2022年考研考博-考博英語-廣東工業(yè)大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號35

住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語-廣東工業(yè)大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實際調(diào)整大小）題型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

Intheidealizedversionofhowscienceisdone,factsabouttheworldarewaitingtobeobservedandcollectedbyobjectiveresearcherswhousethescientificmethodtocarryouttheirwork.Butintheeverydaypracticeofscience,discoveryfrequentlyfollowsanambiguousandcomplicatedroute.Weaimtobeobjective,butwecannotescapethecontextofouruniquelifeexperience.Priorknowledgeandinterestinfluencewhatweexperience,whatwethinkourexperiencesmean,andthesubsequentactionswetake.Opportunitiesformisinterpretation,error,andself-deceptionabound.

Consequently,discoveryclaimsshouldbethoughtofasprotoscience.Similartonewlystakedminingclaims,theyarefullofpotential.Butittakescollectivescrutinyandacceptancetotransformadiscoveryclaimintoamaturediscovery.Thisisthecredibilityprocess,throughwhichtheindividualresearcher5sme,here,nowbecomesthecommunity’sanyone,anywhere,anytime.Objectiveknowledgeisthegoal,notthestartingpoint.

Onceadiscoveryclaimbecomespublic,thediscovererreceivesintellectualcredit.But,unlikewithminingclaims,thecommunitytakescontrolofwhathappensnext.Withinthecomplexsocialstructureofthescientificcommunity,researchersmakediscoveries;editorsandreviewersactasgatekeepersbycontrollingthepublicationprocess;otherscientistsusethenewfindingtosuittheirownpurposes;andfinally,thepublic（includingotherscientists）receivesthenewdiscoveryandpossiblyaccompanyingtechnology.Asadiscoveryclaimworksitthroughthecommunity,theinteractionandconfrontationbetweensharedandcompetingbeliefsaboutthescienceandthetechnologyinvolvedtransformsanindividual’sdiscoveryclaimintothecommunity’scrediblediscovery.

Twoparadoxesexistthroughoutthiscredibilityprocess.First,scientificworktendstofocusonsomeaspectofprevailingKnowledgethatisviewedasincompleteorincorrect.Littlerewardaccompaniesduplicationandconfirmationofwhatisalreadyknownandbelieved.Thegoalisnew-search，notre-search.Notsurprisingly,newlypublisheddiscoveryclaimsandcrediblediscoveriesthatappeartobeimportantandconvincingwillalwaysbeopentochallengeandpotentialmodificationorrefutationbyfutureresearchers.Second，noveltyitselffrequentlyprovokesdisbelief.NobelLaureateandphysiologistAlbertAzent-Gyorgyioncedescribeddiscoveryas“seeingwhateverybodyhasseenandthinkingwhatnobodyhasthought.”Butthinkingwhatnobodyelsehasthoughtandtellingotherswhattheyhavemissedmaynotchangetheirviews.Sometimesyearsarerequiredfortrulynoveldiscoveryclaimstobeacceptedandappreciated.

Intheend,credibility“happens”toadiscoveryclaim-aprocessthatcorrespondstowhatphilosopherAnnetteBaierhasdescribedasthecommonsofthemind.“Wereasontogether,challenge,revise,andcompleteeach,other’sreasoningandeachother’sconceptionsofreason.”

1.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,theprocessofdiscoveryischaracterizedbyits（）.

2.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph2thatcredibilityprocessrequires（）.

3.Paragraph3showsthatadiscoveryclaimbecomescredibleafterit（）.

4.AlbertSzent-Gyorgyiwouldmostlikelyagreethat（）.

5.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleofthetest?

問題1選項

A.uncertaintyandcomplexity

B.misconceptionanddeceptiveness

C.logicalityandobjectivity

D.systematicnessandregularity

問題2選項

A.strictinspection

B.sharedefforts

C.individualwisdom

D.persistentinnovation

問題3選項

A.hasattractedtheattentionofthegeneralpublic

B.hasbeenexaminedbythescientificcommunity

C.hasreceivedrecognitionfromeditorsandreviewers

D.hasbeenfrequentlyquotedbypeerscientists

問題4選項

A.scientificclaimswillsurvivechallenges

B.discoveriestodayinspirefutureresearch

C.effortstomakediscoveriesarejustified

D.scientificworkcallsforacriticalmind

問題5選項

A.NoveltyasanEngineofScientificDevelopment

B.CollectiveScrutinyinScientificDiscovery

C.EvolutionofCredibilityinDoingScience

D.ChallengetoCredibilityattheGatetoScience

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:B

第3題:B

第4題:D

第5題:C

【解析】1.細節(jié)事實題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞thefirstparagraph和theprocessofdiscovery定位至第一段句Butintheeverydaypracticeofscience,discoveryfrequentlyfollowsanambiguousandcomplicatedroute.但在科學(xué)的日常實踐中，發(fā)現(xiàn)常常遵循一條模糊而復(fù)雜的路線。A項中的uncertainty和complexity分別為ambiguous和complicated的同義替換，故A項正確。由第一段最后一句“Opportunitiesformisinterpretation,error,andself-deceptionabound.”科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)過程中可能存在很多誤解、錯誤和自欺。但這些只是可能性，不是科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)過程的本質(zhì)特點，故排除B項。本段第一句“Intheidealizedversionofhowscienceisdone,factsabouttheworldarewaitingtobeobservedandcollectedbyobjectiveresearcherswhousethescientificmethodtocarryouttheirwork.在科學(xué)是如何進行的理想化狀態(tài)中，關(guān)于世界的事實正等著被客觀的研究人員觀察和收集，他們用科學(xué)的方法來進行他們的工作?！盋D兩項提到的都是理想化的特點，不是科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)過程的真實特點，故排除。

2.細節(jié)事實題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞credibilityprocess定位到第二段"Thisisthecredibilityprocess,throughwhichtheindividualresearcher'sme,here,nowbecomesthecommunity’sanyone,anywhere,anytime.Objectiveknowledgeisthegoal,notthestartingpoint.這就是可信度的過程，通過這個過程，個體研究者的我，在這里，現(xiàn)在變成了社區(qū)的任何人，任何地方，任何時間?？陀^知識是目標，不是起點?？芍茖W(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)獲得公眾可信度的過程需要每個人的努力，故B項正確。ACD三項都是該過程的一個方面。

3.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)第三段“Asadiscoveryclaimworksitthroughthecommunity,theinteractionandconfrontationbetweensharedandcompetingbeliefsaboutthescienceandthetechnologyinvolvedtransformsanindividual’sdiscoveryclaimintothecommunity’scrediblediscovery.”當一項科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)在科學(xué)界中傳播時，關(guān)于所涉及的科學(xué)和技術(shù)的共享和相互競爭的信念之間的相互作用和對抗會將個人的發(fā)現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榭茖W(xué)界的可靠發(fā)現(xiàn)?！笨芍?jīng)過科學(xué)界的檢查后，科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)將變得可靠。故B項正確。

4.細節(jié)事實題。由題干定位到第四段NobelLaureateandphysiologistAlbertAzent-Gyorgyioncedescribeddiscoveryas“seeingwhateverybodyhasseenandthinkingwhatnobodyhasthought.”諾貝爾獎獲得者、生理學(xué)家AlbertAzent-Gyorgyi曾將發(fā)現(xiàn)描述為“看到每個人看到的，思考沒有人想過的”。由此可知，阿爾貝特?圣捷爾吉強調(diào)科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)不能循規(guī)蹈矩，要有創(chuàng)新精神和批判精神。故D項正確。

5.主旨大意題。第一段講述了日常科學(xué)研究存在不確定性和復(fù)雜性。第二段指出，科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)需要經(jīng)過可信性證實過程才能變?yōu)榭煽康?。第三段介紹了科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)可信性的證實過程。在第四段，作者指出了可信性證實過程中存在的兩個矛盾。由此可知本文通篇都在論述科學(xué)可信性的證實過程。所以C項正確。

2.單選題

Fromthehistory,wecansee,eventhesmallestdiplomaticincidentcan（

）amajorinternationalconflict.

問題1選項

A.animate

B.energize

C.trigger

D.prompt

【答案】C

【解析】考查動詞辨析。animate使有生氣；energize激勵；使活躍；trigger觸發(fā)；prompt鼓勵，促進。根據(jù)題干內(nèi)容可猜測：小小的外交事故可能會誘發(fā)重大的國際沖突。句意：從歷史上我們可以看到，即使是最小的外交事件也可能誘發(fā)重大的國際沖突。

3.單選題

Galaxyclustersarethemostmassivestructuresintheuniverseandexertsuchapowerful（）pullthattheywarpthespacetimearoundthemandactascosmiclensesthatcanmagnify,distortandbendthelightbehindthem.

問題1選項

A.gravitational

B.exceptional

C.motivational

D.sensational

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。A選項gravitational表示“重力的，引力的”；B選項exceptional表示“超常的，異常的，例外的”；C選項motivational表示“動機的，激發(fā)性的”；D選項sensational表示“轟動的，聳人聽聞的，使人感動的”。由句意可知，星系團是宇宙中最巨大的結(jié)構(gòu)，它能產(chǎn)生巨大的引力，扭曲周圍的時空，就像宇宙透鏡一樣放大、扭曲和彎曲后面的光線。因此，A選項gravitational的含義最符合原文句意，故本題正確答案為A選項。

4.單選題

AccordingtotheGhanaNationalNarcoticControlfourthousandGhanaiansare（）illicitdrugswhileseveralothersarereportedtobeengagedinconstantdrugtraffickingannually.

問題1選項

A.exposedto

B.attachedto

C.addictedto

D.opposedto

【答案】C

【解析】考查動詞詞組辨析。A選項exposedto表示“接觸，暴露于”；B選項attachedto表示“附屬于，愛慕”；C選項addictedto表示“上癮，沉迷于”；D選項opposedto表示“反對”。分析句意可知，根據(jù)加納國家麻醉品管制局（NACOB.的報告，幾乎有4000加納人（）毒品，而每年有數(shù)千人不斷從事販毒。因此只有C選項最符合原文句意，故本題正確答案為C選項。

5.翻譯題

Insomesocietiespeoplewantchildrenforwhatmightbecalledfamilialreasons:toextendthefamilylineorthefamilyname，topropitiatetheancestors;toenabletheproperfunctioningofreligiousritualsinvolvingthefamily.Suchreasonsmayseemthininthemodern,secularizedsocietybuttheyhavebeenandarepowerfulindeedinotherplaces.

Inaddition,oneclassoffamilyreasonssharesaborderwiththefollowingcategory,namely,havingchildreninordertomaintainorimproveamarriage:toholdthehusbandoroccupythewife;torepairorrejuvenatethemarriage;toincreasethenumberofchildrenontheassumptionthatfamilyhappinessliesthatway.Thepointisunderlinedbyitsconverse:insomesocietiesthefailuretobearchildren（ormales）isathreattothemarriageandareadycausefordivorce.

Beyondallthatistheprofoundsignificanceofchildrentotheveryinstitutionofthefamilyitself.Tomanypeople,husbandandwifealonedonotseemaproperfamily-theyneedchildrentoenrichthecircle,tovalidateitsfamilycharacter,togathertheredemptiveinfluenceofoffspring.Childrenneedthefamily,butthefamilyseemsalsotoneedchildren,asthesocialinstitutionuniquelyavailable,atleastinprinciple,forsecurity,comfort,assurance,anddirectioninachanging,oftenhostile,world.Tomostpeople,suchahomebase,in.theliteralsense,needsmorethanonepersonforsustenanceandingenerationalextension.

【答案】在某些社會中，人們希望擁有孩子是出于所謂的家庭原因:傳宗接代，光宗耀祖，討好祖輩;使包括家庭在內(nèi)的宗教儀式正常運作。這樣的理由在現(xiàn)代世俗化的社會中可能顯得蒼白無力，但在其他地方，它們曾經(jīng)是而且確實是強有力的。

此外，有一類家庭原因,即為了維持或改善婚姻而生孩子,與下列原因有共同的邊界。比如生孩子是為了穩(wěn)住丈夫或占有妻子;修復(fù)或恢復(fù)婚姻活力;增加孩子的數(shù)量是基于家庭幸福就在于此的假設(shè)。相反的情況更強調(diào)了這一點:在一些社會中，不能生育子女（或男性）是對婚姻的一種威脅，也是離婚的一個現(xiàn)成理由。

除此之外，兒童對家庭本身也具有深遠的意義。對許多人來說，夫妻二人并不是一個合適的家庭——他們需要孩子來豐富這個小圈子，來確認這個小圈子的家庭性質(zhì)，來獲得后代的救贖性影響。兒童需要家庭，但家庭似乎也需要兒童，家庭作為一個獨特的可用的社會機構(gòu)，至少在原則上，可以在一個變化中，往往是敵對的世界中獲得安全、舒適、保證和方向。對大多數(shù)人來說，這樣的一個大本營，從字面意義上講，需要不止一個人來維持和延續(xù)。

6.單選題

Satellitephotographscanprovideinformationon（）rainarefalling.

問題1選項

A.whichwhereandhowmuch

B.whereandhow

C.whichandhow

D.whereandhowmuch

【答案】D

【解析】考查引導(dǎo)詞。句意：衛(wèi)星照片可以提供關(guān)于降雨區(qū)域以及降雨量的信息。on后面接定語從句，從句的主語已經(jīng)有引導(dǎo)詞連接，不再用which。故D項正確。

7.單選題

Onlytwocountriesintheadvancedworldprovidenoguaranteeforpaidleavefromworktocareforanewbornchild.Lastspringoneofthetwo,Australia,gaveupthedubiousdistinctionbyestablishingpaidfamilyleavestartingin2011.Iwasn'tsurprisedwhenthisdidn'tmakethenewshereintheUnitedStates—we'renowtheonlywealthycountrywithoutsuchapolicy.

TheUnitedStatesdoeshaveoneexplicitfamilypolicy,theFamilyandMedicalLeaveAct,passedin1993.Itentitlesworkerstoasmuchas12weeks'unpaidleaveforcareofanewbornordealingwithafamilymedicalproblem.Despitethemodestyofthebenefit,theChamberofCommerceandotherbusinessgroupsfoughtitbitterly,describingitas“government-runpersonnelmanagement"anda"dangerousprecedent".Infact,everystepoftheway,as（usually）Democraticleadershavetriedtointroducework-familybalancemeasuresintothelaw,businessgroupshavebeenstronglyopposed.

AsYalelawprofessorAnneAlstottargues,justifyingparentalsupportdependsondefiningthefamilyasasocialgoodthat,insomesense,societymustpayfor.InherbookNoExit:WhatParentsOweTheirChildrenandWhatSocietyOwesParents,shearguesthatparentsareburdenedinmanywaysintheirlives:thereis"noexit"whenitcomestochildren."Societyexpects—andneeds—parentstoprovidetheirchildrenwithcontinuityofcare,meaningtheintensive,intimatecarethathumanbeingsneedtodeveloptheirintellectual,emotionalandmoralcapabilities.Andsocietyexpects—andneeds―parentstopersistintheirrolesfor18years,orlongerifneeded."

Whilemostparentsdothisoutoflove,therearepublicpenaltiesfornotprovidingcare.Whatparentsdo,inotherwords,isofdeepconcerntothestate,fortheobviousreasonthatcaringforchildrenisnotonlymorallyurgentbutessentialforthefutureofsociety.Thestaterecognizesthisinthelargebodyoffamilylawsthatgovernchildren'welfare,yetparentsreceivelittlehelpinmeetingthelife-changingobligationssocietyimposes.Toclassifyparentingasapersonalchoiceforwhichthereisnocollectiveresponsibilityisnotmerelytoignorethesocialbenefitsofgoodparenting;really,itistostealthosebenefitsbecausetheyaccrue（不斷積累）tothewholeofsocietyastoday'schildrenbecometomorrow'sproductivecitizenry（公民）.Infact,bysomeestimates,thevalueofparentalinvestmentsinchildren,investmentsoftimeandmoney（includinglostwages）,isequalto20-30%ofgrossdomesticproduct.Iftheseinvestmentsgeneratehugesocialbenefits-astheyclearlydo—thebenefitsofprovidingmoresocialsupportforthefamilyshouldbethatmuchclearer.

1.Whatdowelearnaboutpaidfamilyleavefromthefirstparagraph?

2.Whathaspreventedthepassingofwork-familybalancelawsintheUnitedStates?

3.WhatisProfessorAnneAlstott'sargumentforparentalsupport?

4.WhatdoestheauthorthinkofAmerica'slargebodyoffamilylaws-governingchildren'swelfare?

5.Whydoestheauthorobjecttoclassifyingparentingasapersonalchoice?

問題1選項

A.ItsmeaningwasclarifiedwhenitwasestablishedinAustralia.

B.IthasnowbecomeahottopicintheUnitedStates.

C.ItcameasasurprisewhenAustraliaadoptedthepolicy.

D.Americaisnowtheonlydevelopedcountrywithoutthepolicy.

問題2選項

A.TheincompetenceoftheDemocrats.

B.Theoppositionfrombusinesscircles.

C.ThelackofaprecedentinAmericanhistory.

D.TheexistingFamilyandMedicalLeaveAct.

問題3選項

A.Goodparentingbenefitssociety.

B.ThecostofraisingchildrenintheU.S.hasbeengrowing.

C.TheU.S.shouldkeepupwithotherdevelopedcountries.

D.Childrenneedcontinuouscare.

問題4選項

A.Theyfailtoensurechildren'shealthygrowth

B.Theyfailtoprovideenoughsupportforparents

C.Theyemphasizeparents'legalresponsibilities.

D.Theyimposethecareofchildrenonparents.

問題5選項

A.Itisbasicallyasocialundertaking.

B.Itrelieslargelyonsocialsupport.

C.Itgenerateshugesocialbenefits.

D.Itisregardedasalegalobligation.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:A

第4題:B

第5題:A

【解析】1.細節(jié)事實題。由第一段“Lastspringoneofthetwo,Australia,gaveupthedubiousdistinctionbyestablishingpaidfamilyleavestartingin2011.Iwasn'tsurprisedwhenthisdidn'tmakethenewshereintheUnitedStates—we'renowtheonlywealthycountrywithoutsuchapolicy.去年春天，其中之一的澳大利亞放棄了這一可疑的區(qū)別，從2011年開始實行帶薪產(chǎn)假。我一點也不驚訝，這并沒有成為美國的新聞——我們現(xiàn)在是唯一一個沒有這樣的政策的富裕國家?！睋?jù)此可知美國仍然沒有實行帶薪產(chǎn)假。故D項正確。

2.細節(jié)事實題。由第二段“Infact,everystepoftheway,as（usually）Democraticleadershavetriedtointroducework-familybalancemeasuresintothelaw,businessgroupshavebeenstronglyopposed.事實上，當（通常）民主黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人試圖在法律中引入工作與家庭平衡的措施時，每一步都遭到了商業(yè)團體的強烈反對?！睋?jù)此可知B項“遭到商業(yè)界的反對”正確。

3.細節(jié)事實題。AsYalelawprofessorAnneAlstottargues,justifyingparentalsupportdependsondefiningthefamilyasasocialgoodthat,insomesense,societymustpayfor.正如耶魯大學(xué)法學(xué)教授安妮?奧爾斯托特（AnneAlstott）所指出的那樣，要證明父母支持子女的合理性，就必須將家庭定義為一種社會有利的單位，在某種意義上，社會必須為此買單?？芍狝nne教授認為社會應(yīng)該支持parentalsupport，因為家庭是對社會有利的單位，孩子良好的教養(yǎng)對社會有利。故A項正確。B項“在美國，養(yǎng)育孩子的成本一直在增長?！焙虲項“美國應(yīng)該趕上其他發(fā)達國家。”以及D項“孩子們需要持續(xù)的照顧”與Anne的觀點無關(guān)。

4.細節(jié)事實題。由第四段“Thestaterecognizesthisinthelargebodyoffamilylawsthatgovernchildren'welfare,yetparentsreceivelittlehelpinmeetingthelife-changingobligationssocietyimposes.國家在管理兒童福利的大量家庭法律中認識到這一點，但在履行社會強加的改變?nèi)松牧x務(wù)方面，父母幾乎得不到幫助?！睋?jù)此可知父母真正得到的來自該法律的幫助很少。故B項正確。

5.判斷推理題。由第四段“Toclassifyparentingasapersonalchoiceforwhichthereisnocollectiveresponsibilityisnotmerelytoignorethesocialbenefitsofgoodparenting;really,itistostealthosebenefitsbecausetheyaccruetothewholeofsocietyastoday'schildrenbecometomorrow'sproductivecitizenry.把養(yǎng)育子女歸為沒有集體責任的個人選擇，不僅是忽視了良好養(yǎng)育的社會效益;實際上，它是在竊取這些福利，因為它們會累積到整個社會，因為今天的兒童將成為明天富有成效的公民?！睋?jù)此可知作者認為良好養(yǎng)育能帶來社會效益，養(yǎng)育子女是社會的責任，是一種社會事業(yè)。故A項正確。

8.單選題

Springfieldfirefightersquickly（）aburningSUVinaparkinglotinForestPark.Thecauseremainsunderinvestigation.

問題1選項

A.extinguished

B.excluded

C.exceeded

D.exposed

【答案】A

【解析】考查動詞辨析。extinguish熄滅，壓制；exclude排斥；exceed超過，expose暴露。由firefighter可推知消防員將火撲滅了。故A項正確。句意：斯普林菲爾德消防員迅速熄滅了在森林公園的一個停車場燃燒的SUV。事故原因仍在調(diào)查中。

9.單選題

Ifyouwanttoteachyourchildrenhowtosaysorry,youmustbegoodatsayingityourself,especiallytoyourownchildren.Buthowyousayitcanbequitetricky.

Ifyousaytoyourchildren"I'msorryIgotangrywithyou,but..."whatfollowsthat"but"canrendertheapologyineffective:"Ihadabadday"or"yournoisewasgivingmeaheadache"leavesthepersonwhohasbeeninjuredfeelingthatheshould-beapologizingforhisbadbehaviorinexpectinganapology.

Anothermethodbywhichpeopleappeartoapologizewithoutactuallydoingsoistosay"I'msorryyou'reupset";thissuggeststhatyouaresomehowatfaultforallowingyourselftogetupsetbywhattheotherpersonhasdone.

Thenthereisthegeneral,allcoveringapology,whichavoidsthenecessityofidentifyingaspecificactthatwasparticularlyhurtfulorinsulting,andwhichthepersonwhoisapologizingshouldpromisenevertodoagain.Saying"I'muselessasaparent"doesnotcommitapersontoanyspecificimprovement.

Thesepseudo-apologiesareusedbypeoplewhobelievesayingsorryshowsweakness.Parentswhowishtoteachtheirchildrentoapologizeshouldseeitasasignofstrength,andthereforenotresorttothesepseudo-apologies.

Butevenwhenpresentedwithexamplesofgenuinecontrition,childrenstillneedhelptobecomeawareofthecomplexitiesofsayingsorry.Athree-year-oldmightneedhelpinunderstandingthatotherchildren,feelpainjustashedoes,andthathittingaplaymateovertheheadwithaheavytoyrequiresanapology.Asix-year-oldmightneedremindingthatspoilingotherchildren'sexpectationscanrequireanapology.A12-year-olclmightneedtobeshownthatraidingthebiscuittinwithoutaskingpermissionisacceptable,butthatborrowingaparent'sclotheswithoutpermissionisnot.

1.Ifamotheradds"but"toanapology,（）.

2.Accordingtotheauthor,saying"I'msorryyou'reupset"mostprobablymeans（）.

3.Itisnotadvisabletousethegeneral,all-coveringapologybecause（）.

4.Welearnfromthelastparagraphthatinteachingchildrentosaysorry（）.

5.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatapologizingproperlyis（）.

問題1選項

A.shedoesn'tfeelthatsheshouldhaveapologized

B.shedoesnotrealizethatthechildhasbeenhurt

C.thechildmayfindtheapologyeasiertoaccept

D.thechildmayfeelthat,heowesheranapology

問題2選項

A.Youhavegoodreasontogetupset

B.I'mawareyou'reupset,butI'mnottoblame

C.Iapologizeforhurtingyourfeelings

D.I’matfaultformakingyouupset

問題3選項

A.itgetsoneintothehabitofmakingemptypromises

B.itmaymaketheotherpersonfeelguilty

C.itisvagueandineffective

D.itishurtfulandinsulting

問題4選項

A.thecomplexitiesinvolvedshouldbeignored

B.theiragesshouldbetakenintoaccount

C.parentsneedtosetthemagoodexample

D.parentsshouldbepatientandtolerant

問題5選項

A.asocialissuecallingforimmediateattention

B.notnecessaryamongfamilymembers

C.asignofsocialprogress

D.notassimpleasitseems

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:D

【解析】1.判斷推理題。根據(jù)題干定位到第二段"Ifyousaytoyourchildren"I'msorryIgotangrywithyou,but..."whatfollowsthat"but"canrendertheapologyineffective:"Ihadabadday"or"yournoisewasgivingmeaheadache"leavesthepersonwhohasbeeninjuredfeelingthatheshould-beapologizingforhisbadbehaviorinexpectinganapology."可知如果在道歉后加了"but"，那么會使那個受傷的人感覺為了得到別人的道歉，他得先為自己不好的行為道歉。與D項“這個孩子可能會覺得他欠他媽媽一個道歉”相符。故D項正確。

2.判斷推理題。根據(jù)題干定位到第三段"I'msorryyou'reupset";thissuggeststhatyouaresomehowatfaultforallowingyourselftogetupsetbywhattheotherpersonhasdone."如果這樣道歉——“我很抱歉你生氣了”;這表明你在某種程度上是錯誤的，因為你讓自己被別人的所作所為弄得心煩意亂。”由此可知道歉人其實并沒有真正地道歉，而是認為別人是由于自己的原因而心情不好。與B項相符。

3.判斷推理題。根據(jù)題干定位到第四段"Saying"I'muselessasaparent"doesnotcommitapersontoanyspecificimprovement."如果家長道歉說“我是個沒用的家長”并不能讓一個人得到任何具體的改善?？芍眠@種道歉方法是無效的。故C項正確。

4.判斷推理題。Butevenwhenpresentedwithexamplesofgenuinecontrition,childrenstillneedhelptobecomeawareofthecomplexitiesofsayingsorry.Athree-year-oldmightneedhelpinunderstandingthatotherchildren,feelpainjustashedoes,andthathittingaplaymateovertheheadwithaheavytoyrequiresanapology.Asix-year-oldmightneedremindingthatspoilingotherchildren'sexpectationscanrequireanapology.A12-year-olclmightneedtobeshownthatraidingthebiscuittinwithoutaskingpermissionisacceptable,butthatborrowingaparent'sclotheswithoutpermissionisnot.但是，即使孩子們看到了真誠悔過的例子，他們?nèi)匀恍枰獛椭鷣硎蛊湟庾R到道歉的復(fù)雜性。一個三歲的孩子可能需要幫助來理解其他孩子也像他一樣感到疼痛，用沉重的玩具打玩伴的頭需要道歉。一個六歲的孩子可能需要被提醒，辜負其他孩子的期望可能需要道歉。一個12歲的孩子可能需要被告知，未經(jīng)許可就亂翻餅干罐是可以接受的，但未經(jīng)許可就借父母的衣服就不行。最后一段舉例講述了不同年齡段的孩子都需要不同程度的提醒或告誡來使其意識到道歉的復(fù)雜性。故B項“在教小孩子道歉時應(yīng)考慮他們的年齡?！闭_。

5.判斷推理題。全文介紹了幾種偽道歉，最后總結(jié)這幾種道歉方式是無效的，并且提醒讀者教小孩道歉要考慮到他們的年齡。由此可見恰當?shù)牡狼覆]有看起來那么簡單。A項“合理道歉是需要立即關(guān)注的社會問題”文中未提及；B項“合理道歉在家庭成員中不必要”與文中提到的“A12-year-olclmightneedtobeshownthatraidingthebiscuittinwithoutaskingpermissionisacceptable,butthatborrowingaparent'sclotheswithoutpermissionisnot.”不符；C項“合理道歉是社會進步的標志”與文中內(nèi)容無關(guān)。故答案D

10.單選題

IfthetradeunionistJimmyHoffawerealivetoday,hewouldprobablyrepresentcivilservant.WhenHoffa’sTeamsterswereintheirprimein1960,onlyoneintenAmericangovernmentworkersbelongedtoaunion;now36%do.In2009thenumberofunionistsinAmerica’spublicsectorpassedthatoftheirfellowmembersintheprivatesector.InBritain,morethanhalfofpublic-sectorworkersbutonlyabout15%ofprivate-sectoronesareunionized.

Therearethreereasonsforthepublic-sectorunions’thriving.First,theycanshutthingsdownwithoutsufferingmuchinthewayofconsequences.Second,theyaremostlybrightandwell-educated.AquarterofAmerica’spublic-sectorworkershaveauniversitydegree.Third,theynowdominateleft-of-centrepolitics.Someoftheirtiesgobackalongway.Britain’sLaborParty,asitsnameimplies,haslongbeenassociatedwithtradeunionism.Itscurrentleader,EdMiliband,oweshispositiontovotesfrompublic-sectorunions.

Atthestateleveltheirinfluencecanbeevenmorefearsome.MarkBaldassareofthePublicPolicyInstituteofCaliforniapointsoutthatmuchofthestate'sbudgetispatrolledbyunions.Theteachers'unionskeepaneyeonschools,theCCPOAonprisonsandavarietyoflaborgroupsonhealthcare.

Inmanyrichcountriesaveragewagesinthestatesectorarehigherthanintheprivateone.Buttherealgainscomeinbenefitsandworkpractices.Politicianshaverepeatedly“backloaded”public-sectorpaydeals,keepingthepayincreasesmodestbutaddingtoholidaysandespeciallypensionsthatarealreadygenerous.

Reformhasbeenvigorouslyopposed,perhapsmostegregiouslyineducation,wherecharterschools,academiesandmeritpayallfaceddrawn-outbattles.Eventhoughthereisplentyofevidencethatthequalityoftheteachersisthemostimportantvariable,teachers’unionshavefoughtagainstgettingridofbadonesandpromotinggoodones.

Asthecosttoeveryoneelsehasbecomeclearer,politicianshavebeguntoclampdown.InWisconsintheunionshaveralliedthousandsofsupportersagainstScottWalker,thehardlineRepublicangovernor.Butmanywithinthepublicsectorsufferunderthecurrentsystem,too.

JohnDonahueatHarvard’sKennedySchoolpointsoutthatthenormsofcultureinWesterncivilservicessuitthosewhowanttostayputbutisbadforhighachievers.TheonlyAmericanpublic-sectorworkerswhoearnwellabove$250,000ayearareuniversitysportscoachesandthepresidentoftheUnitedStates.Bankers’fatpaypacketshaveattractedmuchcriticism,butapublic-sectorsystemthatdoesnotrewardhighachieversmaybeamuchbiggerproblemforAmerica.

1.Paragraph1suggeststhat（）.

2.AccordingtoParagraph2,（）.

3.Paragraph4pointsoutthattheincomeinthestatesectoris（）.

4.ItcanbelearnedfromtheexampleoftheunionsinWisconsinthatunions（）

5.WhatisJohnDonahue’sattitudetowardsthepublic-sectorsystem?

問題1選項

A.JimmyHoffausedtoworkasacivilservant

B.Teamstershaskeptgrowinginitsbodyofmembers

C.thenumberofunionistsinpublic-sectorhasincreased

D.thegovernmenthasimproveditsrelationshipwithunionists

問題2選項

A.auniversitydegreeisrequiredforpublic-sectorunionmembership

B.LaborPartyhaslongbeenfightingagainstpublic-sectorunions

C.public-sectorunionsseldomgetintroublefortheiractions

D.public-sectorunionsarehesitantintakingactions

問題3選項

A.fairlyadjusted

B.illegallysecured

C.indirectlyincreased

D.excessivelyincreased

問題4選項

A.oftenrunagainstthecurrentpoliticalsystem

B.maybeabarriertopublic-sectorreforms

C.canchangepeople’spoliticalattitudes

D.aredominantinthegovernment

問題5選項

A.Tolerance.

B.Disapproval.

C.Indifference.

D.Appreciation.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:C

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:B

【解析】1.細節(jié)事實題。由原文第一段第二句“WhenHoffa’sTeamsterswereintheirprimein1960,onlyoneintenAmericangovernmentworkersbelongedtoaunion;now36%do.”可知，在1960年只有十分之一的美國政府工作人員屬于工會而現(xiàn)在是36%。而由最后兩句“In2009thenumberofunionistsinAmerica’spublicsectorpassedthatoftheirfellowmembersintheprivatesector.InBritain,morethanhalfofpublic-sectorworkersbutonlyabout15%ofprivate-sectoronesareunionized.”可知，2009年，美國公共部門工會成員的數(shù)量超過了私營部門工會成員的數(shù)量。在英國，超過一半的公共部門員工加入了工會，但只有15%的私營部門員工加入了工會。由此可以判斷，這么多年來，公共部門的工會成員人數(shù)有所增加，所以C選項表述正確。原文只是說明JimmyHoffa如果活著可能會代表公務(wù)員，并不是說他真的是公務(wù)員，因此A選項與原文內(nèi)容不符。B選項“卡車司機成員不斷增加”與原文內(nèi)容不符，原文只是說1960年卡車司機處于巔峰時期，故表述錯誤。D選項“政府改善了它與工會的關(guān)系”，在原文中并未提到，屬于無中生有。故本題正確答案為C選項。

2.推理判斷題。題干詢問：根據(jù)第二段可以得出……。原文第二段主要介紹了工會興盛的三個原因，原因一：他們可以在不承擔后果的情況下解決事情；原因二：他們大多聰明且受過良好的教育；原因三：他們現(xiàn)在主導(dǎo)著中間偏左的政治。由此可知，C選項表述正確，withoutsufferingmuch說明他們很少惹上麻煩，即seldomgetintrouble。原文第二段第四句指出“AquarterofAmerica’spublic-sectorworkershaveauniversitydegree”，所以并不是所有的公共部門工會成員都被要求擁有大學(xué)學(xué)位?？膳袛郃選項表述錯誤。由原因三可知，工黨一直和工會聯(lián)系在一起，工黨領(lǐng)袖的當選部分原因歸功于公共部分工會的投票，可判斷B選項錯誤。D選項的表述在原文中并未提及，故本題正確答案為C選項。

3.細節(jié)事實題。題干詢問：從第四段可以得知，國營部門的收入是……。根據(jù)題干信息可定位到原文第4段第三句，通過Politicianshaverepeatedly“backloaded”public-sectorpaydeals,keepingthepayincreasesmodestbutaddingtoholidaysandespeciallypensionsthatarealreadygenerous.可知，政客們一再“加碼”公共部門的薪酬協(xié)議，要保持適度的工資增長，但要增加假期，尤其是已經(jīng)很豐厚的養(yǎng)老金。由此可知，國營部門的收入需要間接進行提高。可判斷C選項正確。A選項表示“公平調(diào)整”，B選項表示“非法獲得”，D選項表示“過度增加”，均與原文內(nèi)容不符，故本題正確答案為C選項。

4.推理判斷題。題干詢問：我們可以從威斯康辛州工會的例子中了解到，工會應(yīng)該……。根據(jù)題干信息可定位到原文第六段第二句“InWisconsintheunionshaveralliedthousandsofsupportersagainstScottWalker,thehardlineRepublicangovernor”，根據(jù)句意可知，在威斯康辛州，各工會集結(jié)了數(shù)千支持者，反對共和黨強硬派州長ScottWalker。由此可知B選項“工會是公共部門改革的障礙”表述正確。A選項“經(jīng)常與當前的政治體制相抵觸”屬于推斷過度，而C選項“能改變?nèi)藗兊恼螒B(tài)度”和D選項“在政府中占主導(dǎo)地位”在原文中均為提及。因此，本題正確答案為B選項。

5.觀點態(tài)度題。題干詢問：JohnDonahue對公共工會部門的態(tài)度是……。根據(jù)題干信息定位到原文最后一段，由“Bankers’fatpaypacketshaveattractedmuchcriticism,butapublic-sectorsystemthatdoesnotrewardhighachieversmaybeamuchbiggerproblemforAmerica.”可知，銀行家豐厚的薪水引來了許多批評，但公共部門系統(tǒng)不獎勵高成就者，這對美國來說可能是一個更大的問題。由此可見，JohnDonahue對于美國的公共部門持有不支持的態(tài)度，因此B選項Disapproval最