全國碩士研究生招生考試英語 試題 完整版 及參考答案

9/9全國碩士研究生招生考試英語試題完整版及參考答案2015年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語一試題

Section1UseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]on

ANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

Thoughnotbiologicallyrelated,friendsareasrelatedasfourthcousins,sharingabout1%ofgenes.Thatis1a

studypublishedfromtheUniversityofCaliforniaandYaleUniversityintheProceedingsoftheNational

AcademyofSciences,has2.

Thestudyisagenome-wideanalysisconducted31932uniquesubjectswhich4pairsofunrelatedfriendsand

unrelatedstrangers.Thesamepeoplewereusedinboth5.While1%mayseem6,itisnotsotoageneticist.As

JamesFowler,professorofmedicalgeneticsatUCSanDiego,says,Mostpeopledonoteven7theirfourth

cousinsbutsomehowmanagetoselectasfriendsthepeoplewho8ourkin.Thestudy9foundthatthegenesforsmellweresomethingsharedinfriendsbutnotgenesforimmunity.Why

thissimilarityinolfactorygenesisdifficulttoexplain,fornow.10Perhaps,astheteamsuggests,itdrawsusto

similarenvironmentsbutthereismore11it.Therecouldbemanymechanismsworkingintandemthat12usin

choosinggeneticallysimilarfriends13thannalkinshipofbeingfriendswith14!Oneoftheremarkable

findingsofthestudywasthatthesimilargenesseemtobeevolving15thanothergenes.Studyingthiscould

help16whyhumanevolutionpickedpaceinthelast30,000years,withsocialenvironmentbeingamajor17

factor.

Thefindingsdonotsimplycorroboratepeoples18tobefriendthoseofsimilar19backgrounds,saythe

researchers.ThoughallthesubjectsweredrawnfromapopulationofEuropeanextraction,carewastakento20

thatallsubjects,friendsandstrangersweretakenfromthesamepopulation.Theteamalsocontrolledthedatato

checkancestryofsubjects.

SectionIIReadingComprehension

1、What

2、Concluded

22

3、On

4、Compared

5、Samples

6、Insignificant

7、Know

8、Resemble

9、Also

10、Perhaps

11、To

12、Drive

13、Ratherthan

14、Benefits

15、Faster

16、understand

17、Contributory

18、Tendency

19、Ethnic

20、see

23

PartA

Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].Mark

youranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)

原標(biāo)題：2015年考研英語一真題答案（完整版）

TEXT1

KingJuanCarlosofSpainonceinsistedkingsdontabdicate,theydieintheirsleep.Butembarrassingscandals

andthepopularityoftherepublicansleftintherecentEuro-electionshaveforcedhimtoeathiswordsandstand

down.So,doestheSpanishcrisissuggestthatmonarchyisseeingitslastdays?Doesthatmeanthewritingison

thewallforallEuropeanroyals,withtheirmagnificentuniformsandmajesticlifestyles?

TheSpanishcaseprovidesargumentsbothforandagainstmonarchy.Whenpublicopinionisparticularly

polarized,asitwasfollowingtheendoftheFranceregime,monarchscanriseabovemerepolitiesandembody

aspiritofnationalunity.

Itisthisapparenttranscendenceofpolitiesthatexplainsmonarchyscontinuingpopularityasheadsofstate.And

so,theMiddleEastexpected,Europeisthemostmonarch-infestedregionintheworld,with10kingdoms(not

countingVaticanCityandAndorra).Butunliketheirabsolutistcounterparts

intheGulfandAsia,mostroyal

familieshavesurvivedbecausetheyallowvoterstoavoidthedifficultsearchforanon-controversialbut

respectedpublicfigure.

Evenso,kingsandqueensundoubtedlyhaveadownside.Symbolicofnationalunityastheyclaimtobe,their

veryhistory-andsometimesthewaytheybehavetoday-embodiesoutdatedandindefensibleprivilegesand

inequalities.AtatimewhenThomasPikettyandothereconomistsarewarmingofrisinginequalityandthe

increasingpowerofinheritedwealth,itisbizarrethatwealthyaristocraticfamiliesshouldstillbethesymbolic

heartofmoderndemocraticstates.

Themostsuccessfulmonarchiesstrivetoabandonorhidetheiroldaristocraticways.Princesandprincesses

haveday-jobsandridebicycles,nothorses(orhelicopters).Evenso,thesearewealthyfamilieswhopartywith

theinternational1%,andmediaintrusivenessmakesitincreasingly

difficulttomaintaintherightimage.

WhileEuropesmonarchieswillnodoubtbesmartenoughtosurviveforsometimetocome,itistheBritish

royalswhohavemosttofearfromtheSpanishexample.

24

ItisonlytheQueenwhohaspreservedthemonarchysreputationwithherratherordinary(ifwell-heeled)

grannystyle.ThedangerwillcomewithCharles,whohasbothanexpensivetasteoflifestyleandapretty

hierarchicalviewoftheworld.Hehasfailedtounderstandthatmonarchieshavelargelysurvivedbecausethey

provideaservice-asnon-controversialandnon-politicalheadsofstate.CharlesoughttoknowthatasEnglish

historyshows,itiskings,notrepublicans,whoarethemonarchysworstenemies.

21.Accordingtothefirsttwographs,KingJuanCarlosofSpain

[A]easedhisrelationshipwithhisrivals.

[B]usedtoenjoyhighpublicsupport.

[C]wasunpopularamongEuropeanroyals.

[D]endedhisreigninembarrassment.

22.MonarchsarekeptasheadofstateinEuropemostly

[A]togivevotersmorepublicfigurestolookupto.

[B]toachieveabalancebetweentraditionandreality.

[C]owingtotheirundoubtedandrespectablestatus.

[D]duetotheireverlastingpoliticalembodiment.

23.Whichofthefollowingisshowntobeodd,accordingtograph4?

[A]Theroleofthenobilityinmoderndemocracies.

[B]Aristocratsexcessiverelianceoninheritedwealth.

[C]Thesimplelifestyleofthearistocraticfamilies.

[D]Thenobilitysadherencetotheirprivileges.

25

24.TheBritishroyalshavemosttofearbecauseCharles

[A]takesatoughlineonpoliticalissues.

[B]failstochangehislifestyleasadvised.

[C]takesrepublicansashispotentialallies.

[D]failstoadapthimselftohisfuturerole.

25.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext?

[A]Carlos,GloryandDisgraceCombined

[B]Charles,AnxioustoSucceedtotheThrone

[C]Charles,SlowtoReacttotheComingThreats

[D]Carlos,aLessonforAllEuropeanMonarchs

hisreigninembarrassment.

22.Cowingtotheundoubtedandrespectablestatus

23.Atheroleofthenobilityinmoderndemocracy

24.Bfailstochangehislifestyleasadvised.

25.DCarlos,alessonforallMonarchies

TEXT2

JusthowmuchdoestheConstitutionprotectyourdigitaldata?TheSupremeCourtwillnowconsiderwhether

policecansearchthecontentsofamobilephonewithoutawarrantifthephoneisonoraroundapersonduring

anarrest.

26

Californiahasaskedthejusticestorefrainfromasweepingruling,particularlyonethatupsetstheold

assumptionsthatauthoritiesmaysearchthroughthepossessionsofsuspectsatthetimeoftheirarrest.Itishard,

thestateargues,forjudgestoassesstheimplicationsofnewandrapidlychangingtechnologies.

ThecourtwouldberecklesslymodestifitfollowedCaliforniasadvice.Enoughoftheimplicationsare

discernable,evenobvious,sothatthejusticecanandshouldprovideupdatedguidelinestopolice,lawyersand

defendants.

TheyshouldstartbydiscardingCaliforniaslameargumentthatexploringthecontentsofasmartphone-avast

storehouseofdigitalinformationissimilartosay,goingthroughasuspects

purse.Thecourthasruledthat

policedontviolatetheFourthAmendmentwhentheygothroughthewalletorpocketbook,ofanarrestee

withoutawarrant.Butexploringonessmartphoneismorelikeenteringhisorherhome.Asmartphonemay

containanarresteesreadinghistory,financialhistory,medicalhistoryandcomprehensiverecordsofrecent

correspondence.Thedevelopmentofcloudcomputing.meanwhile,hasmadethatexplorationsomuchthe

easier.

ButthejusticesshouldnotswallowCaliforniasargumentwhole.New,disruptivetechnologysometimes

demandsnovelapplicationsoftheConstitutionsprotections.OrinKerr,alawprofessor,comparestheexplosion

andaccessibilityofdigitalinformationinthe21stcenturywiththeestablishmentofautomobileuseasadigital

necessityoflifeinthe20th:Thejusticeshadtospecifynovelrulesforthenewpersonaldomainofthe

passengercarthen;theymustsortouthowtheFourthAmendmentappliestodigitalinformationnow.

26.TheSupremecourt,willworkoutwhether,duringanarrest,itislegitimateto

[A]searchforsuspectsmobilephoneswithoutawarrant.

[B]checksuspectsphonecontentswithoutbeingauthorized.

[C]preventsuspectsfromdeletingtheirphonecontents.

[D]prohibitsuspectsfromusingtheirmobilephones.

27.TheauthorsattitudetowardCaliforniasargumentisoneof

[A]tolerance.

27

[B]indifference.

[C]disapproval.

[D]cautiousness.

28.Theauthorbelievesthatexploringonesphonecontentiscombleto

[A]gettingintoonesresidence.

[B]handingoneshistoricalrecords.

[C]scanningonescorrespondences.

[D]goingthroughoneswallet.

29.Ingraph5and6,theauthorshowshisconcernthat

[A]principlesarehardtobeclearlyexpressed.

[B]thecourtisgivingpolicelessroomforaction.

[C]phonesareusedtostoresensitiveinformation.

[D]citizensprivacyisnoteffectiveprotected.

Kerrscomparisonisquotedtoindicatethat

(A)theConstitutionshouldbeimplementedflexibly.

(B)NewtechnologyrequiresreinterpretationoftheConstitution.

(C)CaliforniasargumentviolatesprinciplesoftheConstitution.

(D)PrinciplesoftheConstitutionshouldneverbealtered.

28

26.Bchecksuspectsphonecontentswithoutbeingauthorized.

gettingintoonesresidence

29.Dcitizensprivacyisnoteffectivelyprotected

newtechnologyrequiresreinterpretationoftheconstitution

Text3

ThejournalScienceisaddinganextrasourceatPeer-reviewprocess,editor-in-chiefMarciaMcNottannounced

today.TheFollowssimilareffortsfromotherjournals,afterwidespreadconcernthatMistakesindataanalysis

arecontributingtothePublishedresearchfindings.

Readersmusthaveconfidenceintheconclusionspublishedinourjournal,writesMcNuttinaneditorial.

WorkingwiththeAmericanStatisticalAssociation,theJournalhasappointedsevenexpertstoastatisticsboard

ofreviewingManutwillbeflaggedupforadditionalscrutinybytheJournalseditors,orbyitsexistingBoardof

ReviewingEditorsorbyoutsidepeerTheSBoREpanelwillthenfindexternalstatisticianstoreviewthese

Askedwhetheranyparticularpapershadimpelledthechange,McNuttsaid,Thecreationofthestatistics

boardwasmotivatedbyconcernsbroadlywiththeapplicationofstatisticsanddataanalysisinscientific

researchandispartofSciencesoveralldrivetoincreasereproducibilityintheresearchwepublish.

GiovanniParmigiani，abiostatisticianattheHarvardSchoolofPublicHealth,amroftheSBoREgroup,says

heexpectstheboardtoplayprimarilyonadvisoryrole.Heagreedtojoinbecausehefoundtheforesightbehind

theestablishmentoftheSBoREtobenovel,uniqueandlikelytohavealastingimpact.Thisimpactwillnot

onlybethroughthepublicationsinScienceitself,buthopefullythroughalargergroupofpublishingplacesthat

maywanttomodeltheirapproachafterScience.

JohnIoannidis,aphysicianwhostudiesresearchmethodology,saysthatthepolicyisamostwelcomestep

forwardandlongoverdue,Mostjournalsareweakinstatisticalreview，andthisdamagesthequalityofwhatthey

publish.Ithinkthat,forthemajorityofscientificpapersnowadays,

statisticalreviewismoreessentialthan

expertreview,hesays.ButhenotedthatbiomedicaljournalssuchasAnnalsofInternalMedicine,theJournalof

theAmericanMedicalAssociationandTheLancetpaystrongattentiontostatisticalreview.

29

Professionalscientistsareexpectedtoknowhowtoanalyzedata,butstatisticalerrorsarealarminglycommon

inpublishedresearch，accordingtoDavidVaux，acellbiologist.Researchersshouldimprovetheirstandards,he

wrotein2012，butjournalsshouldalsotakeatougherline，engagingreviewerswhoarestatisticallyliterateand

editorswhocanverifythesaysthatSciencesideatopasssomepaperstostatisticianshassome

merit，butaweaknessisthatitreliesontheboardofreviewingeditorstoidentifythepapersthatneedscrutinyin

thefirstplace.

31.ItcanbelearnedfromgraphIthat

[A]Scienceintendstosimplifyitspeer-reviewprocess.

[B]journalsarestrengtheningtheirstatisticalchecks.

[C]fewjournalsareblamedformistakesindataanalysis.

[D]lackofdataanalysisiscommoninresearchprojects.

32.Thephraseflaggedup(.2)istheclosestinmeaningto

[A]found.

[B]revised.

[C]marked

[D]stored

33.GiovanniParmigianibelievesthattheestablishmentoftheSBoREmay

[A]poseathreattoallitspeers

[B]meetwithstrongopposition

[C]increaseSciencescirculation.

[D]setanexampleforotherjournals

30

34.DavidVauxholdsthatwhatScienceisdoingnow

A.addstoresearchersworklosd.

B.diminishestheroleofreviewers.

C.hasroomforfurtherimprovement.

D.istofailintheforeseeablefuture.

35.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext?

A.ScienceJoinsPushtoScreenStatisticsinPapers

B.ProfessionalStatisticiansDeserveMoreRespect

C.DataAnalysisFindsItsWayontoEditorsDesks

D.StatisticiansAreComingBackwithScience

journalsarestrengtheningtheirstatisticalchecks

marked

33.Dsetanexampleforotherjournals

34.Chasroomforfurtherimprovement

sciencejoinsPushtoscreenstatisticsinpapers

Text4

Twoyearsago.RupertMurdochsdaughter,spokeattheunsettlingdearthof

integrityacrosssomanyofour

collapsed,sheargued,becauseofacollectiveacceptancethatthemechanisminsocietyshouldbeprofitandthe

marketwethepeoplewhocreatethesocietywewant,notprofit.

31

Drivingherpointhome,shecontinuedItsincreasinglyabsenceofpurpose，ofamorallanguagewithin

government,couldbecomeoneofthemostdangerousgoalsforcapitalismandfreedom.Thissameabsenceof

moralpurposewaswoundingcompanies,suchasInternational,shethought,makingitmorelikelythatitwould

forehadwithwidespreadillegaltelephonehacking.

Asthehackingtrialconcludes-findingguiltyoneex-editoroftheNewsoftheWorld,AndyCoulson,for

conspiringtohackphones,andfindingthepredecessor,RebekahBrooks,innocentofthesamecharge-thewide

dearthofintegritystillstands.Journalistsareknowntohavehackedthephonesofupto5,500people.Thisis

hackingonanindustrialscale,aswasacknowledgedbyGlennMulcaire,themanhiredbytheNewsofthe

Worldin2001tobethepointpersonforphonehacking.Othersawaittrial.Thislongstorystillunfolds.

Inmanyrespects,thedearthofmoralpurposeframesnotonlythefactofsuchwidespreadphonehackingbut

thetermsonwhichthetrialtookplace.OneoftheastonishingrevelationswashowlittleRebekahBrooksknew

ofwhatwentoninhernewsroom,howlittleshethoughttoaskandthefactthatsheneverinquiredhowthe

storiesarrived.Thecoreofhersuccessfuldefencewasthatsheknewnothing.Intodaysworld,ithasbecomenormalthatwell-paidexecutivesshouldnotbeaccountableforwhathappensin

theorganizationsthattheyrun.Perhapsweshouldnotbesosurprised.Forageneration,thecollectivedoctrine

hasbeenthatthesortingmechani