuccessfullychangedthe（1）purchaseofaTexaslow-endhotelintoamultimillion-dollarhotelempirethatearnedhimthe（2）“innkeepertotheworld.”

BorninNewMexicoin1887,Hiltonwas19whenhisparentsbeganrentingoutroomsintheirhome.Thebusinessdidn’tinteresthim,（3）,sohebecamea（4）legislator,foundedabankandwentofftowar.In1919,afterHilton’sfatherdied,afriendsuggestedhe（5）toTexastomakehis（6）.HiltonendedupinCisco,whenhisbankdealthere（7）,heheadedtoanearbyhotel,theMobley.It（8）tooil-fieldworkers,soits40roomsturnedover（9）eighthours.Aweeklater,Hiltonownedit.Hesoonacquiredmorehotels—andstartedtobuildnewones.Hisfirst,theDallasHilton,openedin1925.Bythelate1940s,Hilton’slistincludedtheTownHouseinBeverlyHillsandChicago’sPalmerHouse,aswellas（10）nightclubs（11）A-liststars.Healsoexpandedinternationally.Andin1949,heboughtthe“greatestofthemall”:NewYorkCity’smagnificentWaldorf-Astoria.TypicallyAmerican,Hiltonswere（12）too:thefirst（13）haveroomswithair-conditioning,TVs,ironingboardsandsewingkits.Evenmodernhotel-reservationssystems（14）fromoneHiltonwhichwasestablishedin1948

TodaytheHiltonHotelsCorpownssome3,300（15）in78countries.Lastyearmorethanaquarter-billion

問題1選項

A.good

B.compulsory

C.great

D.casual

問題2選項

A.income

B.living

C.nickname

D.penname

問題3選項

A.however

B.therefore

C.if

D.when

問題4選項

A.nationality

B.state

C.race

D.ethnic

問題5選項

A.went

B.go

C.goes

D.togo

問題6選項

A.life

B.achievement

C.fortune

D.subsistence

問題7選項

A.worse

B.soured

C.soared

D.unstable

問題8選項

A.catered

B.provided

C.led

D.granted

問題9選項

A.every

B.any

C.some

D.each

問題10選項

A.shabby

B.decorated

C.vacant

D.luxurious

問題11選項

A.feature

B.featuring

C.featured

D.features

問題12選項

A.optimistic

B.gifted

C.incentive

D.creative

問題13選項

A.where

B.to

C.at

D.how

問題14選項

A.evolved

B.revolved

C.involved

D.resolved

問題15選項

A.lobbies

B.terraces

C.properties

D.balconies

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:B

第5題:B

第6題:C

第7題:B

第8題:A

第9題:A

第10題:D

第11題:B

第12題:D

第13題:B

第14題:A

第15題:C

【解析】1.考查形容詞辨析。空缺處應為purchase的定語，句意為“康拉德?希爾頓原本想成為一個銀行家，但后來卻把一個偶然買進的低端酒店打造成了酒店王國”。此處casual“偶然的”最符合上下文語義。因此，正確答案為D選項。

2.考查名詞辨析?？杖焙蟮摹癷nnkeepertotheworld（世界旅館大王）”是一個稱號，A選項income表示“收入，所得”，B選項living表示“生計，生活方式”，C選項nickname表