2022年考研考博-考博英語(yǔ)-首都經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號(hào)72

住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語(yǔ)-首都經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實(shí)際調(diào)整大?。╊}型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

Theinnocentchildobjectedto（

）likethis.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.treating

B.betreated

C.havebeentreated

D.beingtreated

【答案】D

【解析】考察固定搭配。objectto后面要接doing，因此to在這里是介詞。根據(jù)前后文可知這些無(wú)辜的孩子是“被對(duì)待”，所以要用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，因此選項(xiàng)D符合題意。句意：那些無(wú)辜的孩子反對(duì)被這樣對(duì)待。

2.單選題

10.In1914,anapparentlyinsignificanteventinaremotepartofEasternEurope（

）Europeintoagreatwar.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.inserted

B.pitched

C.plunged

D.imposed

【答案】C

【解析】考查固定搭配。insert“插入，嵌入”后接in/into/between；pitch“用力扔，投，拋”；plunge“使…陷入（某種狀態(tài)），把…拋進(jìn)”，常和介詞into搭配使用;impose“迫使，把…強(qiáng)加于”，常和介詞on/upon搭配使用。句意：1914年，發(fā)生在東歐一個(gè)偏僻地區(qū)的一件微不足道的小事使歐洲陷入了一場(chǎng)大戰(zhàn)。根據(jù)題干介詞into可知只有C項(xiàng)符合。答案選C。

3.單選題

Sustainabledevelopmentisappliedtojustabouteverythingfromenergytocleanwaterandeconomicgrowth,andasaresultithasbecomedifficulttoquestioneitherthebasicassumptionsbehinditorthewaytheconceptisputtouse.Thisisespeciallytrueinagriculture,wheresustainabledevelopmentisoftentakenasthesolemeasureofprogresswithoutaproperappreciationofhistoricalandculturalperspectives.

Tostartwith,itisimportanttorememberthatthenatureofagricultureliaschangedmarkedlythroughouthistory,andwillcontinuetodoso.MedievalagricultureinnorthernEuropefed,clothedandshelteredapredominantlyruralsocietywithamuchlowerpopulationdensitythanitistoday.Ithadminimaleffectonbiodiversity,andanypollutionitcausedwastypicallylocalized.Intermsofenergyuseandthenutrients（營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分）capturedintheproductitwasrelativelyinefficient.

Contrastthiswithfarmingsincethestartoftheindustrialrevolution.Competitionfromoverseasledfarmerstospecializeandincreaseyields.Throughoutthisperiodfoodbecamecheaper,safeandmorereliable.However,thesechangeshavealsoledtohabitat（棲息地）Iossandtodiminishingbiodiversity.

What'smore,demandforanimalproductsindevelopingcountriesisgrowingsofastthatmeetingitwillrequireanextra300milliontonsofgrainayearby2050,yetthegrowthofcitiesandindustryisreducingtheamountofwateravailableforagricultureinmanyregions.

Allthismeansthatagricultureinthe21stcenturywillhavetobeverydifferentfromhowitwasinthe20th.Thiswillrequireradicalthinking.Forexample,weneedtomoveawayfromtheideathattraditionalpracticesareinevitablymoresustainablethannewones.Wealsoneedtoabandonthenotionthatagriculturecanbe‘‘zeroimpact”.Thekeywillbetoabandontherathersimpleandstaticmeasuresofsustainability,whichcentreontheneedtomaintainproductionwithoutincreasingdamage.

Insteadweneedamoredynamicinterpretation,onethatlooksattheprosandcons(正反兩方而)ofallthevariouswaylandisused.Therearemanydifferentwaystomeasureagriculturalperformancebesidesfoodyield:energyuse,environmentalcosts,waterpurity,carbonfootprintandbiodiversity.Itisclear,forexample,thatthecarbonoftransportingtomatoesfromSpaintotheUKislessthanthatofproducingthemintheUKwithadditionalheatingandlighting.Butwedonotknowwhetherlowercarbonfootprintswillalwaysbebetterforbiodiversity.

Whatiscrucialisrecognizingthatsustainableagricultureisnotjustaboutsustainablefoodproduction.

1.Howdopeopleoftenmeasureprogressinagriculture?

2.Specializationandtheefforttoincreaseyieldshaveresultedin（

）.

3.Whatdoestheauthorthinkoftraditionalfanningpractices?

4.Whatwillagriculturebelikeinthe21stcentury?

5.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthispassage?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Byitsproductivity

B.Byitssustainability

C.Byitsimpactontheenvironment

D.Byitscontributiontoeconomicgrowth

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Localizedpollution

B.theshrinkingoffarmland

C.competitionfromoverseas

D.thedecreaseofbiodiversity

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Theyhaveremainedthesameoverthecenturies.

B.Theyhavenotkeptpacewithpopulationgrowth.

C.Theyarenotnecessarilysustainable.

D.Theyareenvironmentallyfriendly.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Itwillgothroughradicalchanges

B.Itwillsupplymoreanimalproducts

C.Itwillabandontraditionalfanningpractices

D.Itwillcausezerodamagetotheenvironment

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.Toremindpeopleoftheneedofsustainabledevelopment.

B.Tosuggestwaysofensuringsustainablefoodproduction.

C.Toadvancenewcriteriaformeasuringfarmingprogress.

D.Tourgepeopletorethinkwhatsustainableagricultureis.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:A

第5題:D

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞measureprogressinagriculture定位至第一段:Thisisespeciallytrueinagriculture,wheresustainabledevelopmentisoftentakenasthesolemeasureofprogresswithoutaproperappreciationofhistoricalandculturalperspectives(這一點(diǎn)在農(nóng)業(yè)領(lǐng)域表現(xiàn)得尤為突出，在該領(lǐng)域中，人們常常在未從歷史、文化的角度予以適當(dāng)考慮的情況下，認(rèn)為可持續(xù)發(fā)展史衡量農(nóng)業(yè)進(jìn)步的唯一方法),因此B項(xiàng)“可持續(xù)性”正確。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞Specialization和increaseyields定位至第三段:Competitionfromoverseasledfarmerstospecializeandincreaseyields(來(lái)自海外的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)壓力使得農(nóng)民們不得不進(jìn)行專(zhuān)門(mén)的研究來(lái)增加作物的產(chǎn)量),該段還指出:However,thesechangeshavealsoledtohabitatlossandtodiminishingbiodiversity(但是，這些變化也導(dǎo)致棲息地的損失和生物多樣性的不斷減少),故選D“生物多樣性的減少”。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞traditionalfanningpractices定位至第五段:Forexample,weneedtomoveawayfromtheideathattraditionalpracticesareinevitablymoresustainablethannewones(比如，我們?nèi)粢饤夁@樣的想法:傳統(tǒng)的做法必然會(huì)比新的做法更能夠促進(jìn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展)。因此C項(xiàng)“這些做法不一定是可持續(xù)性的”正確。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞inthe21stcentury定位至第五段:Allthismeansthatagricultureinthe21stcenturywillhavetobeverydifferentfromhowitwasinthe20th(所有這一切意味著，21世紀(jì)的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)將會(huì)與20世紀(jì)的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)截然不同)。故選A“將會(huì)經(jīng)歷巨變”。

5.主旨大意題。最后一段點(diǎn)明主題:Whatiscrucialisrecognizingthatsustainableagricultureisnotjustaboutsustainablefoodproduction(關(guān)鍵是我們需要認(rèn)識(shí)到，可持續(xù)性農(nóng)業(yè)并不只是糧食生產(chǎn)的可持續(xù)性)。因此D項(xiàng)“催促人們重新思考什么是可持續(xù)性農(nóng)業(yè)”正確。

4.單選題

Peoplebuyinsuranceinorderto（）asmall,certain,tolerablelossforalarge,uncertain,catastrophicone.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.return

B.substitute

C.institute

D.predict

【答案】B

【解析】考查固定詞組搭配。固定搭配substitute...for...表示“用……代替……”。A選項(xiàng)return表示“返回，報(bào)答，回?fù)簟?；C選項(xiàng)institute表示“實(shí)行，授予（學(xué)位），提起（訴訟）”；D選項(xiàng)predict表示“預(yù)言，預(yù)測(cè)”。【句意】人們買(mǎi)保險(xiǎn)是為了用一個(gè)可以確定和容忍的小損失來(lái)替代大的、不確定的、災(zāi)難性的損失。

5.單選題

Don’tthisnewstothepublicuntilwegiveyouthego-ahead.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.relieve

B.release

C.relate

D.inform

【答案】B

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。A選項(xiàng)relieve表示“解除，減輕”；B選項(xiàng)release表示“釋放，發(fā)布”；C選項(xiàng)relate表示“涉及，關(guān)聯(lián)，認(rèn)同”；D選項(xiàng)inform表示“通知，告訴”。根據(jù)句意可知，在得到許可前切勿向大眾發(fā)布消息。故本題正確答案為B選項(xiàng)。

6.單選題

Webookedroomsatthehotel（

）weshouldfindnovacanciesonourarrival.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.whenever

B.if

C.since

D.lest

【答案】D

【解析】考查語(yǔ)法中連詞的用法。A項(xiàng)whenever表示“無(wú)論何時(shí)”；B項(xiàng)if表示“如果；是否”；C項(xiàng)since表示“自從；既然”；D項(xiàng)lest表示“以免，唯恐”，根據(jù)句意以及邏輯關(guān)系可知，本題正確答案為D項(xiàng)。

7.單選題

Itwasclearthatthegardenwasnomoreamateuraffair;ithadbeen（）professionally.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.laidout

B.laiddown

C.laidoff

D.laidaside

【答案】A

【解析】考查固定詞組搭配。A選項(xiàng)laidout表示“安排，陳列，花費(fèi)”；B選項(xiàng)laiddown表示“放下，主張，鋪設(shè)”；C選項(xiàng)laidoff表示“下崗，解雇”；D選項(xiàng)laidaside表示“擱置，儲(chǔ)存，留存”。it指代前文中的thegarden，而空缺處需填入動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)的過(guò)去分詞形式構(gòu)成被動(dòng)，由句意可知“（按計(jì)劃）安排；布局；陳列”最合適，因此本題正確答案為A?！揪湟狻亢茱@然，這個(gè)花園不再是業(yè)余者做的事情，而是經(jīng)過(guò)專(zhuān)業(yè)的布局。

8.單選題

Ahealthytradingsystemrequiresthatcountriesbebotheagerexportersandimporters.Ifnationsdon’tspendwhattheyearnabroad—orifweakeconomiesmakethemweakimporters-thenthetradingsystemwillcollapse.Thatistoday’sproblem.

Wherewillfuturetradeexpansioncomefrom?Europeseemsadoubtfulcandidate.Withfeebleeconomicgrowth,itwon’tbuyalotmoreexports.LatinAmericaisinasimilarposition.Manybigcountries(Argentina,Brazil)aresoburdenedbydebtthattheirgrowthishobbledandtheystriveforexportsurpluses-earningpreciousdollars-torepaytheirinternationalloans.AsforAfrica,it’ssopoorthatithardlymattersinglobaltrade.

Well,whataboutAsia?Itoughttosavetheglobaltradingsystem,butitmaydojusttheopposite.Thesecountriesareferociousexporters;theyseemtostriveforpermanenttradesurplusesandhoardtheirexcessexportearnings.Considerwhat’shappenedtotheirforeignexchangereserves.Since1996,theforeignexchangereservesofsomemajorAsiancountrieshavejumpedfromabout$500billiontomorethan$1.3trillion.Thesefundsaretypicallyleftinsafeinvestments,suchasU.S.Treasurysecurities.AlotofattentionhasfocusedonChina,buttheproblemislargerthanChinaalone.

Asaresult,thetradingsystemlackscircularity.Thejustificationforfreetradeisthateveryoneultimatelybenefits.Countriesdowhattheydobest.Poorcountriessellinexpensivelabor-intensivegoodstowealthycountriesandbuysophisticatedknowledge-intensivegoods.Livingstandardsinallcountriesrise.Someworkersandindustriesmaytemporarilylose,butmostconsumersbenefitandmostworkersareultimatelyre-employedintrade-competitiveindustries.Tradedoesn’tpermanentlydestroyjobs;spendingiscircular.

Iftoomanycountrieshoard,thelogicoffreetradecollapses.Tradecanbecomeaneconomicdepressantandjobdestroyer.Toomanysellerschasetoofewbuyers.Countriescompeteforbiggersharesofstagnantmarketsandtrytoshiftunemploymentabroad.Agreat,ifsilent,strugglehasbegun.Fordecades,expandingtradepromotedglobalprogress.Itreducedpovertyandspreadprosperity.Butifthetradingsystemcan’tsolveitsbasicproblem-over-relianceontheUSmarket---itcouldfosterpoliticaldivisionandeconomicvulnerabilityforall.Tradingpatternsmustbecomemorebalancedandsustainable.

1.SomebigLatinAmericacountriesare（）.

2.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutcertainregionaleconomyisTRUE?

3.Accordingtotheauthor,thefreetradesystemwillcollapsewhen（）.

4.Theauthorstronglyadvocatesthatasustainablefreetradesystem（）.

5.Thelastparagraphmainlydealswith（）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.exportingmoreforenoughforeigncurrencytopaytheirdebt

B.exportingsurplusesastoreserveenoughpreciousUSdollars

C.usingUSdollarstopayalltheirinternationalanddomesticdebts

D.usingexportingasaneffectivewayfortheireconomicprosperity

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Europemayhelpthefutureworldtradeexpansion.

B.LatinAmerica'sdebtwouldhinderitsexportcapacity

C.Asiamayenhancetradeexpansionbutnotspendingmuch

D.Africafindsithardtoemergeinworld-tradeexpansion

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.tradebecameeconomicdepressantandjobdestroyer

B.countriestriedtoshifttheirunemploymenttoothernations

C.worldtradeoverreliedonthevulnerableU.S.market

D.toomanycountriesarenotimportingmuchfromothercountries

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.shouldbechangedthroughinternationalcollaborations

B.willdefinitelybecomeaneconomicdepressantworldwide

C.requiresacircularityofbothimportingandexporting

D.shouldencouragebuyingmorefromtrade-competitiveindustries

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.economicbalanceandsustainability

B.economiccollapseandpotentialcrisis

C.tradecompetitionagainstU.S.market

D.worldwideeconomicachievementtoday

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:C

第5題:B

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)原文第二段LatinAmericaisinasimilarposition.Manybigcountries(Argentina,Brazil)aresoburdenedbydebtthattheirgrowthishobbled,andtheystriveforexportsurpluses-earningpreciousdollars—torepaytheirinternationalloans.可知，拉丁美洲也處于類(lèi)似的境地。許多大國(guó)(比如阿根廷，巴西)都背負(fù)著沉重的債務(wù)，經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)舉步維艱，他們努力爭(zhēng)取出口盈余——賺取寶貴的美元——以?xún)斶€國(guó)際貸款。因此，選項(xiàng)A“出口更多賺外幣來(lái)償還債務(wù)”符合原文，故本題正確答案為A項(xiàng)。

2.推理判斷題。根據(jù)原文第三段Thesecountriesareferociousexporters;theyseemtostriveforpermanenttradesurplusesandhoardtheirexcessexportearnings可知，這些國(guó)家都是出口大國(guó)；他們似乎在爭(zhēng)取永久的貿(mào)易順差，并囤積過(guò)剩的出口收入。因此，可推測(cè)選項(xiàng)C“亞洲可能加強(qiáng)貿(mào)易擴(kuò)張，但不會(huì)花太多”正確。

3.推理判斷題。題干詢(xún)問(wèn)：根據(jù)作者觀(guān)點(diǎn)，當(dāng)……時(shí)，自由貿(mào)易系統(tǒng)會(huì)崩潰。根據(jù)原文最后一段Iftoomanycountrieshoard,thelogicoffreetradecollapses可知，如果太多國(guó)家囤積，自由貿(mào)易的邏輯就會(huì)崩潰。因此，結(jié)合上下文可推測(cè)D選項(xiàng)“太多國(guó)家從沒(méi)有從其他國(guó)家大量進(jìn)口”正確。

4.推理判斷題。由原文第四段Asaresult,thetradingsystemlackscircularity.Thejustificationforfreetradeisthateveryoneultimatelybenefits可知，以往的交易系統(tǒng)缺乏循環(huán)性。自由貿(mào)易存在的正當(dāng)之處就是大家最終都能受益。這說(shuō)明作者認(rèn)為可持續(xù)發(fā)展的自由貿(mào)易具有循環(huán)性。因此，可推測(cè)C選項(xiàng)“要求進(jìn)口和出口的循環(huán)”正確。故本題正確答案為C項(xiàng)。

5.推理判斷題。題干詢(xún)問(wèn)，最后一段主要講的內(nèi)容是什么？綜合分析可知，文章最后一段主要討論了貿(mào)易在何時(shí)會(huì)崩潰以及目前國(guó)際貿(mào)易太依賴(lài)美國(guó)市場(chǎng)所導(dǎo)致的隱含危機(jī)。因此，B選項(xiàng)“經(jīng)濟(jì)崩潰和潛在危機(jī)”最符合題意，故本題正確答案為B選項(xiàng)。

9.翻譯題

A.TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoChinese.

Inthemodernera,therewillbemuchtocelebratebecauseourcivilizationhasachievedbreath-takingadvancesinvirtuallyeveryfieldofhumanendeavour.Andyet,thesequantumleapsinhumanprogresscoexistwithadarkersidetoourcivilizationsuchasarmedconflict,whichmightdestroyentirecommunitiesinthequestforethnicity,religionorrace.Inthecontextofarmedconflict,childrenaretherealvictims.Manywerekilled,permanentlydisabled,displacedororphaned.Worsethanthat,someofthemarecurrentlyunderarmsaskillingmachines.Hence,theSecurityCouncilshouldsetoutitsgoal:advocatingforchildrenwhoarevictimizedormadeespeciallyvulnerable,aswellasmobilizingforconcreteactiontoensuretheirrights,protectionandwelfare.

B.TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoEnglish.

貿(mào)易增長(zhǎng)在很大程度上取決于能源的供應(yīng)。中東可以開(kāi)采的原油還有一萬(wàn)億桶。但是1974年的石油危機(jī)使人們對(duì)煤再度產(chǎn)生了興趣并且去尋找可供選擇的其它能源。在今后的年代里，太陽(yáng)能、風(fēng)能和核能將起到重大的作用。

【答案】A英譯中【參考譯文】

在如今這個(gè)時(shí)代，會(huì)有許多事情值得慶祝，因?yàn)閹缀踉谌祟?lèi)努力的每一個(gè)領(lǐng)域我們的文明都取得了驚人的進(jìn)展。然而，人類(lèi)進(jìn)步的這些巨大飛躍與我們文明的黑暗面并存，比如武裝沖突，它可能會(huì)在尋求種族、宗教或種族的過(guò)程中摧毀整個(gè)社區(qū)。在（發(fā)生）武裝沖突的情況下，孩子們是真正的受害者。許多人被殺害、永久致殘、流離失所或者成為孤兒。比這更糟糕的是，現(xiàn)在這些孩子中的一些人被當(dāng)作殺人機(jī)器武裝了起來(lái)。因此，安全理事會(huì)應(yīng)確定自己的目標(biāo)：提倡保護(hù)受害或者特別容易受害的兒童，并動(dòng)員采取具體行動(dòng)，確保孩子們的權(quán)利、保護(hù)他們并且提供福利。

B中譯英【參考譯文】

Thegrowthoftradedependsonenergysuppliestoagreatextent.ThereisstillatrillionbarrelsofrecoverableoilintheMiddleEast.Butthe1974oilcrisismadepeoplereviveinterestincoalandsearchforalternativesourcesofenergy.Intheyearstocome,solar,windandnuclearpowerwillplayabigrole.

10.單選題

Thefamousscientistwassoeasy-goingand（）thatcollegestudentslikedtotalkwithhim.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.graceful

B.gracious

C.grim

D.glorious

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。A選項(xiàng)graceful表示“優(yōu)雅的；優(yōu)美的”；B選項(xiàng)gracious表示“親切的；高尚的；雅致的”；C選項(xiàng)grim表示“冷酷的；糟糕的；殘忍的”；D選項(xiàng)glorious表示“光榮的；輝煌的；極好的”。根據(jù)easy-going（平易近人的）可知空缺處部分應(yīng)為其近義詞，因此B項(xiàng)“和藹的”符合語(yǔ)境，故正確答案為B項(xiàng)。句意：這位著名科學(xué)家是如此的平易近人又和藹可親，大學(xué)生們都喜歡與他交談。

11.單選題

Monkeysandbeagleswerecentraltorecentstudieslinkingregularphysicalactivityandanenhanceddiettoimprovedbrainfunction.ThemonkeysparticipatedinanOregonHealthandScienceUniversitystudy.Itshowedprimatesthatexercisedregularly~usingatreadmillfivedaysperweek—hadahigherbraincapillaryvolumeafter20weeksthanacontrolgroupthatdidnotexercise.Also,monkeysintheexercisegroupmorerapidlylearnednewtasks.Thestudyshowedthatthemostsignificantbrainbenefitswereexperiencedbymonkeysdeemed“l(fā)eastfit”atthestartofthetrial.TheOregonresearcherssaidstudyingmonkeyseliminatesanyskewingfromthedecidedlyhumanbehaviorsofsmoking,drinkingandovereating.ThefindingswerediscussedattheannualmeetingoftheSocietyforNeuroscienceinNewOrleans.

Anothernewstudyemployed39beaglestotestthebrain-enhancingeffectivenessofantioxidant-richfoods(especiallythoserichinvitaminsCandEandbetacarotene).UniversityofTorontoresearchersdiscoveredthatolddogsmightpossiblyevenlearnsomenewtrickswiththeproperfortifiedfoodintheirdinnerbowls.“Wefoundolddogsontheantioxidantdietperformedbetteronavarietyofcognitiveteststhandogsnotonthediet,”saidP.DwightTapp,astudyco-authornowbasedattheUniversityofCaliforniaatIrvine.”Infact,thedogseatingtheantioxidant-fortifiedfoodsperformedaswellasyoungbeagles.”Fortheuninitiated―orthoseofuswhohaveneverlivedwithanoldbeagleorothercanines—dogscanexperiencethesamememorylossandslowedcognitivefunctionthatoccurinhumans.

Tappandcolleaguesfoundthattheantioxidant-richdiethelpedimprovecognitiveskillsinolddogsbutnotyoungdogs.Afollow-upstudyisongoingtodetermineiffeedingtheyoungerdogsthespecialdiethelpspreventlossofbrainfunction.

ArthurF.Kramerfigurestostickwithhumansinhisbrainresearch.KramerisaprofessorofpsychologyattheUniversityofIllinoisatUrbana-Champaign.Hewasleadauthoronapioneeringstudypublishedearlierthisyearthatshowedpositivephysiologicalchangesinbrainmatterduetoregularexercise.

Thetypicalmanorwomanlosesbrainmatteraspartoftheagingprocess.Inafirst,Kramerandcolleaguesusedmagnetic-resonanceimaging(MRI)scanstoshowthatindividuals55andolderwhoexerciseregularly—walkingbrisklyfor20minutesthreetimesperweek—canpreservegray-andwhite-matterregionsofthebrain.”Thegreatthingisitdoesn'ttaketoolongtorealizethesebenefits,”Kramersaid,“Wesawsignificantcognitiveimprovementinpeople55andolderoverjustsixmonths.“Graymatterconsistsofaseriesofthintissuelayersinbraincellssuchasneuronsthatarecriticaltolearningandmemory.Whitematterisfoundinthemyelinsheathcontainingnervefibersthattransmitsignalsthroughoutthebrain.Aspeopleage,beginningafter30,thetwotypesofmattershrinkinapatterncloselymatchedbydecreasedcognitiveperformance,Kramersaid.Kramerandhiscolleagueshavecompletedothercutting-edgeresearchaboutthebrainandregularphysicalactivity.Onestudyslottedfor2004publicationfollowsuponthegray/white-matterstudy.Preliminaryresultsindicatethatthesamesortofbriskwalkingwillenhancetheperformancecapabilitiesofcorticalcircuitsinthebrain.

“Wearereportingonfunctionandnotjustthephysiologyofthegrayandwhitematter,’，Kramerexplained.Anotherstudytobepublishedin2004buildsonearlierfindingsthatactiveolderwomenonhormone-replacementtherapyexhibitgreatercognitiveabilitiesthanoldermenwhoareregularexercisers.Innewfindings,Kramerandcolleagueshavefoundlessactualbraintissuedeteriorationinwomen55andolderwhohavehigherlevelsofestrogenintheirbodies.Despitebeinga“formerjock,”Kramerdidn'texpectthathisresearchcareerwouldturnsodirectlytowardfitnessandphysicalactivity.Hehasbecomealeadingresearcherintheareaduringthelastdecadeand,alongwithseveralcolleagues,turnedtheUniversityofIllinoisintoarespectedcenterforresearchonhealthyaging.

“Thereisnodownsidetophysicalactivityforolderadultswhogetclearancefromtheirphysicianstostartaprogram,”hesaid,“Weknowitcanhelppreventheartdiseaseandprotectagainststrokedamage.Nowwearebuildingevidencethatregularphysicalactivityallowsyoutothinkbetter.”

1.ThestudyconductedbyOregonHealthandScienceUniversityshowedthat（）.

2.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementaboutantioxidant-richfoodsisfalse?

3.ArthurF.Kramerisaprofessorin（）.

4.Accordingtothepassage,peoplebegintoageafter（）.

5.FromProfessorKramer’sresearch,wecaninferthat（）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.monkeyscanlearnnewtasksmorerapidlyiftheyexercisedregularlythananyotheranimals

B.regularphysicalexercisecanhelptopromotethebrainfunction

C.monkeysaremorecooperativethanhumanbeing

D.monkeysaregoodatusingtreadmill

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Antioxidant-richfoodsarerichinvitaminsCandEandbetacarotene.

B.Antioxidant-richfoodscanhelpthebraintoperformbetter.

C.Olddogsmightpossiblyevenlearnsomenewtricksiftheyhaveantioxidant-richfoods.

D.Antioxidant-richfoodshelpedimprovecognitiveskillsnotonlyinolddogsbutalsoinyoungdogs.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.OregonHealthandScienceUniversity

B.theUniversityofToronto

C.theUniversityofCaliforniaatIrvine

D.theUniversityofIllinoisatUrbana-Champaign

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.33

B.55

C.39

D.30

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.gray-andwhite-matterinthebrainareimportantindecidingaperson’scognitiveability

B.whitematteriscriticaltolearningandmemory

C.peoplewhoare55andoldercanonlypreservetheirgray-andwhite-matterinthebrainbywalking

D.6weeksofexercisingregularly—walkingbrisklyfor20minutesthreetimesperweek—isenoughforkeepinghealthy

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:D

第4題:D

第5題:A

【解析】1.推理判斷題。根據(jù)原文第一段“Monkeysandbeagleswerecentraltorecentstudieslinkingregularphysicalactivityandanenhanceddiettoimprovedbrainfunction.”可知，猴子和小獵犬對(duì)最近把定期體育活動(dòng)和加強(qiáng)飲食與改善大腦功能聯(lián)系起來(lái)的研究是極為重要的。而根據(jù)“Also,monkeysintheexercisegroupmorerapidlylearnednewtasks.”可知，鍛煉組的猴子可以更快地學(xué)會(huì)新任務(wù)。因此，可推測(cè)B項(xiàng)“定期體育鍛煉能幫助改善大腦功能”正確。A項(xiàng)“如果能定期接受鍛煉，那么猴子會(huì)比任何其它動(dòng)物更快地學(xué)會(huì)新任務(wù)”；C項(xiàng)“猴子比人類(lèi)協(xié)作性更強(qiáng)”；D項(xiàng)“猴子擅長(zhǎng)使用跑步機(jī)”。A、C、D三項(xiàng)均不能由原文推斷得出，故本題正確答案為B項(xiàng)。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)原文第三段“Tappandcolleaguesfoundthattheantioxidant-richdiethelpedimprovecognitiveskillsinolddogsbutnotyoungdogs.”可知，Tapp和同事們發(fā)現(xiàn)，富含抗氧化劑的飲食有助于改善老狗的認(rèn)知技能，但對(duì)幼狗卻沒(méi)用，因此D項(xiàng)“富含抗氧化劑的食物對(duì)老狗和幼狗的智力改善都有幫助”表述錯(cuò)誤。根據(jù)原文第二段內(nèi)容可判斷，A項(xiàng)“富含抗氧化劑的食物含有豐富的維他命C、E和β-胡蘿卜素”；B項(xiàng)“富含抗氧化劑的食物能幫助大腦更好的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)”及C項(xiàng)“如果老狗食用富含抗氧化劑的食物，它們甚至可以學(xué)得一些新的技巧”均正確。故本題正確答案為D項(xiàng)。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)原文第四段“KramerisaprofessorofpsychologyattheUniversityofIllinoisatUrbana-Champaign.”可知，Kramer是伊利諾伊大學(xué)厄巴納—香檳分校的一位心理學(xué)教授，故D項(xiàng)正確。A項(xiàng)“俄勒岡健康與科學(xué)大學(xué)”；B項(xiàng)“多倫多大學(xué)”；C項(xiàng)“加州大學(xué)歐文分校”。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)原文第五段“Aspeopleage,beginningafter30,thetwotypesofmattershrinkinapatterncloselymatchedbydecreasedcognitiveperformance,Kramersaid.”可知，人們是在30歲后開(kāi)始變老。故D項(xiàng)“30歲”正確。

5.推理判斷題。根據(jù)原文第五段“Aspeopleage,beginningafter30,thetwotypesofmattershrinkinapatterncloselymatchedbydecreasedcognitiveperformance,Kramersaid.”可知，隨著人在30歲后開(kāi)始變老，這兩種物質(zhì)（即大腦中的灰質(zhì)和白質(zhì)）與認(rèn)知能力的下降密切相關(guān)，故A項(xiàng)表述正確。由原文第五段內(nèi)容可知“（大腦中的）灰質(zhì)對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)和記憶至關(guān)重要”，故B項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤；原文提到有規(guī)律的鍛煉可以使大腦物質(zhì)發(fā)生積極地變化，故C項(xiàng)“55歲以上的人只能通過(guò)走路來(lái)保存他們大腦中的灰質(zhì)和白質(zhì)”表述片面，不正確；而原文提及“55歲以上的人如果經(jīng)常進(jìn)行規(guī)律的鍛煉——每周三次快走20分鐘——就可以保留大部分灰質(zhì)和白質(zhì)區(qū)域，6個(gè)月后，認(rèn)知能力會(huì)有顯著提高”，故D項(xiàng)不正確。

12.翻譯題

TranslatethefollowingintoChinese.

WhileitistruethatAmericansbelievethatclimbingtheeducationalladderleadstosuccess,theyarelesscertainthatintellectualachievement,whichisthemainpurposeoftheschools,istheonlyimportantfactorleadingtosuccess.Acompetitive-evenaggressive-personalityisseenasimportanttosuccess,especiallyinmen.Thedevelopmentofsocialandpoliticalskillsarealsoconsideredtobeveryimportant.

TohelpAmericanstodeveloptheseotherimportantskills,schoolshaveaddedalargenumberofextracurricularactivitiestodailylifeatschool.Thisisespeciallytrueofhighschoolsandcollegesbutextendsdownintoelementaryschoolsaswell.

Athletics,frequentlycalled"competitivesports",areperhapsthemostimportantoftheseactivities.Football,basketball,andbaseballteamsareseenasveryimportantinstudents,particularlyboys,the"winningspirit".Attimes,athleticteamsseemtobecomemoreimportanttosomestudentsandtheirparentsthanacademicprogramsofferedbytheschools.

【答案】盡管美國(guó)人的確認(rèn)為教育是通向成功的階梯，但他們并不確定，作為學(xué)校教育主要目的的知識(shí)成就是通向成功的唯一重要因素。人們認(rèn)為爭(zhēng)強(qiáng)好勝甚至帶有侵略性的個(gè)性，對(duì)取得成功很重要，特別是對(duì)男人而言。社交能力和政治技能的培養(yǎng)也非常重要。

為了幫助美國(guó)人培養(yǎng)這些另外的重要技能，學(xué)校在日常生活中增加了大量課外活動(dòng)。高中和大學(xué)尤其如此，而且也延伸到了小學(xué)。

田徑運(yùn)動(dòng)，常被稱(chēng)為“競(jìng)技體育”，可能是這些活動(dòng)中最重要的。足球、籃球和棒球隊(duì)對(duì)學(xué)生，尤其是男生來(lái)說(shuō)，被視為非常重要的“求勝精神”。有時(shí)，對(duì)于一些學(xué)生和家長(zhǎng)來(lái)說(shuō)，運(yùn)動(dòng)隊(duì)似乎比學(xué)校提供的學(xué)術(shù)課程更為重要。

13.單選題

Theuniversity（）fiveschoolsandtwenty-fivedepartments.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.beconsistedof

B.consistsof

C.beconsistedby

D.beconsistedin

【答案】B

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞用法。動(dòng)詞consist表示“由......組成”，為不及物動(dòng)詞，無(wú)被動(dòng)式。詞組consistof表示“（整體）由......（部分）組成”。句意：這所大學(xué)由4個(gè)學(xué)院和25個(gè)部門(mén)組成。因此，本題正確答案為B項(xiàng)。

14.單選題

Thepresidentmadea（

）speechattheopeningceremonyofthesportsmeeting,whichencouragedthesportsmengreatly.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.vigorous

B.tedious

C.flat

D.harsh

【答案】A

【解析】句意:校長(zhǎng)在運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)的開(kāi)幕式上做了慷慨激昂的演講，這極大地鼓舞了運(yùn)動(dòng)員們。

考查形容詞辨析。vigorous充滿(mǎn)活力的，精力充沛的;tedious冗長(zhǎng)的，啰唆的，單調(diào)乏味的；flat平淡的，單調(diào)的，平坦的；harsh嚴(yán)酷的，嚴(yán)厲的，惡劣的。根據(jù)后半句句意可知A正確。

15.單選題

Theyaretryingto（

）thewastedischargedbythefactoryforprofit.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.expose

B.exhaust

C.exhibit

D.exploit

【答案】D

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。expose“揭發(fā)，揭露，顯示”;exhaust“用完，花光，使筋疲力盡”;exhibit“展覽，顯示”；exploit“運(yùn)用，利用”。句意：他們嘗試著通過(guò)利用工廠(chǎng)排出的廢物來(lái)創(chuàng)造利潤(rùn)。根據(jù)句意可知，D項(xiàng)符合題意，因此D項(xiàng)為正確答案。

16.單選題

Hewas（

）totellthetrutheventohisclosedfriend.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.toomuchofacoward

B.toomuchthecoward

C.acowardenough

D.enoughofacoward

【答案】A

【解析】考查固定用法。句意：他太膽怯，甚至都不敢把真相告訴他的好朋友。toomuchofa...todosth.是英語(yǔ)中的固定用法，是too...to...句式與muchofa...句式的混合用法，表示“太…而不能…”，只有A項(xiàng)符合，因此答案選A。

17.單選題

Being（）yourjobisfine,ofcourse,butyoushouldn'tletworkeatupallyourleisuretime.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.trappedin

B.committedto

C.convincedof

D.confrontedwith

【答案】B

【解析】考查詞組辨析。A選項(xiàng)betrappedin表示“被困在；陷入困境”；B選項(xiàng)becommittedto表示“致力于；委身于”；C選項(xiàng)beconvincedof表示“確信；認(rèn)識(shí)到”；D選項(xiàng)beconfrontedwith表示“面臨，面對(duì)”。根據(jù)youshouldn'tletworkeatupallyourleisuretime可知，雖然致力于工作是好的，但你不應(yīng)該讓工作占據(jù)所有的休閑時(shí)間。因此，B選項(xiàng)最符合句意，故本題正確答案為B。

18.單選題

Weareataseriousdisadvantagein（

）wehavenobodyproperlyqualifiedforthework

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.this

B.that

C.which

D.whom

【答案】B

【解析】考察固定搭配。inthat為固定搭配，意思是“由于，因?yàn)椤?。句意：我們現(xiàn)在處于非常不利的局面，因?yàn)槲覀儧](méi)有勝任這份工作的人選。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

19.單選題

Itisreportedthatfewerandfeweroftoday'sworkersexpecttospendtheirworkinglivesinthesamefield,（）thesamecompany.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.muchworse

B.letalone

C.allelse

D.lesslikely

【答案】B

【解析】動(dòng)詞辨析題。A選項(xiàng)muchworse“更糟糕的是...”；B選項(xiàng)letalone“更不用說(shuō)，聽(tīng)任，不打擾”；C選項(xiàng)allelse“其他所有”；D選項(xiàng)lesslikely“最不可能的”。句意：據(jù)報(bào)道，如今越來(lái)越少的工人希望自己的職業(yè)生涯都在同一領(lǐng)域工作，更不用說(shuō)同一家公司了。選項(xiàng)B符合句意。

20.翻譯題

TranslatethefollowingintoEnglish.

人們都有追求幸福的權(quán)利，但對(duì)幸福的理解卻因人而異。絕大多數(shù)人認(rèn)為幸福來(lái)自于健康的身體、愿望的實(shí)現(xiàn)和事業(yè)有成。正如經(jīng)常發(fā)生的那樣，許多人在遇到痛苦時(shí)才意識(shí)到幸福的真正含義。

【答案】Peoplehavetherighttopursuehappiness,butdifferentpeoplehavedifferentunderstandingofhappiness.Mostpeoplebelievethathappinesscomesfromgoodhealth,wishfulfilmentandsuccessfulcareer.Asitoftenhappens,itisnotuntiltheysufferthatmanypeoplerealizethetruemeaningofhappiness.

21.單選題

Ifanyofthesesymptoms（

）whileyouaretakingthemedicine,consultyourdoctorimmediately.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.establish

B.represent

C.perform

D.occur

【答案】D

【解析】考察動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。establish“建立;創(chuàng)立”；represent“代表；表現(xiàn)”；perform“表演；執(zhí)行：完成”；occur“發(fā)生”。句意：如果用藥期間出現(xiàn)上述癥狀，請(qǐng)立刻咨詢(xún)醫(yī)生。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

22.單選題

Thistransformationismarkedbyseveraldevelopments.Almostallthemajorarmedconflictsintheworldtodayareinternal,thereareunfoldingwithin（1）boundariesandtypicallyarebeingfoughtbymultiplesemi-autonomousarmedgroups.Theseconflictsare（2）byaparticularbrandoflawlessness,crueltyandchaos.Inparticular,theyaredefinedbythesystematicandwidespreadtargetingofcivilian（3）.（4）thesesituations,warringpartiesroutinelyignoreinternationalhumanitarianlaw,whichhastraditionallymoderated,ifnotgoverned,theconductofinter-state（5）.

Theseconflictstendtobeprotracted,lasting（6）ifnotdecades,ofteninrecurring（7）,thusexposingsuccessivegenera（8）soldiers.Anotherfeatureoftheseconflictsistheproliferationoflight-weight（9）thatareeasilyassembledandbornebychildren.Moreoverthe（10）useofanti-personnellandmineshasexacerbatedthevulnerabilityofchildreninthesesituations.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.national

B.international

C.external

D.internal

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.named

B.characterized

C.lab