英語國家社會與文化入門上冊教學(xué)課件 U18

英語國家社會與文化入門》

(上冊）TheSocietyandCultureofMajorEnglish-SpeakingCountriesAnIntroduction(BookOne)英語國家社會與文化入門》

(上冊）TheSocietya1Australia

Unit18AustraliaasaLiberalDemocraticSocietyAustralia

Unit18Australiaas2QuizGivetheEnglishandabriefexplanationforthefollowing:1聯(lián)合政府2英美政治體制結(jié)合的制度3澳大利亞工黨4基礎(chǔ)建設(shè)5澳大利亞廣播公司QuizGivetheEnglishanda3FocalPointsdifferenceasthecentralvalueoftheAustraliansocietytheWashminsterformofpolitythree-tiersystemofgovernmenttwohousesofparliamenttheGovernor-GeneralpoliticalpartiesadvantagesofthepluralistformofgovernmentAustraliangovernment’sroleinthenationaleconomyinterventionistgovernmenteconomicrationalismFocalPointsdifferenceasthe4ThisUnitIsDividedintoFiveSectionsIntroduction:DifferentPerspectivesTheFormationoftheAustralianPoliticalSystemTheRelationshipbetweenthePoliticalandEconomicSpheresTheAustralianPoliticalEconomyinthe21stCenturyConclusion:CurrentDifferencesofPerspectivesThisUnitIsDividedintoFive5I.Introduction:DifferentPerspectivesAustraliansunderstandandconductlifeuponabasiccommitmenttodifference:Therearemanydifferentreligions.Politicsisbaseduponconflicts—andtheirresolution—betweenmajorpoliticalparties.Newspapersareidentifiedwithdifferentpoliticalbiases.Sotoo,arevarioustelevisionandradioprogrammes.Studentsareexpectedtointerprettheirsubjectsfromdifferentperspectivesandareencouragedtouseconsideredargumentstocontestotherstudents’andeventheirlecturers’interpretationofthesubject.

I.Introduction:DifferentPer6I.Introduction:DifferentPerspectivesTheemphasisisupontheprinciplethattherearedifferentwaysofthinkingandknowingabouttheworld:thereisneitherabsolutetruthnoronesinglewaytorunthecountry.Instead,therehastobedebateabouthowweknowtheworldandhowweshouldbehaveintheworld.Evencorevalues—whichtendtobelonglasting—canbechangedovertime,notbyaviolentoverthrowoftheculturalsystembutthroughdiscussion,educationandgradualculturalchange.ThemajordifferencesintheperspectivesofAustraliansare,tosomeextent,representedbythemajorpoliticalparties.Overthepast100yearsgovernmentinAustralia,inthemain,hasbeenrepresentedbyeithertheLabourPartyortheCoalition.TheCoalitionrepresentsthecombinedperspectivesandinterestsofboththeLiberalandtheNationalparties.I.Introduction:DifferentPer7AustralianmajorpoliticalpartiesAustralianmajorpoliticalpar8II.TheFormationoftheAustralianPoliticalSystemAustraliahaswhathasbeencalleda‘Washminster’formofpolity.ItisamixtureoftheUS,WashingtonsystemofgovernmentandtheBritish,Westminstersystem:thepoliticalstructureisbasedonaFederationofStatesandhasathree-tiersystemofgovernmentbutthechiefexecutiveisaPrimeMinisternotaPresident.

Australiahasathree-tiersystemofgovernment—theAustralianParliamentatFederallevel,sixStategovernmentsandabout900LocalGovernmentbodies.II.TheFormationoftheAustr9II.TheFormationoftheAustralianPoliticalSystemTheParliamentofAustralia,ortheFederalParliament,isthelegislativebranchofthegovernmentofAustralia.Itconsistsofthreeelements:theQueen,theSenate(theUpperHouse)andtheHouseofRepresentatives(theLowerHouse).TheQueenisrepresentedbytheGovernor-General.Thecombinationoftwoelectedhouses,inwhichthemembersoftheSenaterepresentthesixStatesandthetwomajorself-governingTerritorieswhilethemembersoftheHouserepresentelectoraldivisionsaccordingtopopulation.II.TheFormationoftheAustr10QueenElizabethIIandSirPeterJohnCosgrove,the26thandcurrentGovernor-GeneralofAustraliaQueenElizabethIIandSirPet11II.TheFormationoftheAustralianPoliticalSystemParliamentHouseisthemeetingplaceoftheParliamentofAustralia,locatedinCanberra,thecapitalofAustralia.ParliamentHousecontains4,700rooms,andmanyareasareopentothepublic.TheHouseofRepresentativeschamberisdecoratedgreen,whiletheSenatechamberhasaredcolourscheme.II.TheFormationoftheAustr12II.TheFormationoftheAustralianPoliticalSystemCitizensvoteformembersofparliament.Themembersofparliamentgenerallybelongtooneofthetwomajorpoliticalparties,theAustralianLaborParty(ALP)ortheCoalition.TheCoalitioncomprisesacombinationoftwoparties—theLiberalsandtheNationals.Eachpartysetsoutapartyprogramme—asetofbasicprinciplesandpoliciesthatalignwiththoseprinciples.II.TheFormationoftheAustr13II.TheFormationoftheAustralianPoliticalSystem

Thissystemhasthefollowingadvantages:Thedifferencebetweenthetwopartyprogrammesmeansthatcitizenscanchoose,ateachelection,whichsetofpoliciestheywouldprefertobeenactedoverthefollowingthreeyearsofgovernment.Thissystemsecurestransparencyandthusaccountability.Evenwhenthemajorpartyisinpowertheirpoliciesshouldbesubjecttothecontinuousscrutinyoftheopposingparty,bothonthefloorofthehouse,intheSenatecommitteesystemandthroughpoliticaldebatesinthemedia.PluralismprovidesforareadymadealternativegovernmentasthemajorOppositionpartycomprisesnotonlyback-benchers,butalso‘shadowministers’anda‘shadowcabinet’,whoaresufficientlyinformedaboutcurrentaspectsoftheirshadowportfoliosfortheoppositiontobecompetenttotakeovershouldanygovernmentcollapse.II.TheFormationoftheAustr14II.TheFormationoftheAustralianPoliticalSystemCitizenscanexerttheirpowerbetweenelectionsthroughtheirmembershipofmajorinterestgroups.Theseinclude,notonlythepoliticalparties,butalsootherassociationssuchasunions,employers’groups,andenvironmentalgroups.II.TheFormationoftheAustr15II.TheFormationoftheAustralianPoliticalSystemThePrimeMinisterofAustraliaistheheadofgovernmentinAustralia.TheindividualwhoholdstheofficeistheleaderoftheCabinetandthechairpersonoftheNationalSecurityCommittee.TheofficeisnotmentionedintheConstitutionofAustraliaandexistsonlythroughanunwrittenpoliticalconventionandtradition.InpracticeitisthemostpowerfulpoliticalpositioninAustralia.TheindividualwhoholdstheofficeiscommissionedbytheGovernor-GeneralofAustralia.CurrentPrimeMinisterMalcolmTurnbullII.TheFormationoftheAustr16III.TheRelationshipbetweenthePoliticalandEconomicSpheresTheprinciplesofliberaltheoryarguethatgovernmentsshouldplayonlyaminorpartinthenation’seconomy.Themajorprincipleisthattheeconomyshouldberunasa“freemarket”systemwithaslittleinterferencefromthegovernmentaspossible.However,theactualhistoryoftheAustralianpoliticaleconomydemonstratesaveryunevenapplicationofthisprinciple.EvenattheestablishmentoftheAustralian“freemarket”system,therewasaneedformajorpoliticalinterventiontohelpprovideasupplyofcheaplabourthroughtheassistedmigrationscheme.

III.TheRelationshipbetween17III.TheRelationshipbetweenthePoliticalandEconomicSpheres

TheeconomicgrowthinAustraliaDuringthe1850sgoldrushestherewasafloodofself-fundedimmigrants.ThepopulationofAustraliadoubledinthatdecade.Itopenedupthelandasmineralwealth:gold,silver,ironore,nickelandalumina.TemporaryaccommodationsforimmigrantspurringintoMelbourneduringgoldrushIII.TheRelationshipbetween18III.TheRelationshipbetweenthePoliticalandEconomicSpheres

However,itwasagriculture,especiallythewooltradethatformedthebasisoftheAustralianeconomyforover130yearswhenAustraliawasdescribedas“ridingonthesheep’sback”.Fromthe1840stothe1970sagricultureregularlyaccountedforover75%ofAustralia’sexporttrade.III.TheRelationshipbetween19III.TheRelationshipbetweenthePoliticalandEconomicSpheresThegovernment’sroleinEconomy

Bythelastfewdecadesofthe19thcenturythegovernmentwasplayingaverylargepartintheeconomy.Itwasamajoremployer.Itinvestedinmassivecapitalworksprogrammesintheprovisionofrailways,urbaninfrastructuresofwater,sewerageworksandcommunications.III.TheRelationshipbetween20III.TheRelationshipbetweenthePoliticalandEconomicSpheresTheGovernmentcontinuedtoplayalargepartintheeconomyinthepost-WWIIperiod.Bythe1970stheGovernmentwasresponsiblefor30%oftheGDP(GrossDomesticProduct).Itwasinvolvedin:labourmigrationprogrammeswagesettingthroughtheArbitrationsystemcontrolsofindustrythroughoccupationalsafetylegislationcontrolofforeignexchangedealingstariffprotection,especiallyinthemanufacturingindustriescontrolsofindustrythroughoccupationalsafetylegislationIII.TheRelationshipbetween21III.TheRelationshipbetweenthePoliticalandEconomicSpheres

By1970,thesecondaryormanufacturingsectorreacheditshighestlevel.However,majorchangesoccurredinthe1970s/1980s.Increasedoverseascompetitiontogetherwiththeloweringofthetariffsystemwipedoutsomemajormanufacturingindustries.Unemploymentlevelsroseconsiderably.Thisledtoasignificantdismantlingofthegovernment’sinvolvementin,andregulationof,theAustralianeconomy:Tariffrateswerebeenlowered.ThecentralisedwagesystemwasreplacedbyafocusonindividualworkplacebargainingwiththeCoalition’s“WorkChoicesAct”.Theforeignexchangemarketswerederegulated.III.TheRelationshipbetween22

Thechartshowsthattheunemploymentlevelsroseconsiderablyfrom1973to1983.III.TheRelationshipbetweenthePoliticalandEconomicSpheres

Thechartshowsthattheunem23III.TheRelationshipbetweenthePoliticalandEconomicSpheres

Economicrationalismhasbeenthemajorpolicyorientation.Therehavebeensignificantshiftsawayfromgovernmentinvolvementincommunication,banking,andintheprovisionofwaterandsewerageservices.Eveninthosesphereswhicharemoreusuallyassociatedwiththegovernment,theprovisionofsocialwelfareandsocialsecurityservicesandtheadministrationofthepunishmentsystem,thegovernmenthascontractedoutsomeofitsresponsibilitiestotheprivatesector,sometimeseventooverseascorporations.III.TheRelationshipbetween24

TheAustralianPoliticalEconomyinthe21stCentury

Ascitizens,Australianstodayaredebatingwhetherthethecut-backsofpublicspendingoneducation,healthandthepublicbroadcasterarenecessaryinmaintainingAustralia’spositionasoneofthe‘strong’economiesintheworld.BoththeLaborandtheCoalitionpartieshavebeendoingalottoderegulatetheeconomy.However,theCoalitionisassociatedwiththemoststrictformsofeconomicrationalismespeciallywithmakingabalancedbudgetthekeystoneofitspolicies.TheLabourPartyisalignedwithapoliticalprogrammefocusingmoreonthebalancebetweensocialandeconomicaspectsofAustralianlife.

TheAustralianPoliticalEcon25TheAustralianPoliticalEconomyinthe21stCentury

By2007,aftertwelveyearsofCoalitionGovernmenttheLabourPartywasreturnedtopower.ThesemajorfactorshaveaffectedAustralianpoliticssincethen:Thegovernmentwasreturnedonitspromisestorevokesomeofthetransfersofpowerawayfromtheworkers.Economiesaroundtheworldexperiencedtheglobalfinancialcrisis.Governmentsaroundtheworldhavehadtoconsidertheconsequencesofclimatechange.AcontinuedmilitaryanddiplomaticcommitmenttotheUSAbutalsoanextensionofcommitmentstootherpoliticaleconomies,especiallythoseintheAsianPacificRegion.TheAustralianPoliticalEcono26TheAustralianPoliticalEconomyinthe21stCenturyTheAsian-PacificRegionisthepartoftheworldinorneartheWesternPacificOcean.Theregionvariesinsizedependingoncontext,butittypicallyincludesmuchofEastAsia,SouthSaia,SoutheastAsia,andOceania.TheAustralianPoliticalEcono27TheAustralianPoliticalEconomyinthe21stCenturySomekeychangeshavebeenintroducedsince2007.ThegovernmenthaswithdrawnitstroopsfromIraq.Ontheindustrialfront,ithasre-establishedsomeoftherights,andnegotiatingpower,ofworkers,byabolishing“WorkChoicesAct”andreplacingitwiththe“FairWorkAct”(2009).TheLabourPartytendsnolongertotalkof“workers”butof“workingfamilies”:achangethatindicatesitsacknowledgementofthekeyculturalshiftoutlinedintheuniton“'WorkandFamilyLife.”Today,bothmenandwomensharetheresponsibilitiesofpaidandunpaidworkinthemarketandinthehome.TheAustralianPoliticalEcono28英語國家社會與文化入門上冊教學(xué)課件U1829TheAustralianPoliticalEconomyinthe21stCenturyInthe21stcenturytherehasbeenanincreasedpopularsupportfortheGreenParty.ThisreflectsarisingconcernthatneitherofthetwomajorpartiesisbeingsufficientlyeffectiveinaddressingtheenvironmentalproblemsofClimateChange.SoanewpoliticalperspectiveisdevelopinginAustralia,whichbelievesthattherelationshipbetweenthepeopleandtheenvironmentshouldbecomethecentralpoliticalissue.TheAustralianPoliticalEcono30V.Conclusion:CurrentDifferencesofPerspectivesFormostofitshistorytheAustralianpoliticaleconomyhasbeencharacterisedbyarelativelyinterventionistgovernment.Australiahasattemptedtobalancethreecontradictorypoliticaleconomicprogrammes:toensurethecountryrunsaprofitableeconomywithlittleinterferencebytheStateinthemarketeconomy;toinvestinthekindofhumancapitalnecessaryforeacheraofthepoliticaleconomy;topreventtheaccomponyinginequalitiesofa‘freemarket’economybecomingtoosociallydivisive.V.Conclusion:CurrentDiffere31V.Conclusion:CurrentDifferencesofPerspectivesBothpoliticalpartiesinAustraliahavepursuedamoreliberalformofaderegulatedpoliticaleconomy,theLiberalPartyhasbeenitskeenestproponent.Meanwhile,athirdpoliticalperspectiveisfastdeveloping:onewhichwantstomakeaconcernfortheenvironmentitscentralpoliticaleconomicfocus.InsummarydifferenceinAustraliaisnowrepresentedbythreepoliticalpartieswhosebasicconflictsnowcentrearoundbothclassandenvironmentalissues.

V.Conclusion:CurrentDiffere32QuestionsforDiscussionA.WhydoyouthinkAustraliaadoptedthe‘Washminster’formofpolity?Doyouthinkitreflectstheadvantagesofbothsystems?B.Doyouthinkthepluralistformofgovernmentisideal?Whatareitsadvantagesanddrawbacks?C.Doyouthinkthegovernmentcanimprovetheefficiencyofthesocialwelfareandsocialsecurityservicesbycontractingthemouttoprivatesector?Why?D.WhataresomeofthekeychangesthathavetakenplaceintheAustraliangovernmentssince2007?QuestionsforDiscussionA.Why33TheEnd高等教育出版社2015TheEnd高等教育出版社34英語國家社會與文化入門》

(上冊）TheSocietyandCultureofMajorEnglish-SpeakingCountriesAnIntroduction(BookOne)英語國家社會與文化入門》

(上冊）TheSocietya35Australia

Unit18AustraliaasaLiberalDemocraticSocietyAustralia

Unit18Australiaas36QuizGivetheEnglishandabriefexplanationforthefollowing:1聯(lián)合政府2英美政治體制結(jié)合的制度3澳大利亞工黨4基礎(chǔ)建設(shè)5澳大利亞廣播公司QuizGivetheEnglishanda37FocalPointsdifferenceasthecentralvalueoftheAustraliansocietytheWashminsterformofpolitythree-tiersystemofgovernmenttwohousesofparliamenttheGovernor-GeneralpoliticalpartiesadvantagesofthepluralistformofgovernmentAustraliangovernment’sroleinthenationaleconomyinterventionistgovernmenteconomicrationalismFocalPointsdifferenceasthe38ThisUnitIsDividedintoFiveSectionsIntroduction:DifferentPerspectivesTheFormationoftheAustralianPoliticalSystemTheRelationshipbetweenthePoliticalandEconomicSpheresTheAustralianPoliticalEconomyinthe21stCenturyConclusion:CurrentDifferencesofPerspectivesThisUnitIsDividedintoFive39I.Introduction:DifferentPerspectivesAustraliansunderstandandconductlifeuponabasiccommitmenttodifference:Therearemanydifferentreligions.Politicsisbaseduponconflicts—andtheirresolution—betweenmajorpoliticalparties.Newspapersareidentifiedwithdifferentpoliticalbiases.Sotoo,arevarioustelevisionandradioprogrammes.Studentsareexpectedtointerprettheirsubjectsfromdifferentperspectivesandareencouragedtouseconsideredargumentstocontestotherstudents’andeventheirlecturers’interpretationofthesubject.

I.Introduction:DifferentPer40I.Introduction:DifferentPerspectivesTheemphasisisupontheprinciplethattherearedifferentwaysofthinkingandknowingabouttheworld:thereisneitherabsolutetruthnoronesinglewaytorunthecountry.Instead,therehastobedebateabouthowweknowtheworldandhowweshouldbehaveintheworld.Evencorevalues—whichtendtobelonglasting—canbechangedovertime,notbyaviolentoverthrowoftheculturalsystembutthroughdiscussion,educationandgradualculturalchange.ThemajordifferencesintheperspectivesofAustraliansare,tosomeextent,representedbythemajorpoliticalparties.Overthepast100yearsgovernmentinAustralia,inthemain,hasbeenrepresentedbyeithertheLabourPartyortheCoalition.TheCoalitionrepresentsthecombinedperspectivesandinterestsofboththeLiberalandtheNationalparties.I.Introduction:DifferentPer41AustralianmajorpoliticalpartiesAustralianmajorpoliticalpar42II.TheFormationoftheAustralianPoliticalSystemAustraliahaswhathasbeencalleda‘Washminster’formofpolity.ItisamixtureoftheUS,WashingtonsystemofgovernmentandtheBritish,Westminstersystem:thepoliticalstructureisbasedonaFederationofStatesandhasathree-tiersystemofgovernmentbutthechiefexecutiveisaPrimeMinisternotaPresident.

Australiahasathree-tiersystemofgovernment—theAustralianParliamentatFederallevel,sixStategovernmentsandabout900LocalGovernmentbodies.II.TheFormationoftheAustr43II.TheFormationoftheAustralianPoliticalSystemTheParliamentofAustralia,ortheFederalParliament,isthelegislativebranchofthegovernmentofAustralia.Itconsistsofthreeelements:theQueen,theSenate(theUpperHouse)andtheHouseofRepresentatives(theLowerHouse).TheQueenisrepresentedbytheGovernor-General.Thecombinationoftwoelectedhouses,inwhichthemembersoftheSenaterepresentthesixStatesandthetwomajorself-governingTerritorieswhilethemembersoftheHouserepresentelectoraldivisionsaccordingtopopulation.II.TheFormationoftheAustr44QueenElizabethIIandSirPeterJohnCosgrove,the26thandcurrentGovernor-GeneralofAustraliaQueenElizabethIIandSirPet45II.TheFormationoftheAustralianPoliticalSystemParliamentHouseisthemeetingplaceoftheParliamentofAustralia,locatedinCanberra,thecapitalofAustralia.ParliamentHousecontains4,700rooms,andmanyareasareopentothepublic.TheHouseofRepresentativeschamberisdecoratedgreen,whiletheSenatechamberhasaredcolourscheme.II.TheFormationoftheAustr46II.TheFormationoftheAustralianPoliticalSystemCitizensvoteformembersofparliament.Themembersofparliamentgenerallybelongtooneofthetwomajorpoliticalparties,theAustralianLaborParty(ALP)ortheCoalition.TheCoalitioncomprisesacombinationoftwoparties—theLiberalsandtheNationals.Eachpartysetsoutapartyprogramme—asetofbasicprinciplesandpoliciesthatalignwiththoseprinciples.II.TheFormationoftheAustr47II.TheFormationoftheAustralianPoliticalSystem

Thissystemhasthefollowingadvantages:Thedifferencebetweenthetwopartyprogrammesmeansthatcitizenscanchoose,ateachelection,whichsetofpoliciestheywouldprefertobeenactedoverthefollowingthreeyearsofgovernment.Thissystemsecurestransparencyandthusaccountability.Evenwhenthemajorpartyisinpowertheirpoliciesshouldbesubjecttothecontinuousscrutinyoftheopposingparty,bothonthefloorofthehouse,intheSenatecommitteesystemandthroughpoliticaldebatesinthemedia.PluralismprovidesforareadymadealternativegovernmentasthemajorOppositionpartycomprisesnotonlyback-benchers,butalso‘shadowministers’anda‘shadowcabinet’,whoaresufficientlyinformedaboutcurrentaspectsoftheirshadowportfoliosfortheoppositiontobecompetenttotakeovershouldanygovernmentcollapse.II.TheFormationoftheAustr48II.TheFormationoftheAustralianPoliticalSystemCitizenscanexerttheirpowerbetweenelectionsthroughtheirmembershipofmajorinterestgroups.Theseinclude,notonlythepoliticalparties,butalsootherassociationssuchasunions,employers’groups,andenvironmentalgroups.II.TheFormationoftheAustr49II.TheFormationoftheAustralianPoliticalSystemThePrimeMinisterofAustraliaistheheadofgovernmentinAustralia.TheindividualwhoholdstheofficeistheleaderoftheCabinetandthechairpersonoftheNationalSecurityCommittee.TheofficeisnotmentionedintheConstitutionofAustraliaandexistsonlythroughanunwrittenpoliticalconventionandtradition.InpracticeitisthemostpowerfulpoliticalpositioninAustralia.TheindividualwhoholdstheofficeiscommissionedbytheGovernor-GeneralofAustralia.CurrentPrimeMinisterMalcolmTurnbullII.TheFormationoftheAustr50III.TheRelationshipbetweenthePoliticalandEconomicSpheresTheprinciplesofliberaltheoryarguethatgovernmentsshouldplayonlyaminorpartinthenation’seconomy.Themajorprincipleisthattheeconomyshouldberunasa“freemarket”systemwithaslittleinterferencefromthegovernmentaspossible.However,theactualhistoryoftheAustralianpoliticaleconomydemonstratesaveryunevenapplicationofthisprinciple.EvenattheestablishmentoftheAustralian“freemarket”system,therewasaneedformajorpoliticalinterventiontohelpprovideasupplyofcheaplabourthroughtheassistedmigrationscheme.

III.TheRelationshipbetween51III.TheRelationshipbetweenthePoliticalandEconomicSpheres

TheeconomicgrowthinAustraliaDuringthe1850sgoldrushestherewasafloodofself-fundedimmigrants.ThepopulationofAustraliadoubledinthatdecade.Itopenedupthelandasmineralwealth:gold,silver,ironore,nickelandalumina.TemporaryaccommodationsforimmigrantspurringintoMelbourneduringgoldrushIII.TheRelationshipbetween52III.TheRelationshipbetweenthePoliticalandEconomicSpheres

However,itwasagriculture,especiallythewooltradethatformedthebasisoftheAustralianeconomyforover130yearswhenAustraliawasdescribedas“ridingonthesheep’sback”.Fromthe1840stothe1970sagricultureregularlyaccountedforover75%ofAustralia’sexporttrade.III.TheRelationshipbetween53III.TheRelationshipbetweenthePoliticalandEconomicSpheresThegovernment’sroleinEconomy

Bythelastfewdecadesofthe19thcenturythegovernmentwasplayingaverylargepartintheeconomy.Itwasamajoremployer.Itinvestedinmassivecapitalworksprogrammesintheprovisionofrailways,urbaninfrastructuresofwater,sewerageworksandcommunications.III.TheRelationshipbetween54III.TheRelationshipbetweenthePoliticalandEconomicSpheresTheGovernmentcontinuedtoplayalargepartintheeconomyinthepost-WWIIperiod.Bythe1970stheGovernmentwasresponsiblefor30%oftheGDP(GrossDomesticProduct).Itwasinvolvedin:labourmigrationprogrammeswagesettingthroughtheArbitrationsystemcontrolsofindustrythroughoccupationalsafetylegislationcontrolofforeignexchangedealingstariffprotection,especiallyinthemanufacturingindustriescontrolsofindustrythroughoccupationalsafetylegislationIII.TheRelationshipbetween55III.TheRelationshipbetweenthePoliticalandEconomicSpheres

By1970,thesecondaryormanufacturingsectorreacheditshighestlevel.However,majorchangesoccurredinthe1970s/1980s.Increasedoverseascompetitiontogetherwiththeloweringofthetariffsystemwipedoutsomemajormanufacturingindustries.Unemploymentlevelsroseconsiderably.Thisledtoasignificantdismantlingofthegovernment’sinvolvementin,andregulationof,theAustralianeconomy:Tariffrateswerebeenlowered.ThecentralisedwagesystemwasreplacedbyafocusonindividualworkplacebargainingwiththeCoalition’s“WorkChoicesAct”.Theforeignexchangemarketswerederegulated.III.TheRelationshipbetween56

Thechartshowsthattheunemploymentlevelsroseconsiderablyfrom1973to1983.III.TheRelationshipbetweenthePoliticalandEconomicSpheres

Thechartshowsthattheunem57III.TheRelationshipbetweenthePoliticalandEconomicSpheres

Economicrationalismhasbeenthemajorpolicyorientation.Therehavebeensignificantshiftsawayfromgovernmentinvolvementincommunication,banking,andintheprovisionofwaterandsewerageservices.Eveninthosesphereswhicharemoreusuallyassociatedwiththegovernment,theprovisionofsocialwelfareandsocialsecurityservicesandtheadministrationofthepunishmentsystem,thegovernmenthascontractedoutsomeofitsresponsibilitiestotheprivatesector,sometimeseventooverseascorporations.III.TheRelationshipbetween58

TheAustralianPoliticalEconomyinthe21stCentury

Ascitizens,Australianstodayaredebatingwhetherthethecut-backsofpublicspendingoneducation,healthandthepublicbroadcasterarenecessaryinmaintainingAustralia’spositionasoneofthe‘strong’economiesintheworld.BoththeLaborandtheCoalitionpartieshavebeendoingalottoderegulatetheeconomy.However,theCoalitionisassociatedwiththemoststrictformsofeconomicrationalismespeciallywithmakingabalancedbudgetthekeystoneofitspolicies.TheLabourPartyisalignedwithapoliticalprogrammefocusingmoreonthebalancebetweensocialandeconomicaspectsofAustralianlife.

Th