外國(guó)新聞史課程-第13講 戰(zhàn)后西方（下）

第13講戰(zhàn)后西方新聞傳播業(yè)的整合（下）《外國(guó)新聞傳播史》主要內(nèi)容戰(zhàn)后德意日新聞改革80年代歐洲傳媒業(yè)的斷裂G8（8國(guó)集團(tuán)）的傳媒業(yè)現(xiàn)狀跨國(guó)傳媒一、德意日新聞改革國(guó)際關(guān)系與新聞事業(yè)聯(lián)邦德國(guó)許可制度美、英、法占領(lǐng)區(qū)新憲法意大利觸動(dòng)最小日本新聞自由化朝鮮戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)與新聞控制二、歐洲傳媒業(yè)的斷裂歐美傳媒產(chǎn)業(yè)的結(jié)構(gòu)性調(diào)整西歐公營(yíng)廣播民營(yíng)化傳媒產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整的梯次特征美國(guó)西歐蘇聯(lián)非洲斷裂國(guó)有公有制公私并存制法、意、德的開放民營(yíng)法國(guó)，1984德國(guó)，1987歐美比較美國(guó)：私營(yíng)＋管制歐洲：公營(yíng)＋私營(yíng)三、公共廣播電視制度美國(guó)西歐日本加拿大澳大利亞Australia:ABCAustralia:TheABCAct

TheABCActempowersittocarryoutallthefunctionsnecessarytotheoperationofanationalbroadcaster

Canada:CBCCanada:TheCBCisacrowncorporation,whollyownedbytheCanadiangovernment,andbyconsequencetheCanadianpeople.ThismeansthatthefederalgovernmentcontrolsthetermsandconditionsoftheCBC’sexistenceandoperationthroughitslegislativeauthority.France:CSAFrance,publicservicebroadcastingisestablishedandregulatedbythe1986Lawrelatingtofreedomofcommunication(1986Law).Themainregulatorybody,theConseilSuperiordel’Audiovisuel(CSA)isanindependentstatutorybody,establishedundera1989Law.TheConseil

constitutionnel(ConstitutionalCourt)hasappliedArticle11tobroadcastingregulationonanumberofoccasions,modifyingorstrikingoutinconsistentprovisions.Japan:NHKJapan’spublicservicebroadcastingorganisation,theNipponHoso

Kyokai,orNHK,tracesitsrootsto1926,whenitwascreatedoutofthreecity-basedradiobroadcasters.Theworld’sbest-fundedpublicservicebroadcastingorganisation,withatotalexpenditurein1999exceeding625billionyenornearlyUS$6billion.NHKcurrentlyoperatesasaclassicalpublicservicebroadcastingorganisation,asestablishedpursuanttotheBroadcastLawof1950,asamended.SouthAfrica:SABCTheSouthAfricanBroadcastingCorporation(SABC)hasundergoneanumberofchangesinrecentyearstobringitintolinewiththenewdemocraticdispensationandtoensurethatitservestheneedsofallthecitizensofSouthAfrica.AcompletelynewBroadcastingAct,thekeylegislationgoverningtheSABC,wasadoptedin1999(the1999Act),replacingtheformer1976Act,andthechangesintroducedbythenewlawhaveyettobefullyimplemented

UK:BBCUK:1926:TheBritishBroadcastingCorporation(BBC)wasfoundedunderaRoyalCharter(Charter)andcontinuestoenjoythesamestatustothisday.1926until1954:TheBBChadamonopolyonbroadcasting.BBCistoprovidebroadcastingasa“publicservicefordisseminatingeducation,informationandentertainment”.In1973,localcommercialradiowasfinallyauthorised四、G8傳媒業(yè)現(xiàn)狀英國(guó)法國(guó)德國(guó)日本英國(guó)報(bào)刊業(yè)電子媒介業(yè)BSkyB,1991法國(guó)報(bào)刊業(yè)電子媒介業(yè)電影業(yè)德國(guó)主要報(bào)刊主要電臺(tái)主要電視臺(tái)意大利主要報(bào)刊意大利廣播電視公司菲寧維斯特公司日本五大報(bào)私營(yíng)臺(tái)GrowinginfluenceoftheInternetHowtogetyoungergenerationasreaders?HowManyHoursPeopleinJapanSpendon…134TVNewspaperInternetHours/dayTheMinistryofInternalAffairsandCommunicationsAdvertisementRevenueTVNewspaperInternet(blnyen)DENTSUINC.NewChallengesGrowinginfluenceoftheInternetHowtogetyoungergenerationasreaders?AgingpopulationJapan’spopulationexpectedtostartshrinkingaround2006Howtokeepretiredpeopleasreaders?HowShouldNewspapersRespond?AdvantagesofthenewspaperItenablesgraspingnewsataglance.Itenablesgraspingnewsindepth.

Itprovidesportability.AdvantagesoftheInternetItenablesprovidingnewsquickly.Itenablesinteractiveservice.Strategy:“PaperwithIT”WomenElderlyHowShouldNewspapersRespond?Strategyof“ThreeRabbits”BusinessmenCirculationofDailyPapers

(Copiesper1000people)HowManyPeopleBelieveTheyareAccurate…2003,JapanNewspaperPublishersandEditorsAssociation(%)(Commercial)TobeCredible,ValuableMediaSecureneutralityandobjectivepositionBuildasound,substantialfinancialbaseUncoveranddiscussissuesfromreaders’perspective五、跨國(guó)傳媒GlobalMassMediaTheBigBusiness

ofMedia:

TheGrowthofMediaMonopolies

ByAlanDeSantisConglomerations,Buyouts,&MergersPriorto1960,hundredsofindependent,familyownedcompaniesproducedmassmediaforthenationAnti-trustlawsprohibitedthesecompaniesfromowningtoomuchEveryoneknewthedangerofgivingtoomuchpowertotoofewBy1980,itwasdownto50In2002,7firmscontrolAmericanmedia Andtherearemoreandmoreanti-trustlawsbeingoverturnedeverydayTheBig7

(andtheMENthatrunthem)TheBigAmerican41)AOL-Time/Warner—SteveCase2)NewsCorp—RupertMurdoch3)Disney—MichaelEisner4)Viacom—SumnerRedstoneTheBigInternational3

5)Sony(Japan)—SirHowardStringer6)Bertelsmann(German)—ThomasMiddelhoff7)V-Universal(French)—Jean-MarieMessierHowdidthishappen?Question:WhathappenedtoAnti-TrustLaws?Answer:Thesystematicrepealoflaws&policiestoprotectthepublicfrombigbusinessandmediamonopoliesNotsurprisingly,theMediaIndustryisatoplobbyingcontributortopoliticiansTheBigAmerican

4

ViacomNationalTV:CBS

(purchasedfor36Billion),MTV,UPN

(newemergingnetwork),

Nickelodeon,Showtime,CMT,TNN,VH1,BET(2.3billion)

Affiliates(#2):38StationsintheBiggestMarkets!Radio:CBS(21FM/18AM),Infinity

181FM

(H.Stern),WestwoodFilm:ParamountPictures(#2)Video:BlockbusterVideo(#1)Publishing:Simon&Schuster(#1),ScribnersCinema:UnitedCinemasInternational(jointw/U.V.)(big3)Internet:NewAlliancewithAOL,J,Medscape

M,SportsLine,W,StoreRunnerOthers:7themeparks(includingpartUniversalStudios)Disney/CapitalCitiesTV:ABC,ESPN(all),A&E,Lifetime,HistoryChannels(w/GE),SoapNet,E!(w/ATT),FoxFamilyChannel(5.3Billion)Affiliates(#5):24.5%ofU.S.householdsABCRadio:42Stationsreaching13MillionMotionPictures(#3):

Touchstone,BuenaVista,WaltDisney,MiramaxInternet:GoNetwork,Disney,ESPN,ABCNews,Toysmart,infoseek,NASCAR.com,NFL.com,NBA.comEntertainment:

ThemeParks(creates30%ofrevenue)inFL,CA,Paris,Tokyo,HongKong(withMGM),

MightyDucks,Cal.Angels,CruiseLine,ESPNZonesOthers:CrudePetroleum,NaturalGas,BerkshireHathawayInc(insurance),StateFarm,and700DisneyretailstoresNewCorp.(AKAFox)Reaches3billionpeople--2/3ofworldTV:22DifferentChannels(mostinUS)includingFox(#3),fx,FoxSports,FoxNews,andFoxSports(specializedfocalareas);FoxProduction--#1(sellingshowtoothernetworks)Affiliates(#1):32inBiggestCitiesSatellites:DirecTV(#1inAmerica),Europe,US,Asia,&LatinAmericaMovies:20thCentury(#1)Newspapers(#3):132--LondonTimes,NYPost,TheSun(UK)Magazines(#2):TVGuide(#1)and24OthersBooks:HarperCollins(#5)Internet:Healtheon/WebMD(1billion$)Sports:LosAngelsDodgers(#2),20%ofNYKnicks&Rangers,40%ofLAKings,10%ofLakersWhoisthismanfromMelbourne?BornMarch11,19311953:HeadsupNewsLtd.1964:LaunchesAustralian1967:MarriesAnnaTorv1969:TakesoverUKNewsoftheWorld&Sun1976:BuysNYPost1981:TakesoverTimes1985:Buys50%of20thC.Fox;Americancitizen1987:TakesoverHerald1997:Releases“Titanic”AOL-Time-Warner-TurnerCableEntertainment:WB,Sega,E!,CNN,HBO,ComedyCentral,Cinemax,TBS,CartoonNetwork,WB

(newemergingnetwork)CableCompanies(thepipes):TimeWarnerCablew/13millioncustomers(2ndLargest)Books:Time-LifePublishing(#2),BOMCStudios:WarnerBrothers,CastleRock,MGM,NewLineCinema(total#1)Vault(#1):6,000Films,25,000TVPrograms,Cartoons!Music(#2):Warner/Chappel,Atlantic,Elecktra,Reprise,(new)=EMI,Capitol,Virgin,ColumbiaHouse(50%w/Sony)Programming:ER,Friends,Buffy,Sopranos,etc.AOL-Time-Warner-Turner

Mags(#1):Time,Fortune,Life,SI,People,MoneyOthers:PrimeStar,SixFlags,Atari,Hasbro,DCComics,Braves,Hawks,RetailStores,Hanna-Barbera,1,000overseatheaters,100cableandTVstationsoutsideUSInternet(#1):AOLw/20millioncustomers(anewuserevery3.5seconds),

Netscape,Compuserve,MovieFone,InstantMessenger--Worthabout200BillionJointVentures:HughesElectronics,3Com,Kodak,GeneralMotors,Hewlett-PackardTheStrange5thBigBrotherintheGame:

General

ElectricGeneralElectric

(#1ForbesforOverallHoldings)Entertainment:NBC,CNBC,Bravo,AMC,HistoryChannel,IndependentFilm,Prime,Prism,RomanceClassics,MS-NBC

(jointventurewithGates),PaxsonNetwork,MuchMusicAffiliates(#1):13NBC,72PaxsonStationsIndustrial:Transportation,NuclearReactors,Satellites,LongDistance,Motors,Plastics,MedicalServices,Lighting,Insurance,AircraftCanyousay,“ConflictofInterest!”TheBigInternational

3

VivendiUniversal(French)Music(28%ofmarket:#1):

A&M,Decca,Geffen,Interscope,Island,DefJam,MCA,Mercury,Motown,Universal,VerveEducationPublishing(#2):HoughtonMifflinFilmedEntertainment

UniversalPictures

(#3),HomeVideo,TV&NetworkGroupsTV:UniversalTV:25,000TVepisodestoover180countriesCanal+TV:Europe’s#1pay-TVTVcatalogHavasPublishing:60publishinghouses(80Millbooksand40MillCDROMsperyear)Recreation:UniversalStudiosinOrlando,Japan,Hollywood,Barcelona,BeijingStores:UniversalStudioStores,SpencerGiftsSony(Japan)Electronics:Mediatechnology(#1inhomeentertainment)Music:CBS,Columbia

(50%withT-W),Sony,&EpicRecords(#3)TV:CinemaxLatin,E!Latin,HBO(Ole,Brazil,Asia,Poland),ShowtimeAustrailiaMovies:ColumbiaPictures,Tri-Star,&SonyPicturesTheaters:Sony

Theaters&LoewsCineplex(#1),IMAXTheatersGames:25%ofvideogamemarket(#1),Playstation(#1)

Bertelsmann

(German)

Workforce:44,000workersin25countriesTV:19EuropeanTV(#1internationally)Radio:23Radio

(#1internationally)

Magazines:FamilyCircle,Fitness,McCall’s,Parents,plus100internationalmagazines(#1)

Books:Bantam,RandomHouse,Dell,Doubleday,Knopf,B(jointventure)169booksonNYTbest-sellerslist;22booksat#1Music:RCA,AristaMusic,WindhamHill,&BMGComputers:50%ofAOLEurope,Germany,FranceandLycosEurope*NewDealwithNapster(50million)WhattheBreakdownLooksLike:3publishershavemostofthenation’sbooksalesViacom,T-W,Bertelsmann2majorcompaniesownmostmagazinesalesT-W,NewsCorp4majorcompaniesownmostmusicsalesUniversal,Sony,T-W,Bertelsmann5companieshavemostoftheTVaudienceDisney,T-W,GE,Viacom,NewsCorp

6majorstudiosproducemostmoviesDisney,Viacom,NewsCorp,T-W,Universal,Sony5companiesownmostofthelocalaffiliatesNewsCorp,

Viacom,

GE,

Disney,T-W

5companiesownthemajorTVnewsstations

Disney,T-W,GE,Viacom,NewsCorpMoreBadNews:

TheMythofInternetDiversification

Don’tthinktheinternetisgivingusafreerandmoreopenmarketforgreaterchoicesOver50%ofalltheinternethitscomefromonly4sites:AOLTimeWarnerMicrosoftLycosYahooWithViacom,NewCorp

(Fox),&Disneyalsoonthetop-tenlistMoreBadNews:

VerticalIntegration&ProductSynergyThegoalisacompletepropagandisticsystemfortheconsumer/child.Disney’sLionKing

movie,dolls,bedsheets,t-shirts,videos,books,Broadwayproductions,SaturdaymorningcartoonsonABC,charactersandridesatDisneyworld,&soundtracksbyEltonJohnViacom’sRugrats

appearonNickJr.,andonSaturdaymorningsonCBS,Paramountmakesamovie,VH1showsthevideo,charactersatthemeparks,videoisreleasedatBlockbuster,booksandmagazinesarereleasedbySimon&Schuster,

andtoysarereleasedatalllocationsIntheend,eachproductcreatesadesireforotherproductsMoreBadNews:

Who’sinBedwithWhom?TimeWarnerAOLViacom,Sony,ATT,Microsoft,NewsCorp,Bertelsmann(AOLEurope),Disney,NewhouseNBC/GEWaltDisney,ATT(3differentventures),DowJones,Hearst,RainbowMedia(Knicks,Rangers,Romance,Bravo,IndependentFilm,MuchMusic),PaulAllen(MicroSoft)ViacomUniversal/Seagram(A&MRecords,IslandDefJam,Motown,UniversalPicturesandStudios),TimeWarner,LibertyMedia(ATT)

Who’sinBedwithWhom?AT&T(24MillionCableCustomers#1)NewsCorp&GE(PrimeStar),NewCorp(20%ofFoxNews),TimeWarner(10%ofcompany),GE(10%ofcompany),RainbowMediaNewsCorpATT,Rainbow,TimeWarner,NewYorkTimes,RainbowMedia,NewhouseSoWhat’sTheProblem?1)NotruecompetitionintheindustryCompetitionpushesbusinesstobebetterandmorediverse(Seewhatothersarenotdoing,anddoitbetter)Reachaudiencesthatarebeingforgotten;Bemoreinnovative;Becomecheaper;Supplybetterservice;Giveuslesscommercials;ProducebetterandsmartershowsWithjointventures,however,therearenot8separatecorporationsbattlingeachotherforquality.Thereare8inter-lockedcorporationsthatdependoneachother’smutualsuccessInreality,dowehaveonebigMonolith?SoWhat’sTheProblem?2)Aclosedsystem

Whentherewerehundredsofsmallcompanies,ittookfarlessmoney&influenceto“startup”anewbusinessandtobecompetitiveForexample,howcansmallbusinessescompetewithWalmart,Krogers,Gap,WaldenBooks,orMcDonalds?Thelast60yearshasproducedvirtuallynonewplayersSpielberg&Microsoft’sDreamworksAndeventheyaregettingbeatupHowdosmaller,independentindividualscompetewithBillion$Corporations?SoWhat’sTheProblem?3)Mediahaslostitsadversarial/protectiveroleThenewshasbeentraditionallyawatchdogfortheAmericanpublic(makesurethebadguysgetcaught)TheymadesureBigBusinessandGovernmentarecleanTheyhavebecome:

1)ThebiggestofBigBusinesseswithmajorholdingsinnuclearenergy,weapons,chemicals,overseaslabor,insurance,computers,healthcare,etc2)LobbyingandcampaignpartnerswithWashingtonTherichestone-quarterof1%ofAmericans(thiswouldincludethebig8)make80%ofcampaigncontributionsTheyControl:

Today,MeetthePress,Dateline,20/20,PrimeTime,GoodMorningAmerica,Nightline,CNN,HeadlineNews,CNNfn,60Minutes,MorningNews,FacetheNation,48Hours,andRather/Jennings/BrokawNightlyNewsThinkaboutallthestoriesyou’llneverhearabout!SoWhat’sTheProblem?4)ProfitisnowtheonlycriteriaforsuccessBeforethebusinessofmedia,peoplewerededicatedto“truth”and“responsiblejournalism”Likeeducation,therewasnotalotofmoneyinthejobTodaywehavebusinessesdedicatedtoprofitTheBig8tradedonNYSEandNASDAQA)NewsagenciesfocusonentertainmentvalueWhatsells(sex,violence,andgraphicphotography)B)Bold,creativeshows/approachesarediscouragedWantthebiggestsharepossible(thinkabouttoday’smovies)C)Expensiveshows/storiesarenotcosteffectiveGivethemthecheapstuff--Nomore“WatergateInvestigations”SoWhat’sTheProblem?5)8CEOscontrolthenation’sthoughtsIfyoucontrolthemediayoucontrolthemindsofthepeople(Hitlerknewit)Themediaisthemosteffectiveteacherthereis!Mediahavethepowerto:A)KeepusinthedarkbynotreportingcertainissuesNBC’sNuclearPower,Viacom’sAdvertising,NewsCorp’sLaborPractices,ortheBig8’sholdonthemarket!!B)TelluswhotoloveorhateLove:White,rich,beautiful,thin,materialistsHate:Othercultures,minorities,Southerners,poor,uneducatedC)InfluenceelectionsthroughfavorablecoverageThebig-businesscandidateSoWhat’sTheProblem?6)NodiversityofopinionandperspectiveThemediaareownedbyBillion$CorporationswithWhite,RichMenasCEOsandBoardMembers

Nopoor,NoBlacks,NoHispanics,NoBlue-Collar,NoEducators,NoWomen,NoEnvironmentalists,NoSpiritualists(outsideofChristianity),NoAnti-Materialists,NoHomosexuals,No2ndor3rdWorld,NoNon-Violent,NoSouthern,orNoRuralPerspectivesorOpinionsThus:A)Wereceiveonlyoneperspective(noalternatives)Manyofusdon’tseeourviewsportrayedB)TherestoftheworldneverseesanythingbutUSAElectronicColonialismIsThisWhattheUSAHasBecome?維亞康姆Viacom’sMergerwithCBSCorporation

1999MegganMooreBusinessStrategyApril12,2005AgendaCompanyOverviewsIndustryAssessmentCompetitiveAssessmentStrategicDecisionKeyPlayersOutcomesofDecisionViacom’sCurrentStatusHistoryViacomFoundedin1971asthetelevisionsyndicationdivisionofCBSSpunofffromCBSin1973BoughtMTV,ShowtimeNetworksin1985In1986,SumnerRedstoneboughtViacomCBSFoundedin1927asUnitedIndependentBroadcastersNamechangedin1928toColumbiaBroadcastingSystem(CBS)FirstDiversifiedin1938byacquiringAmericanRecordingCorporationColumbiaRecordsIn1995,WestinghouseElectricCorp.acquiredCBSCompanyAssessment

PriortoMergerSumnerM.Redstone,CEOandChairmanoftheBoardSixmainsegmentsofthecompany:CableNetworksEntertainmentVideoParksPublishingOnlineIncreaseincompanyrevenuesfrom$4.5billion(1994)to$12.9billion(1999)DiversifiedWorldwideEntertainmentCompany“BiggerisBetter”

CompanyAssessment

PriortoMergerMelKarmazin,PresidentandCEOMainsegments:CBSTelevisionNetworkOver200owned-and-affiliatedstationsreachingeveryhomeintheU.S.Network’sprogrammingarms:CBSEntertainmentCBSNewsCBSSportsCBSEnterprisesGloballeaderindistributionSoldprogrammingtoover120internationalterritoriesIndustryAssessment

atthetimeofMergerIncreaseinCorporateMergersGreaterConsolidationPushtogainglobalmarketshareCommonGoal:CrossLeveragingTelevisionBroadcastEnvironmentTotaladvertisingspendingup9.4%from1999MainCompetitorsNBCABCCBSThreatofNewEntrants:MediumSupplierPo