(完整版)高中語法之常用時(shí)態(tài)語態(tài)詳解

第四章時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)一．動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)英語時(shí)態(tài)用共有十六種時(shí)態(tài)，其中常用的有8種，它們是：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過去時(shí)、一般將來時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)、過去完成時(shí)和過去將來時(shí)。時(shí)態(tài)主動(dòng)語態(tài)被動(dòng)語態(tài)具體形式通式具體形式通式肯定式否定式肯定式否定式肯定式否定式冃疋式否定式一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)do/does;am/is/aredo/doesnotdo;am/is/arenotdo?9bedonotdo;benotam/is/aredoneam/is/arenotdonebedonebenotdone一般過去時(shí)did;was/weredidnotdo;was/werenotwas/weredonewas/werenotdone一般將來時(shí)willdo;willbewillnotdo;willnotbewillbedonewillnotbedone注：be沒有被動(dòng)形式現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)am/is/aredoingam/is/arenotdoingbedoingbenotdoingam/is/arebeingdonebebeingdone過去進(jìn)行時(shí)was/weredoingwas/werenotdoingwas/werebeingdone將來進(jìn)行時(shí)willbedoing注：be通常不用于進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)have/hasdonehave/hasnotdonehavedonehavenotdonehave/hasbeendonehave/hasnotbeendonehavebeendonehavenotbeendone過去完成時(shí)haddonehadnotdonehadbeendonehadnotbeendone將來完成時(shí)willhavedonewillhavebeendone過去將來時(shí)woulddo;wouldbewouldnotdo;wouldnotbewouldbedonewouldnotbedone現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)have/hasbeendoing一.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí).構(gòu)成.be動(dòng)詞：amisare;其他動(dòng)詞用動(dòng)詞原形，當(dāng)主語是第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí)要在謂語動(dòng)詞后加“s”，其變化規(guī)則與名詞變復(fù)數(shù)一致。用法.1).經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，常與表示頻度的時(shí)間狀語連用。如usually,always,often,seldom,never,every...,eg.Ileavehomeforschoolat7everymorning.Idon'tleavehomeforschoolat7everymorning.DoIleavehomeforschoolat7everymorning?Heusuallygetsupearly.Hedoesn'tusuallygetupearly.Doesheusuallygetupearly?客觀真理，客觀存在，科學(xué)事實(shí)。eg.Theearthmovesaroundthesun.Theearthdoesn'tmovearoundthesun否定句Doestheearthmovearoundthesun?疑問句ShanghailiesintheeastofChina.Shanghaidoesn'tlieintheeastofChina否定句DoesShanghailieintheeastofChina?疑問句Waterboilsat100centigradedegrees.表示格言或警句中eg.Pridegoesbeforeafall.注意.此用法如果出現(xiàn)在賓語從句中，即使主句是過去時(shí)，從句謂語也要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。eg.Columbusprovedthattheearthisround..現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻的狀態(tài)、能力、性格、個(gè)性。既用于某些不用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)的靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示現(xiàn)在的行為和狀態(tài)。eg.Sheisshy.Weloveourcountry.TomwritesgoodEnglish.某些動(dòng)詞如come,go,move,stop,leave,arrive,finish,continue,start等，在一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)句中可用來表示將來肯定會(huì)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。按時(shí)刻表發(fā)生eg.Thetraincomesat3o'clock.在時(shí)間狀語從句或條件狀語從句中，一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來時(shí)。eg.I'llhelpyouassoonasyouhaveproblem.TellXiaoLiaboutitifyoumeethim.用于文章標(biāo)題、故事介紹、實(shí)況解說等。eg.Thereisapieceofmeatinthecrow'smouthandthefoxwantstoeatit.Heputsthesugarinthecup.二．一般過去時(shí)構(gòu)成：be動(dòng)詞用waswere;其他動(dòng)詞用動(dòng)詞的過去式。用法：1).表示過去某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況，通常一般過去式帶有表示動(dòng)作時(shí)間狀語的詞，詞組或從句,如yesterday,thedaybeforeyesterday,lastweek,twodaysago等,上下文清楚時(shí)可以不帶時(shí)間狀語。eg.Iworkedinthatfactorylastyear.Ididn'tworkinthefactorylastyear否定句DidIworkinthefactorylastyear?疑問句HewasbornonMay1,1999.Hewasn'tbornonMay1.1999WashebornonMay1.1999？.表示過去發(fā)生的經(jīng)常、反復(fù)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。Hewasalwaysthefirsttocome.注意.1)過去經(jīng)常反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，也可用usedto或would加動(dòng)詞原形來表達(dá)，eg.IusedtogofishingonSundays.2)usedto也可用于表示過去曾經(jīng)存在過的狀態(tài).eg.Thisriverusedtobeclean.3）陳述過去的事實(shí)。eg.Hecametoborrowabook.OurteachertoldusthatColumbusdiscoveredAmericain1492.4）用一般過去時(shí)表現(xiàn)在，以使語氣更加委婉，常用于情態(tài)動(dòng)詞could,would,might及行為動(dòng)詞want,hope,wonder,think,intend等。eg.Couldyoutellmethewaytothebusstation?Iwonderedifyoucouldhelpme.三．一般將來時(shí)1.構(gòu)成：will+do當(dāng)主語是第一人稱時(shí)還可以用shall2.用法1）表示將來的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。eg.Ishallattendthemeetingtomorrow.Ishallnotattendthemeetingtomorrow否定句ShallIattendthemeetingtomorrow?疑問句2）表示將來反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。eg.HewillgotoseehismothereverySaturday.HewillnotgotoseehismothereverySaturday否定句WillhegotoseehismothereverySaturday?疑問句3）表示一種傾向或習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。eg.Cropswilldiewithoutwater.4）表示將來的意愿，決心，許諾，命令等時(shí)常用will,征求對方意見，主語是第一人稱時(shí)，常用shall。eg.Iwilldomybesttocatchupwiththem.ShallIopenthedoor?3其他表示將來的形式1）be+going+動(dòng)詞不定式。也是一種將來時(shí)句型，表示打算，計(jì)劃，最近或?qū)硪龅哪呈?。Eg.IamgoingtoBeijingnextweek.2）be+動(dòng)詞不定式。表示有職責(zé)，義務(wù)，可能，約定，意圖等。eg.Thereistobeameetingthisafternoon.Wearetomeettheguestsatthestation.3）beabout+動(dòng)詞不定式，表示馬上，很快做某事,不與表示將來的時(shí)間狀語連用,但是可以與when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句連用eg.Theyareabouttoleave.Iamabouttoleavewhenthetelephonerings4.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來的用法a）.表示按時(shí)間表規(guī)定將要發(fā)生的事情（有時(shí)間狀語），而且是周而復(fù)始發(fā)生的。eg.Thetrainstartsat6:35tomorrowmorning.NextTeachers'DayfallsonaSaturday.b）.用在時(shí)間、條件、讓步狀語從句中。eg.Posttheletterwhenyougotothepostoffice.c）.在動(dòng)詞hope,takecarethat,makesurethat等后。eg.Ihopethattheyhaveagoodtimenextweek.Makesurethatthewindowsareclosedbeforeyouleavetheroom.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)構(gòu)成：am，is，are+doing用法：1）現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示說話者說話時(shí)正在發(fā)生或者進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，它注重現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，而不管動(dòng)作從什么時(shí)間開始，到什么時(shí)間結(jié)束。eg.--Whatareyoudoingnow?--Iamlookingformykey.2）現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示目前一段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作（但說話時(shí)這個(gè)動(dòng)作不一定在進(jìn)行）。eg.Thestudentsarepreparingfortheexamination.Thestudentsarenotpreparingfortheexamination否定句Arethestudentspreparingfortheexamination?疑問句3）某些動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，這些動(dòng)詞有arrive,come,leave,start，go,setout等。eg.TheyaregoingtoHongKongtomorrow.Whenareyouleaving?4）瞬間動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行時(shí)可表示：即將：Thewoundedsoldierisdying.反復(fù)：Someoneisknockingatthedoor.逐漸：Thehouseisfallingdown.5）與always,constantly,frequently,continually,forever,allthetime等連用，表示贊嘆、厭惡、不滿等情感。eg.Heisalwaysthinkingofothers.Youarealwaysaskingsuchsillyquestions.注意.進(jìn)行時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的過程，常與持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞連用，不和accept,receive,complete,finish,give,allow,decide,refuse等瞬間動(dòng)詞連用。下面的動(dòng)詞一般不可以用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)a）.表示狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞，尤其是靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞，如：be,seem,appear,cost,owe,exist,include,measure等。b）.表示認(rèn)識(shí)、知覺和情感的靜止性動(dòng)詞，這些詞不注重過程而是強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果。如：know,think（認(rèn)為）,hear,find,see,like,want,wish,prefer等。如果強(qiáng)調(diào)過程，也可以用進(jìn)行時(shí)eg.Whatareyouthinking（思考，想）about?c）.有關(guān)所屬關(guān)系的動(dòng)詞，如：belongto,consistof,contain,have,hold,possess,own等。過去進(jìn)行時(shí)構(gòu)成：was，were+doing用法：1）表示過去某一時(shí)刻或某一動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。eg.--Whydidyouforgetthetime?--Oh,sorry.Iwaswateringtheflowers.IwasdoingmyhomeworkwhenmothercameinIwasnotdoingmyhomeworkwhenmothercamein否定句WasIdoingmyhomeworkwhenmothercamein?疑問句2）.過去進(jìn)行時(shí)還可以用來表示過去的某個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的背景情況。eg.Theywerewalkinginthestreetwhensuddenlyabombexploded.3）有些動(dòng)詞可以用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去將來eg.Hetoldherhewasleavingsoon.Tenofthemwerecomingforthemeeting.注意.過去進(jìn)行時(shí)和一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別過去進(jìn)行時(shí)和一般過去時(shí)都是過去發(fā)生的事情，但過去進(jìn)行時(shí)側(cè)重表示過去某一時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或所處的狀態(tài)，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的連續(xù)進(jìn)行，而一般過去時(shí)則表示單純的過去事實(shí)，eg.Theywerebuildingahouselastmonth.（上個(gè)月正在建造，建造好與否不知）Theybuiltanewhouselastmonth.（上個(gè)月建造好了，動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成）將來進(jìn)行時(shí)構(gòu)成:willbedoing用法1）將來進(jìn)行時(shí)表示在將來某個(gè)時(shí)間正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如：eg.Atthistimetomorrow,I'llbetakingatest.明天這時(shí)我會(huì)在考試。ThistimenextweekI'llbelyingonthebeach.下星期這個(gè)時(shí)候我就會(huì)躺在沙灘上了。Don'tphonemebetween7and8p.m.We'llbehavingdinnerthen.七八點(diǎn)鐘之間別來電話，那時(shí)我們會(huì)在吃晚飯。2）將來進(jìn)行時(shí)表示安排將要做的事，與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)有時(shí)可互換。如：eg.We'llbespendingthewinterinAustralia.我們將在澳大利亞過冬。We'respendingthewinterinAustralia.注意.為避免will給人誤以為是表示“意愿”的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，口語中表示單純的將來時(shí)常用將來進(jìn)行時(shí)。如：eg.Marywon'tpaythisbill.瑪麗不肯付這筆錢。（表示意愿）Marywon'tbepayingthisbill.不會(huì)由瑪麗來付錢。（單純談未來情況）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)1.構(gòu)成：have（has）+done2.用法1）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示在說話之前已經(jīng)完成或剛完成的動(dòng)作,通常對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生影響或結(jié)果。謂語動(dòng)詞可以由非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞充當(dāng)。這種用法也被稱為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的“完成用法”eg.Ihaveboughtaten-speedbicycle.Ihavenotboughtaten-speedbicycle否定句HaveIboughtaten-speedbicycle?疑問句Theyhavecleanedtheclassroom.--Haveyouseenmyglasses?--Yes,Isawthemonyourbed.2）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示動(dòng)作從過去開始持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，或者還有可能持續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常與for+一段時(shí)間和since引導(dǎo)的短語或從句連用。謂語動(dòng)詞為持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。這種用法也被稱為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的“未完成用法”eg.Wehavelivedheresince1976.Theyhavewaitedformorethantwohours.3）與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語already,yet,before,recently,ever,for,since,inthelast/past/recentfewyears,uptonow,sofar,bynow等。4）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)不可與表示過去的時(shí)間狀語連用。女口不可說：Ihaveseenthefilmyesterday.5）瞬間動(dòng)詞join,die,go,come,leave,marry,begin等的完成時(shí)態(tài)不能與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用。如不可說：Hehasjoinedthearmyforthreeyears.而應(yīng)該說：Hehasbeeninthearmyforthreeyears.或Hejoinedthearmythreetearsago.6）瞬間動(dòng)詞的否定式可以與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用。Ihaven'twrittentoyouforalongtime.注意.一般過去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別過去時(shí)表示過去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或單純敘述過去的事情，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)為過去發(fā)生的，強(qiáng)調(diào)過去的事情對現(xiàn)在的影響，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是影響；一般過去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀語連用。eg.Isawthisfilmyesterday.（強(qiáng)調(diào)看的動(dòng)作發(fā)生過了，不涉及現(xiàn)在）Ihaveseenthisfilm.（強(qiáng)調(diào)對現(xiàn)在的影響，電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了。）過去完成時(shí)1.構(gòu)成：had+done1）過去完成時(shí)表示過去某一時(shí)刻或某一動(dòng)作之前完成的動(dòng)作或所處的狀態(tài)，過去完成時(shí)常和by,before等詞組成的短語或從句連用?；蛘弑硎疽粋€(gè)動(dòng)作在另一個(gè)動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)完成。eg.Wehadalreadylearnedtwothousandwordsbytheendoflastyear.Wehadnotyetlearnedtwothousandwordsbytheendoflastyear否定句Hadweyetlearnedtwothousandwordsbytheendoflastyear?疑問句Whenwearrivedatthestation,theyhadwaitedformorethantwentyminutes.

2)動(dòng)詞expect,hope,mean,intend,plan,suppose,wish,want,desire等用過去完成時(shí)，表示過去的希望、預(yù)期、意圖或愿望等沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)。eg.Ihadmeanttotakeagoodholidaythisyear,butIwasn'tabletogetaway.注意.intended(expected,hoped,meant,planned,supposed,wished,wanted,desired)+tohavedonesth.也表示“過去想做而沒有做的事”。Imeanttohavetoldyouaboutit,butIforgottodoso.過去完成時(shí)常用的句型。a).hardly,scarcely,barely+過去完成時(shí)+when+過去時(shí)eg.HardlyhadIgotonthebuswhenitstartedtomove.b).nosooner+過去完成時(shí)+than+過去時(shí)eg.NosoonerhadIgoneoutthanhecametoseeme.c).by(theendof)+過去時(shí)間，主句中的謂語動(dòng)詞用過去完成時(shí)。eg.Theexperimenthadbeenfinishedby4o'clockyesterdayafternoon.d).It/This/Thatwasthefirst(second,third...)timethat從句中用過去完成時(shí)。eg.ItwasthefirsttimethatIhadseensuchabeautifulwoman.九．將來完成時(shí)構(gòu)成：willhavedone用法：表示將來某個(gè)時(shí)刻已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。eg.Wewillhavefinishedourtaskbythistimeofnextyear.Wewillnothavefinishedourtaskbythistimeofnextyear否定句Willwehavefinishedourtaskbythistimeofnextyear?疑問句NextmonthIwillhaveworkedhereforfiveyears.IshallhavefinishedthejobbynextFriday.十.過去將來時(shí)構(gòu)成：would+do用法：過去將來時(shí)表示從過去某個(gè)時(shí)間看將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在地狀態(tài)，過去將來時(shí)較多地被運(yùn)用在賓語從句中。eg.Theyweregoingtohaveameeting.Theywerenotgoingtohaveameeting否定句Weretheygoingtohaveameeting?疑問句Iwouldseehimoffatthestation.Iwouldnotseehimoffatthestation否定句WouldIseehimoffatthestation?疑問句二.動(dòng)詞的語態(tài)語態(tài)有兩種：主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)。主語是動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者為主動(dòng)語態(tài)；主語是動(dòng)作的接受者為被動(dòng)語態(tài)。注意1．被動(dòng)語態(tài)最基本的句型結(jié)構(gòu)是：be+及物動(dòng)詞過去分詞。2．被動(dòng)語態(tài)中的謂語動(dòng)詞一定要是及物動(dòng)詞eg.IteachEnglishEnglishistaughtIreachedtheparkTheparkwasreachedbymeTheworkswillbepublishedbyhimThematchwouldbewonbythemThetaskhavebeenfinishedbyus1000wordshadbeenlearntbyhimTheproblemcanbeworkedoutbyhimHeisdonignhishomeworkHishomeworkisbeingd