2017年12月六級真題第3套

40minutes)2017年12月大學(xué)英語六級考試真題（第三套）40minutes)PartIIIReadingComprehensionSectionAQuestions26to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.ManyEuropeancountrieshavebeenmakingtheshifttoelectricvehiclesandGermanyhasjuststatedthattheyplantobanthesalesofvehiclesusinggasolineanddieselasfuelby2030.Thecountryisalsoplanningtoreduceitscarbonfootprintby80-95%by2050,26ashifttogreenenergyinthecountry.Effectively,thebanwillincludetheregistrationofnewcarsinthecountryastheywillnotallowanygasoline27vehicletoberegisteredafter2030.Partofthereasonthisbanisbeingdiscussedand28isbecauseenergyofficialsseethattheywillnotreachtheiremissionsgoalsby2050iftheydonot29_alargeportionofvehicleemissions.Thecountryisstill_30thatitwillmeetitsemissionsgoals,likereducingemissionsby40%by2020,butthe31ofelectriccarsinthecountryhasnotoccurredasfastasexpected.Othereffortstoincreasetheuseofelectricvehiclesincludeplanstobuildover1millionhybridandelectriccarbatterychargingstationsacrossthecountry.By2030,Germanyplansonhavingover6millionchargingstations32.AccordingtotheInternationalBusinessT,iemleecstriccarsalesareexpectedtoincreaseasVolkswagenisstillrecoveringfromitsemissionsscandal.Thereare33_around155,000registeredhybridandelectricvehiclesonGermanroads,dwarfedbythe45milliongasolineanddieselcarsdrivingtherenow.Ascountriescontinuesettinggoalsofreducingemissions,greaterstepsneedtobetakentohavea34effectonthesurroundingenvironment.Whiletheeffortsarewilllikelyonlystarttobeseenbycertainlynot35_,theresultsofsuchbanswilllikelyonlystarttobeseenbygenerationsdowntheline,betteringtheworldforthefuture.注意：此部分試題請?jiān)诖痤}卡2上作答。acceptancecurrentlyacceptancecurrentlydisruptingeliminateexhaustfutilehopefulimplementedincidentallyJ)installedK)noticeablepoweredM)restorationN)skepticalO)sparkingSectionB[A]ThebattlebetweenAppleandlawenforcementofficialsoverunlockingaterrorist'ssmartphoneistheculminationofaslowturningofthetablesbetweenthetechnologyindustryandtheUnitedStatesgovernment.[B]AfterrevelationsbytheformerNationalSecurityAgencycontractorEdwardJ.Snowdenin2013thatthegovernmentbothcoziedupt討好)certaintechcompaniesandhackedintootherstogainaccesstoprivatedataonanenormousscale,techgiantsbegantorecognizetheUnitedStatesgovernmentasahostileactor.Butiftheconfrontationhascrystallizedinthislatestbattle,itmayalreadybeheadingtowardapredictableconclusion:Inthelongrun,thetechcompaniesaredestinedtoemergevictorious.Itmaynotseemthatwayatthemoment.Ontheoneside,youhavetheUnitedStatesgovernment'smightylegalandsecurityapparatusfightingfordataofthemostsympatheticsort:thesecretsburiedinadeadmassmurderer'sphone.TheactionstemsfromafederalcourtorderissuedonTuesdayrequiringAppletohelptheFederalBureauofInvestigation(FBI)tounlockaniPhoneusedbyoneofthetwoattackerswhokilled14peopleinSanBernardino,California,inDecember.Intheothercorneristheworld'smostvaluablecompany,whosechiefexecutive,TimothyCook,hassaidhewillappealthecourt'sorder.Applearguesthatitisfightingtopreserveaprinciplethatmostofuswhoareaddictedtooursmartphonescandefend:WeakenasingleiPhonesothatitscontentscanbeviewedbytheAmericangovernmentandyouriskweakeningalliPhonesforanygovernmentintruder,anywhere.Therewillprobablybemonthsoflegalconfrontation,anditisnotatallclearwhichsidewillprevailincourt,norinthebattleforpublicopinionandlegislativefavor.Yetunderlyingallofthisisasimpledynamic:Apple,Google,Facebookandothercompaniesholdmostofthecardsinthisconfrontation.Theyhaveourdata,andtheirbusinessesdependontheglobalpublic'scollectivebeliefthattheywilldoeverythingtheycantoprotectthatdata.Anycrackinthatfrontcouldbefatalfortechcompaniesthatmustoperateworldwide.IfAppleisforcedtoopenupaniPhoneforanAmericanlawenforcementinvestigation,whatistopreventitfromdoingsoforarequestfromtheRussiansortheIranians?IfAppleisforcedtowritecodethatletstheFBIgetintothePhone5cusedbySyedRizwanFarook,themaleattackerintheSanBernardinoattack,whowouldberesponsibleifsomehackergotholdofthatcodeandbrokeintoitsotherdevices?[G]Apple'sstanceontheseissuesemergedpost-Snowden,whenthecompanystartedputtinginplaceaseriesoftechnologiesthat,bydefault,makeuseofencryption（加密）tolimitaccesstopeople'sdata.Morethanthat,Apple,and,indifferentways,othertechcompanies,includingGoogle,Facebook,TwitterandMicrosoft,havemadetheiroppositiontothegovernment'sclaimsapointofcorporatepride.[H]Apple'semergingglobalbrandisprivacy;ithasstakeditscorporatereputation,nottomentiontheinvestmentofconsiderabletechnicalandfinancialresources,onlimitingthesortofmasssurveillancethatwasuncoveredbyMr.Snowden.Sonow,formanycasesinvolvinggovernmentalintrusionsintodata,once-lonelyprivacyadvocatesfindthemselvesfightingalongsidethemostpowerfulcompanyintheworld.[I]“Acomparisonpointisinthe1990sbattlesoverencryption,”saidKurtOpsahl,generalcounseloftheElectronicFrontierFoundation,aprivacywatchdoggroup.“Thenyouhadafewcompaniesinvolved,butnotoneofthelargestcompaniesintheworldcomingoutwithalengthyandimpassionedpost,likewesawyesterdayfromTimothyCook.Itsprofilehasreallybeenraised.”[J]Appleandothertechcompaniesholdanotherace:thetechnicalmeanstokeepmakingtheirdevicesmoreandmoreinaccessible.NotethatApple'spublicoppositiontothegovernment'srequestisitselfahindrancetomassgovernmentintrusion.AndtogetatthecontentsofasingleiPhone,thegovernmentsaysitneedsacourtorderandApple'shelptowritenewcode;inearlierversionsoftheiPhone,onesthatwerecreatedbeforeApplefoundreligionon（熱衷于）privacy,theFBImayhavebeenabletobreakintothedevicebyitself.[K]Youcanexpectthatnoose（束縛）tocontinuetotighten.ExpertssaidthatwhetherornotApplelosesthisspecificcase,measuresthatitcouldputintoplaceinthefuturewillalmostcertainlybeabletofurtherlimitthegovernment'sreach.[L]That'snottosaythattheoutcomeoftheSanBernardinocaseisinsignificant.AsAppleandseveralsecurityexpertshaveargued,anordercompellingAppletowritesoftwarethatgivestheFBIaccesstotheiPhoneinquestionwouldestablishanunsettlingprecedent.TheorderessentiallyasksAppletohackitsowndevices,andonceitisinplace,theprecedentcouldbeusedtojustifylawenforcementeffortstogetaroundencryptiontechnologiesinotherinvestigationsfarremovedfromnationalsecuritythreats.[M]OncearmedwithamethodforgainingaccesstoiPhones,thegovernmentcouldasktouseitproactively（先發(fā)制人地）,beforeasuspectedterroristattack—leavingAppleinabindastowhethertocomplyorriskanattackandsufferapublic-relationsnightmare.“Thisisabrand-newmoveinthewaragainstencryption,”Mr.Opsahlsaid.“We'vehadplentyofdebatesinCongressandthemediaoverwhetherthegovernmentshouldhaveabackdoor,andthisisanendrun（迂回戰(zhàn)術(shù)）aroundthat—heretheycomewithanordertocreatethatbackdoor.”[N]Yetit'sworthnotingthatevenifAppleultimatelylosesthiscase,ithasplentyoftechnicalmeanstocloseabackdoorovertime.“Ifthey'reanywherenearworththeirsaltasengineers,Ibetthey'rerethinkingtheirthreatmodelaswespeak,”saidJonathanZdziarski,adigitalexpertwhostudiestheiPhoneanditsvulnerabilities.[O]Onerelativelysimplefix,Mr.Zdziarskisaid,wouldbeforAppletomodifyfutureversionsoftheiPhonetorequireausertoenterapasscodebeforethephonewillacceptthesortofmodifiedoperatingsystemthattheFBIwantsAppletocreate.Thatway,ApplecouldnotunilaterallyintroduceacodethatweakenstheiPhone—auserwouldhavetoconsenttoit.[P]“Nothingis100percenthacker-proof,”Mr.Zdziarskisaid,buthepointedoutthatthejudge'sorderinthiscaserequiredAppletoprovide“reasonablesecurityassistance”tounlockMr.Farook'sphone.IfApplealtersthesecuritymodeloffutureiPhonessothatevenitsownengineers'“reasonableassistance”willnotbeabletocrackagivendevicewhencompelledbythegovernment,aprecedentsetinthiscasemightloseitslastingforce.Inotherwords,eveniftheF.B.I.winsthiscase,inthelongrun,itloses.注意：此部分試題請?jiān)诖痤}卡2上作答。Itisapopularbeliefthattechcompaniesarecommittedtoprotectingtheircustomers'privatedata.TheUSgovernmentbelievesthatitsaccesstopeople'siPhonescouldbeusedtopreventterroristattacks.AfederalcourtaskedAppletohelptheFBIaccessdatainaterrorist'siPhone.PrivacyadvocatesnowhaveApplefightingalongsidethemagainstgovernmentaccesstopersonaldata.SnowdenrevealedthattheAmericangovernmenthadtriedhardtoaccessprivatedataonamassivescale.TheFBImighthavebeenabletoaccessprivatedatainearlieriPhoneswithoutApple'shelp.AftertheSnowdenincident,Applemadeclearitspositiontocountergovernmentintrusionintopersonaldatabymeansofencryption.Accordingtoonedigitalexpert,noiPhonecanbeentirelyfreefromhacking.TimothyCook'slongwebposthashelpedenhanceApple'simage.Apple'sCEOhasdecidedtoappealthefederalcourt'sordertounlockauser'siPhone.SectionCPassageOneQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.AtthebaseofamountaininTanzania'sGregoryRift,LakeNatronburnsbrightred,surroundedbytheremainsofanimalsthatwereunfortunateenoughtofallintothesaltywater.Bats,swallowsandmorearechemicallypreservedintheposeinwhichtheyperished,sealedinthedepositsofsodiumcarbonateinthewater.Thelake'slandscapeisbizarreanddeadly—andmadeevenmoresobythefactthatit'stheplacewherenearly75percentoftheworld'sflamingos（火烈鳥）areborn.Thewaterissocorrosivethatitcanburntheskinandeyesofunadaptedanimals.Flamingos,however,aretheonlyspeciesthatactuallymakeslifeinthemidstofallthatdeath.Onceeverythreeorfouryears,whenconditionsareright,thelakeiscoveredwiththepinkbirdsastheystopflighttobreed.Three-quartersoftheworld'sflamingosflyoverfromothersaltlakesintheRiftValleyandnestonsalt-crystalislandsthatappearwhenthewaterisatspecificleve—ltoohighandthebirdscan'tbuildtheirnests,toolowandpredatorscanmorebrisklyacrossthelakebedandattack.Whenthewaterhitstherightlevel,thebabybirdsarekeptsafeformpredatorsbyacorrosiveditch.“Flamingoshaveevolvedveryleatheryskinontheirlegssotheycantoleratethesaltwater,”saysDavidHarper,aprofessorattheUniversityofLeicester.“Humanscannot,andwoulddieiftheirlegswereexposedforanylengthoftime.”Sofarthisyear,waterlevelshavebeentoohighfortheflamingostonest.Somefish,too,havehadlimitedsuccessvacationingatthelakeaslesssaltylagoons（瀉湖）formontheouteredgesfromhotspringsflowingintoLakeNatron.Threespeciesoftilapia（羅非魚）thrivetherepart-time.“Fishhavearefugeinthestreamsandcanexpandintothelagoonswhenthelakeislowandthelagoonsareseparate,”Harpersaid.“Allthelagoonsjoinwhenthelakeishighandfishmustretreattotheirstreamrefugesordie.”O(jiān)therwise,nofishareabletosurviveinthenaturallytoxiclake.Thisuniqueecosystemmaysoonbeunderpressure.TheTanzaniangovernmenthasonceagainstartedminingthelakeforsodaash,usedformakingchemicals,glassanddetergents.Althoughtheplannedoperationwillbelocatedmorethan40milesaway,drawingthesodaashinthroughpipelines,conservationistsworryitcouldstillupsetthenaturalwatercycleandbreedinggrounds.Fornow,though,lifeprevails—eveninalakethatkillsalmosteverythingittouches.WhatcanwelearnaboutLakeNatron?Itissimplyuninhabitableformostanimals.Itremainslittleknowntotheoutsideworld.Itisabreedinggroundforavarietyofbirds.Itmakesanidealhabitatforlotsofpredators.Flamingosnestonlywhenthelakewaterisataspecificlevelsothattheirbabiescan.findsafesheltermoreeasilygrowthickfeathersontheirfeetstayawayfrompredatorsgetaccustomedtothesaltywaterFlamingosintheRiftValleyareuniqueinthat.theycanmoveswiftlyacrosslagoonstheycansurvivewellinsaltywatertheybreednaturallyincorrosiveditchestheyknowwhereandwhentonestWhycancertainspeciesoftilapiasometimessurvivearoundLakeNatron?Theycantakerefugeinthelesssaltywaters.Theycanfleequickenoughfrompredators.Theycanmovefreelyfromlagoontolagoon.Theycanstandtheheatofthespringwater.50.WhatmaybetheconsequenceofTanzaniangovernment'splannedoperation?Theacceleratedextinctionofflamingos.Thechangeofflamingos'migrationroute.TheoverminingofLakeNatron'ssodaash.ThedisruptionofLakeNatron'secosystem.PassagetwoQuestions51to55arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Itistheseasonforsomefranticlast-minutemath—acrossthecountry,employeesofallstripesarecountingbackwardinanattempttofigureoutjusthowmuchpaidtime-offtheyhaveleftittheirreserves.Moreofthem,though,willskipthosecalculationsaltogetherandjustpowerthroughtheholidaysinto2017:MorethanhalfofAmericanworkersdon'tuseupalloftheirallottedvacationdayseachyear.Notsolongago,peoplewouldhaveturneduptheirnosesatthatkindofdedicationtothejob.AsmarketingprofessorsSilviaBellezza,NeeruPaharia,andAnatKeinanrecentlyexplainedinHarvardBusinessReview(HBR),leisuretimewasonceseenasanindicatorofhighsocialstatus,somethingattainableonlyforthoseatthetop.Sincethemiddleofthe20thcentury,though,thingshaveturnedtheoppositeway—thesedays,punishinghoursatyourdesk,ratherthandaysoff,areseenasthemarkofsomeoneimportant.Inaseriesofseveralexperiments,theresearchersillustratedjusthowmuchwe'vecometoadmirebusyness,oratleasttheappearanceofit.Volunteersreadtwopassages,onaboutamanwholedalifeofleisureandanotheraboutamanwhowasover-workedandover-scheduled;whenaskedtodeterminewhichofthetwohadahighersocialstatus,themajorityoftheparticipantssaidthelatter.Thesameheldtrueforpeoplewhousedproductsthatimpliedtheywereshortontime:Inoneexperiment,forexample,customersofthegrocery-deliveryservicePeapodwereseenasofhigherstatusthanpeoplewhoshoppedatgrocerystoresthatwereequallyexpensive;inanother,peoplewearingwirelessheadphoneswereconsideredfurtheruponthesocialladderthanthosewearingregularheadphones,evenwhenbothwerejustusedtolistentomusic.Inpart,theauthorswroteinHBR,thispatternmayhavetodowiththewayworkitselfhaschangedoverthepastseveraldecades.Wethinkthattheshiftfromleisure-as-statustobusyness-as-statusmaybelinked