考研考博-英語(yǔ)-天津理工大學(xué)中環(huán)信息學(xué)院押題密卷附帶答案詳解篇2

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-天津理工大學(xué)中環(huán)信息學(xué)院押題密卷附帶答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買！第壹套一.全考點(diǎn)押題密卷-綜合訓(xùn)練(共50題)1.單選題

Biologicaldiversityhasbecomewidelyrecognizedasacriticalconservationissueonlyinthepasttwodecades.Therapiddestructionofthetropicalrainforests,whicharetheecosystemswiththehighestknownspeciesdiversityonEarth,hasawakenedpeopletotheimportanceandfragilityofbiologicaldiversity.Thehighrateofspeciesextinctionsintheseenvironmentsisjolting,butitisimportanttorecognizethesignificanceofbiologicaldiversityinallecosystems.Asthehumanpopulationcontinuestoexpand,itwillnegativelyaffectoneafteranotherofEarth’secosystems.Interrestrialecosystemsandinfringemarineecosystems(suchaswetlands),themostcommonproblemishabitatdestruction.Inmostsituations,theresultisirreversible.Nowhumansarebeginningtodestroymarineecosystemsthroughothertypesofactivities,suchasdisposalandrunoffofpoisonouswaste;inlessthantwocenturies,bysignificantlyreducingthevarietyofspeciesonEarth,theyhaveunraveledconsofevolutionandirrevocablyredirecteditscourse.

Certainly,therehavebeenperiodsinEarth’shistorywhenmassextinctionshaveoccurred.Theextinctionofthedinosaurswascausedbysomephysicalevent,eitherclimaticorcosmic.Therehavealsobeenlessdramaticextinctions,aswhennaturalcompetitionbetweenspeciesreachedanextremeconclusion.Only0.1percentofthespeciesthathavelivedonEarthhavesurvivedtothepresent,anditwaslargelychancethatdeterminedwhichspeciessurvivedandwhichdiedout.

However,nothinghaseverequatedthemagnitudeandspeedwithwhichthehumanspeciesisalteringthephysicalandchemicalworldanddemolishingtheenvironment.Infact,thereiswideagreementthatitistherateofchangehumansareinflicting,evenmorethanthechangesthemselves,thatwillleadtobiologicaldevastation.LifeonEarthhascontinuallybeeninfluxasslowphysicalandchemicalchangeshaveoccurredonEarth,butlifeneedstimetoadapt-timeformigrationandgeneticadaptationwithinexistingspeciesandtimefortheproliferationofnewgeneticmaterialandnewspeciesthatmaybeabletosurviveinnewenvironments.

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

2.TheauthormentionsthereductionofthevarietyofspeciesonEarthinline10tosuggestthat（

）.

3.Theauthormentionstheextinctionofthedinosaursinthesecondparagraphtoemphasizethat（

）.

4.Accordingtothepassage,naturalevolutionarychangeisdifferentfromchangescausedbyhumansinthatchangescausedbyhumans（

）.

5.Withwhichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthorbemostlikelytoagree?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Thecausesoftheextinctionofthedinosaur

B.Thevarietyofspeciesfoundintropicalrainforests.

C.TheimpactofhumanactivitiesonEarth’secosystems

D.Thetimerequiredforspeciestoadapttonewenvironments.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.newhabitatscanbecreatedforspecies

B.humansareoftenmadeillbypollutedwater

C.somespecieshavebeenmadeextinctbyhumanactivity

D.anunderstandingofevolutioncanpreventcertainspeciesfromdisappearing.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.thecauseofthedinosaurs’extinctionisunknown

B.Earth’sclimatehaschangedsignificantlysincethedinosaurs’extinction.

C.notallmassextinctionshavebeencausedbyhumanactivity

D.actionsbyhumanscouldnotstoptheirreversibleprocessofaspecies’extinction

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.areoccurringatamuchfasterrate

B.arelessdevastatingtomostspecies

C.affectfewerecosystems

D.arereversible

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Humaninfluenceonecosystemsshouldnotbeafactorindeterminingpublicpolicy

B.Theextinctionofafewspeciesisanacceptableconsequenceofhumanprogress.

C.Technologywillprovidesolutionstoproblemscausedbythedestructionofecosystems.

D.Humansshouldbemoreconsciousoftheinfluencetheyhaveonecosystems.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:C

第3題:C

第4題:A

第5題:D

【解析】1.文章提到了由于人類的活動(dòng)導(dǎo)致一些動(dòng)物滅絕，導(dǎo)致各種污染，嚴(yán)重破壞了地球生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。文章最后一段However,nothinghaseverequatedthemagnitudeandspeedwithwhichthehumanspeciesisalteringthephysicalandchemicalworldanddemolishingtheenvironment提到人類改變物理和化學(xué)世界以及毀壞環(huán)境的速度和程度已經(jīng)超過了一切其他事物。選項(xiàng)C“人類活動(dòng)對(duì)地球生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的影響”符合題意。

2.文章第一段Nowhumansarebeginningtodestroymarineecosystemsthroughothertypesofactivities,suchasdisposalandrunoffofpoisonouswaste提到人類正通過其他活動(dòng)來破壞海洋生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，比如有毒垃圾的排放，可知由于人類的活動(dòng)導(dǎo)致很多動(dòng)物滅絕。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

3.文章第二段第一句Certainly,therehavebeenperiodsinEarth’shistorywhenmassextinctionshaveoccurred提到有些動(dòng)物的滅絕是地球歷史進(jìn)程中的結(jié)果。緊接著這用恐龍滅絕來佐證這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)。選項(xiàng)C“不是所有動(dòng)物的滅絕都是人類行為導(dǎo)致的”符合題意。

4.文章最后一段提到人類改變物理和化學(xué)世界以及破壞地球的速度比任何事物都快，并且事實(shí)上即將會(huì)導(dǎo)致生物毀壞的是人類正在造成的變化速度已經(jīng)超過了變化本身。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

5.文章第一段提到生物多樣性已經(jīng)成為一個(gè)公認(rèn)的嚴(yán)重環(huán)保問題（Biologicaldiversityhasbecomewidelyrecognizedasacriticalconservationissueonlyinthepasttwodecades），文章最后也提到事實(shí)上有一種廣泛的共識(shí)就是即將會(huì)導(dǎo)致生物毀壞的是人類正在造成的變化速度已經(jīng)超過了變化本身（Infact,thereiswideagreementthatitistherateofchangehumansareinflicting,evenmorethanthechangesthemselves），根據(jù)以上這些可推斷人類應(yīng)該更加意識(shí)到自己行為對(duì)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的影響作用。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

2.問答題

Neverbeforehasflyingbeensocontroversial.Inthespaceoftwoyears,theenvironmentaldamagedonebyplaneshasgonefrombeingsomethingquietlydiscussedbyscientistsandcommittedenvironmentalists,toaheadline-grabbingissuenoonecanignore.

Eventhosewhoflyonceortwiceayearonholidaycan’thelpbutfeelagrowingsenseofguilt,whilethoseoptingfortripsbycar,trainorferryhaveaself-righteousspringintheirsteps.

(1)Now,however,thebacklashisbeginning.Thetourismandaviationindustriesaremobilizing,andpointingoutsomeawkwardfacts.Didyouknowthatsomeferriesemitfarmorecarbondioxidethansomeplanes?Thatdrivingcanreleasetwiceasmuchcarbonasflying?AnewreportfromBalpa,thepilot’sunion,evenclaimsthatplanescanbebetterthantrain.

(2)WhiletherearethecampaignerswhoplottheircampatHeathrowtoprotesttheairtravel,inKenyaplansarebeingdrawnupforaverydifferentcamp.LookingoutfromacliffoverthedesertsofSamburulandisastunninghotel,theO1MaloEco-Lodge.Revenuefromthesmallnumberofvisitingtouristshasallowedthe5,000acresaroundittobetransformedfromover-grazedcattleranchtoaconservationsite.MoreimpressivestillistheO1Maloeyeproject.Upto80percentofadultsintheareasuffersightloss,sotheO1MaloTrustrunsregularsurgicalcamps,bringingdoctorsfromtheUKtotreatthem.InJanuary,thecampgave102peoplebacktheirsight.“It’sverysimple—allofourvisitorsflyhere,”saidJuliaFrancombe,thefounder.“Iftheystoppedcoming,itwouldkillus.”

Onethingonwhichallsidesagreeisthataviationisbooming,soitbecomescrucialtodevelopnewandlesspollutingaircraft.Airbus’sclaimthatitcansavetheworldwiththeA380maybefar-fetched,butits(3)“gentlegiant”planeisfarmoreefficientandquieterthanthoseof20yearsago.

Someenvironmentalists,however,scorntheseadvances,sayingsuchmeasuresarea(4)“delusion.”“Theaviationindustryislikelytovastlyoverstatethegainsthatcanbemadefromtechnologicalimprovementsbutsadlyaclimatefriendlyplaneisn’tonthehorizon,”saysEmilyArmisteadofGreenpeace.

(5)Sothequestionis:whodoyoubelieve?

【答案】答：

1.Thepollutioncausedbyothertraffictoolsisbeginningtoincrease.

2.Ononehand,campaignerswhoplottheircampinEnglandaimtoagainsttheairtravel;Ontheotherhand,theothercampsinKenyademonstratethenecessityofflying.

3.bassandlarge-scale

4.vainattempttowardairpollutantproblems

5.Thequestionistodecidewhichsidedoyousupport.

【解析】1.原句句意是：然而，現(xiàn)在反彈開始了。結(jié)合上下文句意分析，上文提到飛機(jī)造成環(huán)境破壞已經(jīng)成為了一個(gè)頭條新聞，而那些選擇開車、乘火車或渡輪旅行的人則有一種自以為是的春天；接著第三段提到一些渡輪排放的二氧化碳比一些飛機(jī)排放的要多得多，由此可知backlash指的是除飛機(jī)以外的交通工具污染開始得到人們的關(guān)注。故改寫為Thepollutioncausedbyothertraffictoolsisbeginningtoincrease（其他交通工具造成的污染也開始增加）。

2.原句句意是：雖然有一些活動(dòng)人士在希思羅機(jī)場(chǎng)設(shè)立營(yíng)地來抗議肯尼亞的航空旅行，在肯尼亞，人們正在制定一個(gè)截然不同的營(yíng)地計(jì)劃。希思羅機(jī)場(chǎng)是英國(guó)的，所以可以將therearethecampaignerswhoplottheircampatHeathrow改寫為campaignerswhoplottheircampinEngland（策劃在英國(guó)扎營(yíng)的活動(dòng)人士）；另外，肯尼亞的人們制定一個(gè)截然不同的營(yíng)地計(jì)劃，通過“averydifferent”可知，這個(gè)計(jì)劃是和抗議肯尼亞的航空旅行相反的，所以inKenyaplansarebeingdrawnupforaverydifferentcamp可以改寫為theothercampsinKenyademonstratethenecessityofflying（肯尼亞的其他營(yíng)地證明了飛行的必要性）。

3.這一句的句意是：空客聲稱它可以用A380拯救世界的說法可能有些牽強(qiáng)，但是它的“溫柔的巨型”飛機(jī)比20年前的飛機(jī)效率更高，噪音更小。Gentlegiant帶引號(hào)，這是一種比喻的說法，是用來修飾后面的plane（飛機(jī)），gentle原意是“溫和的”，根據(jù)語(yǔ)境這里是表示“噪音小，聲音低”，giant原意是“巨大的”，這里是表示飛機(jī)“體積大”，所以改寫為bassandlarge-scale（低音和大規(guī)模）。

4.這一句的句意是：然而，一些環(huán)保主義者鄙視這些進(jìn)步，稱這些措施是一種“妄想”。由此可知delusion表示“妄想”，所以可以改寫為vainattempt（妄想）；另外為了細(xì)化句子的意思，添加towardairpollutantproblems（針對(duì)空氣污染問題）用來起補(bǔ)充說明的作用。

5.原句句意是：所以問題是：你相信誰(shuí)？這一句是文章的總結(jié)句，整篇文章就飛機(jī)造成環(huán)境污染的問題的爭(zhēng)論，對(duì)正反兩個(gè)陣營(yíng)進(jìn)行闡述，最后一句的意思就是“你支持哪一種說法”，所以可以改寫為Thequestionistodecidewhichsidedoyousupport（問題是你決定支持哪一方）。

3.單選題

Scienceisbasedonexperiment，onawillingnessto（）olddogma,onanopennesstoseetheuniverseasitreallyis.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.encounter

B.convert

C.challenge

D.formulate

【答案】C

【解析】動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。encounter“偶然遇見”；convert“轉(zhuǎn)換”；challenge“挑戰(zhàn)”；formulate“規(guī)劃”。句意：科學(xué)是基于實(shí)驗(yàn)的，愿意去挑戰(zhàn)老教條，以開放的眼光去探求宇宙的本質(zhì)。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

4.單選題

Iknowcold.AndallyouMinnesotapeoplemaydiscountmebecauseIamfromPhoenix,buttrustme,Iknowcold.Ihaveclimbedthehighestpeakoneachcontinent(thefamedSevenSummits)andhaveskiedtoboththeNorthandSouthPoles—afeatknownastheAdventureGrandSlam.Eachmountainandpolarexpeditionwasverydifferent—withtheexceptionofonething:thecold.

OfalltheremoteplacesIhavebeen,Antarctica—landofthefrozentundra—isperhapsmyfavorite.Italsohappenstobethecoldestplaceonearth.Thecontinentisapproximately98percenticeand2percentrock.Temperaturesinthewinterhavereached128-below.Ihavebeentheretwice;oncetoclimbtheVinsonMassifandoncetoskisix-hundredmilesfromtheedgeofthewesternAntarcticiceshelfallthewaytotheSouthPole.“Whywouldyouwanttosufferlikethat”isaquestionIgetallthetime.Andsure,therearetimeswhenyouarefeelinglikeyouwanttotakeabreakfromthefrigidconditionsandgoinsidethelodgeandgetacupofhotcocoa...butyoucan’t.ThereisnoskilodgeinthemiddleofAntarctica.There’sjustyou,your1501bsledwhichisharnessedtoyourwaist(containingallofyourgearandsupplies),yourteammates(unlessyouareonasolotrip—nothanks)andthecold.Soyoumakepeacewiththesub-zerotemperatures,becauseyou’regoingtobeinthemforthebetterpartoftwomonths.

Sothinkingbackonmyexperienceshere’swhyyoushouldbeokaywithacoupleofdaysofpolarvortex—because1)youcangoinside,and2)becauseitmakesyousmarter—oratleastsmarterthanthewarmweatherdoes.Yep.Goodnewsforthoseincitiesaffectedbythevortex:coldweathercanactuallybereallygoodforyou.Notjustbecauseyouburnmorefatwhenit’scold,butbecauseyourbrainworksbetterwhenit’scold.AccordingtoanarticlebyAdrianWardthatappearedinScientificAmerican,ittakesmoreenergytocoolyourbodywhenit’shotthanitdoestowarmitupwhenyou’recold.Theenergycomesfromglucose...whichisalsonecessaryforthebrain’smentalprocesses.Sobasically,coolingoffwhenitishotusesmoreglucosethanwarmingupwhenit’scold;thusleavinglessavailableglucoseforthebrain.Therefore,wecanassumethatcoldweatherisbetterforthebrain.Quick—everyonegotaketheMENSAtestbeforethetemperaturewarmsupagain!

1.Whatdothemountainstheauthorhasclimbedhaveincommon?

2.WhatcanwelearnaboutAntarctica?

3.WhatisnotavailableinthemiddleofAntarctica?

4.Whyiscoldweatherbetterforthebrain?

5.WecanlearnfromthetestthattheMENSAtestisakindof_____.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.TheyarealllocatedintheNorthPole.

B.TheyarealllocatedintheSouthPole.

C.Theyhavethesameelevations.

D.Theyareallveryfrigid.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Thereisabout98%waterand2%ice.

B.Thetemperaturestherecanreach128degreecentigrade.

C.Itisthesecondcoldestplaceonearth.

D.ThereisamountaincalledVinsonMassif.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Skilodge.

B.Sled.

C.Supplies.

D.Camera.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Becauseyoucanburnmorefatwhenitiscold.

B.Becauseyoucangoinsideskilodgesandtakeabreakwhenitiscold.

C.Becauseyoucanleavemoreglucoseforthebrainwhenitiscold.

D.Becausetheenergyyouneedforthebraincomesfromice.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.psychiatrictest

B.intelligencetest

C.personalitytest

D.admissiontest

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:B

【解析】1.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。定位到第一段最后一句話Eachmountainandpolarexpeditionwasverydifferent—withtheexceptionofonething:thecold.“每一個(gè)山脈和極地探險(xiǎn)都非常不同——除了一件事：寒冷”從這里可以知道答案選D選項(xiàng)“他們都非常寒冷”；A選項(xiàng)“它們都位于北極”，定位到第一段第三句話…h(huán)aveskiedtoboththeNorthandSouthPoles…“……曾經(jīng)南極和北極都滑過……”，從這里可知A屬于反向干擾；

B選項(xiàng)“它們都位于南極”，見A選項(xiàng)，這里屬于反向干擾；

C選項(xiàng)“他們有相同的海拔高度”，文章沒有提及，屬于無中生有。

2.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。定位到第二段第五句話…h(huán)avebeentheretwice;oncetoclimbtheVinsonMassif“……到過這兩次；有一次去爬文森山”，從這里可知D選項(xiàng)“那有一座山叫文森山”正確；

A選項(xiàng)“大約98%是水，2%是冰”，定位到第二段第三句話Thecontinentisapproximately98percenticeand2percentrock.“這塊大陸大約98%是冰，2%是巖石”，從這里可知A選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤，屬于反向干擾；

B選項(xiàng)“那里的溫度可以達(dá)到128攝氏度”，定位到第二段第四句話Temperaturesinthewinterhavereached128-below.“冬天的氣溫已經(jīng)達(dá)到零下128度”從關(guān)鍵詞below可知B選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤，屬于反向干擾；

C選項(xiàng)“它是地球上第二冷的地方”，第二段第二句話Italsohappenstobethecoldestplaceonearth.“它也是地球上最冷的地方”，從這里可知C選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤，屬于反向干擾。

3.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。定位到第二段倒數(shù)第三句ThereisnoskilodgeinthemiddleofAntarctica.“南極洲中部沒有滑雪旅館”，從這里可知答案選A“滑雪旅館”；

B選項(xiàng)“雪橇”，定位到第二段倒數(shù)第二句話There’sjustyou,your1501bsledwhichisharnessedtoyourwaist(containingallofyourgearandsupplies),yourteammates…andthecold.“只有你，腰間系著1501b雪橇(包括你所有的裝備和補(bǔ)給)，你的隊(duì)友，還有寒冷”，從這里可知B選項(xiàng)不符合題意，這里屬于反向干擾；

C選項(xiàng)“補(bǔ)給”，見B選項(xiàng)，這里屬于反向干擾；

D選項(xiàng)“照相機(jī)”文章沒有提及屬于無中生有。

4.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。定位到文章最后一段倒數(shù)第三句Sobasically,coolingoffwhenitishotusesmoreglucosethanwarmingupwhenit’scold;thusleavinglessavailableglucoseforthebrain.“所以基本上，在熱的時(shí)候降溫比在冷的時(shí)候升溫需要更多的葡萄糖；這樣就減少了大腦可用的葡萄糖”，從這里可知答案選C“因?yàn)槔涞臅r(shí)候你可以給大腦留下更多的葡萄糖”；

A選項(xiàng)“因?yàn)樘鞖饫涞臅r(shí)候可以燃燒更多的脂肪”，定位到最后一段第四句話Notjustbecauseyouburnmorefatwhenit’scold,butbecauseyourbrainworksbetterwhenit’scold.“這不僅是因?yàn)槟阍诶涞臅r(shí)候燃燒了更多的脂肪，還因?yàn)槟愕拇竽X在冷的時(shí)候工作得更好”，從這里可知這不是大腦在冷環(huán)境中運(yùn)行的更好的原因，這里屬于出處錯(cuò)誤；

B選項(xiàng)“因?yàn)樘鞖饫涞臅r(shí)候你可以去滑雪小屋休息一下”，定位到第二段倒數(shù)第三句ThereisnoskilodgeinthemiddleofAntarctica“南極洲中部沒有滑雪旅館”，這不是大腦在冷環(huán)境中運(yùn)行的更好的原因，這里屬于出處錯(cuò)誤；

D選項(xiàng)“因?yàn)槟愦竽X所需的能量來自冰”，文章沒有提及，屬于無中生有。

5.推理判斷題，尋找句內(nèi)線索，定位到文章最后一段倒數(shù)第二句Therefore,wecanassumethatcoldweatherisbetterforthebrain.“因此，我們可以假設(shè)寒冷的天氣對(duì)大腦更好”，這里說完冷的環(huán)境對(duì)大腦運(yùn)行有利就趕緊督促別人去考MENS，就說明這考試與大腦也就是智力有關(guān)，所以答案選B“智力測(cè)試”；

A選項(xiàng)“心理測(cè)試”，文章沒有提及，屬于無中生有；

C選項(xiàng)“性格測(cè)試”，文章沒有提及，屬于無中生有；

D選項(xiàng)“入學(xué)考試”，文章沒有提及，屬于無中生有。

5.單選題

OnJan.17,1995,Kobewashitbya6.9-magnitudequake.TheGreatHanshinEarthquakekilled6,400people.Damagewasestimatedatmorethan$100billion,similartocurrentestimatesofthetolloflastweek’s9.0-magnitudetemblorintheTohokuregionofnorthernJapan.Yet,within18months,economicactivityinKobehadreached98percentofitspre-quakelevel.Astate-of-the-artoffshoreportfacilitywasbuilt,housingwasmodernized—andascruffyportcitybecameaninternationalshowpiece.

TheMarch11earthquakeandtsunamidevastatedasocietythat,forallitswealth,wasstuckinarut.Overthepasttwodecades,Japan’seconomicgrowthaveragedananemic1percentayear.Politically,thecountrywasrudderless.TheLiberalDemocraticParty,whichhadgovernedalmostcontinuouslysincetheendoftheU.S.militaryoccupationfollowingtheWorldWarII,hadfinallywornoutitswelcome.AndthenoviceDemocraticPartyofJapan,whichhadassumedpowerin2009,wasflailing.

Forfourdecadesafterthewar,Japanexperiencedcozypoliticsbackedbyarobusteconomy.Lightlypopulatedruraldistricthadadisproportionateeffectonnationalpolitics.Thegovernmentfinancedmultibillion-dollarbridgestonowhere,expensiveportfacilitiesforsmallfishingvillageandbullettrainstotraversebucolicruralareas—andseeminglylinedeveryriverbedinJapaninconcrete.

Butin1900,thebubbleburst.Theworking-ageshareofthepopulationbegantofall.In1998,thelaborforcestartedtoshrink,andadecadelater,thecountry’spopulationbegantodecline.Eventually,votersconcernedaboutthemountingcostsofwastefulprojectstossedouttheLDP.

BeforetheearthquakeandtsunamidevastatedtheTohokuregiononMarch11,thecountrywasalreadyfacingaslowingeconomy,fiscalstrainanddeflation,anddecadesofwastefulspendinghadsaddledthecountrywithadebtmorethantwicethesizeoftheeconomy.Now,beyondthetragedy’shumantoll,theeconomiccostsarestillbeingcounted—andcouldbevastlyexpandedifthenuclearreactordamageisclosertothatofChernobylthantoThreeMileIsland.Butifrebuildingishandledskillfully,thereishopethatadifferentkindofJapanwillemerge.

Despiteitsweakstartingpoint,thegovernmentholdsafewcards.Ninety-fivepercentofJapan’sdebtisownedbyitscitizens,noforeignhedgefunds;it’sunlikelythatthosecitizenswoulddumptheirbondholdingsifthegovernmenttakesonmoredebttorebuildthecityofSendai,forexample.Financially,thegovernmenthasmoremaneuveringroomthanmightseemapparent.

Somerebuildingcanbefinancedbyredirectingspendingfromuselesswhite-elephantprojectstothehigherpriorityofremakingTohoku.Thequalityofpublicinvestmentinthenationcouldimprove,perhapspermanently,asaresultofthiscrisis.

Whatisreallyatstake—andwhatwilldeterminewhethertheseotherchangeshaveanychanceofcomingtopass—isthestructureofJapanpolitics.IftheincumbentDPJsuccessfullymanagesthisemergency,theepisodecouldreassureJapanesevotersthatthisfledglingpartyrepresentsacrediblealternativetotheLDP.Japanwouldthenhaveatruetwo-partysysteminwhichpoliticalpowerandideasaregenuinelycontested.TheGreatTohokuEarthquakecouldbetheshockthatpushesJapannotonlytorebuildacity,buttoremakeitselfpoliticallyforthe21stcentury.

21.Theauthorwrotethefirstparagraphinanattemptto________.

22.Accordingtothetext,theauthorsuggeststhatDemocraticPartyofJapan________.

23.ExcepttheMarch11earthquakeandtsunami,thehindrancesthatJapan’seconomicgrowthconfrontsEXCLUDE________.

24.Onwhichofthefollowingstatementwouldtheauthormostprobablyagree?

25.Whichofthefollowingisthemostpropertitleofthetext?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.exemplifyhowseveretheconsequencesoftheGreatHanshinEarthquakeare

B.indicatethattheMarch11disastercouldbringoutanewJapanlikeGreatHanshinEarthquakedid

C.makeananalogybetweentheGreatHanshinEarthquakeandtheGreatTohokuEarthquake

D.statethepost-quakereconstructionisdisproportionatetothedamagecausedbythequake

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.hasbeentherulingpartyforapproximately50-oddyears

B.isfailinginleadingtheJapanoutofthedifficulties

C.isanewlyemergentpartinJapan’spoliticalcommunity

D.hassuccessfullymanagedthisemergency

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.deflation

B.theaginglaborforce

C.massivedebts

D.fiscaldeficit

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.CriticismismixedwithoptimismforJapan’seconomicandpoliticallandscape.

B.Theburstingbubbleofeconomyresultsinthedecreasingworking-agepopulation.

C.Japan’spartysystemhasbeenaone-partyonesinceWorldWarIItillDPJ’soffice.

D.ThemeritsJapancanderivefromthequakeoverwhelmtherisksandconsequencesofit.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.WilltheCrisisCreateaNewJapan?

B.TheHistoryofGreatEarthquakesinJapan.

C.HowJapaneseGovernmentWillCopeWiththe311Emergency.

D.VirtuesandVicesofMarch11EarthquakeandTsunami.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:D

第4題:A

第5題:A

【解析】21.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段第三句Damagewasestimatedatmorethan$100billion,similartocurrentestimatesofthetolloflastweek’s9.0-magnitudetemblorintheTohokuregionofnorthernJapan.（地震造成的損失估計(jì)超過1,000億美元，與上周日本北部東北地區(qū)9.0級(jí)地震造成的損失類似。），作者分別列出兩個(gè)地震的損失情況，所以C選項(xiàng)“將阪神大地震與東北大地震進(jìn)行類比”正確。A選項(xiàng)“舉例說明阪神大地震的后果有多嚴(yán)重”和D選項(xiàng)“說明震后重建與地震造成的損失不成比例”：作者只是陳述了事實(shí)，沒有這樣的意思，故錯(cuò)誤。B選項(xiàng)“表明3月11日的災(zāi)難可能帶來一個(gè)像阪神大地震那樣的新日本”：作者沒有要預(yù)示的意圖，故錯(cuò)誤。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

22.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第二段最后一句AndthenoviceDemocraticPartyofJapan,whichhadassumedpowerin2009,wasflailing.（2009年剛上臺(tái)的日本民主黨也陷入了困境。），可知民主黨沒有解決掉問題，所以B選項(xiàng)“沒有成功領(lǐng)導(dǎo)日本走出困難”正確，D選項(xiàng)“成功地處理了這一緊急情況”和A選項(xiàng)“已經(jīng)執(zhí)政了大約50多年”錯(cuò)誤。C選項(xiàng)“是日本政治共同體中一個(gè)新興的部分”：文章沒有提到，故錯(cuò)誤。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

23.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段第二句Theworking-ageshareofthepopulationbegantofall.（勞動(dòng)年齡人口的比例開始下降。），第五段第一句thecountrywasalreadyfacingaslowingeconomy,fiscalstrainanddeflation,anddecadesofwastefulspendinghadsaddledthecountrywithadebtmorethantwicethesizeoftheeconomy.（日本已經(jīng)面臨著經(jīng)濟(jì)放緩、財(cái)政緊張和通貨緊縮的問題，數(shù)十年的浪費(fèi)開支使日本背負(fù)了超過經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)模兩倍的債務(wù)。），可知日本經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的障礙包括了A選項(xiàng)“通貨緊縮”，B選項(xiàng)“勞動(dòng)力老齡化”和C選項(xiàng)“巨額債務(wù)”，符合文章意思，故錯(cuò)誤，D選項(xiàng)“財(cái)政赤字”沒有提到，不符合文章意思，因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

24.觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。根據(jù)最后一段第一句Whatisreallyatstake—andwhatwilldeterminewhethertheseotherchangeshaveanychanceofcomingtopass—isthestructureofJapanpolitics.（真正利害攸關(guān)的是日本的政治結(jié)構(gòu)，這將決定這些其他變化是否有機(jī)會(huì)實(shí)現(xiàn)。）和最后一句TheGreatTohokuEarthquakecouldbetheshockthatpushesJapannotonlytorebuildacity,buttoremakeitselfpoliticallyforthe21stcentury.（日本東北大地震可能不僅會(huì)促使日本重建一座城市，還會(huì)促使日本在21世紀(jì)重塑自己的政治形象），可知作者對(duì)于日本的前景處于中立態(tài)度，所以A選項(xiàng)“對(duì)于日本的經(jīng)濟(jì)和政治前景，既有批評(píng)也有樂觀”正確。B選項(xiàng)“經(jīng)濟(jì)泡沫的破裂導(dǎo)致了勞動(dòng)年齡人口的減少”：根據(jù)第四段第一、二句Butin1900,thebubbleburst.Theworking-ageshareofthepopulationbegantofall.（但在1900年，泡沫破裂了。勞動(dòng)人口的比例開始下降。），這里沒有提到經(jīng)濟(jì)泡沫破裂和勞動(dòng)人口減少的直接關(guān)系，故錯(cuò)誤。C選項(xiàng)“日本的政黨制度自二戰(zhàn)以來一直是一黨執(zhí)政，直到民主黨上臺(tái)”：根據(jù)第二段倒數(shù)第二句TheLiberalDemocraticParty,whichhadgovernedalmostcontinuouslysincetheendoftheU.S.militaryoccupationfollowingtheWorldWarII（自二戰(zhàn)后美國(guó)軍事占領(lǐng)結(jié)束以來，自民黨幾乎一直持續(xù)執(zhí)政），自民黨幾乎一直持續(xù)執(zhí)政不代表一直執(zhí)政，故錯(cuò)誤。D選項(xiàng)“日本可以從地震中獲得的優(yōu)點(diǎn)壓倒了它的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和后果”：根據(jù)第五段最后一句Butifrebuildingishandledskillfully,thereishopethatadifferentkindofJapanwillemerge.（但如果重建工作處理得當(dāng)，一個(gè)不同類型的日本將有望出現(xiàn)。），文章沒有提到地震帶來的好處比損失大，只有處理得當(dāng)，益處才會(huì)呈現(xiàn)，故錯(cuò)誤。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

25.主旨大意題。文章第一段指出神戶因?yàn)榈卣鸲F(xiàn)代化，后面提到日本的各種問題，再在文章最后展望日本在政治經(jīng)濟(jì)方面可能的情況，所以A選項(xiàng)“危機(jī)會(huì)創(chuàng)造一個(gè)新日本嗎”正確。B選項(xiàng)“日本大地震的歷史”，C選項(xiàng)“日本政府將如何應(yīng)對(duì)311緊急事件”和D選項(xiàng)“3月11日地震和海嘯的利弊”是文章的部分內(nèi)容，不足以概括全文，故錯(cuò)誤。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

6.單選題

Towhatextentwillfuturescientificdiscoveriesmakepossiblethe（

）ofthehumanlifespan?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.increase

B.prolongation

C.expansion

D.growth

【答案】B

【解析】名詞辨析題。A選項(xiàng)increase“增加”；B選項(xiàng)prolongation“延伸”；C選項(xiàng)expansion“闡述”；D選項(xiàng)growth“成長(zhǎng)”。句意：未來的科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)能在多大程度上延長(zhǎng)人類的壽命?選項(xiàng)B符合句意。

7.單選題

Laborandmanagementhaveagreedonatemporarysettlement,thereby

astrike.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.starting

B.forestalling

C.causing

D.accelerating

【答案】B

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。start“開始”；forestall“預(yù)先阻止”；cause“導(dǎo)致”；accelerate“使……加快”。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵信息atemporarysettlement可知是暫時(shí)解決了問題，因此阻止了罷工（strike）。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。句意：勞資雙方達(dá)成了協(xié)議，一場(chǎng)罷工被阻止。

8.單選題

Inearly19thcenturyAmerica,careforthementallyillwasalmostnon-existent:theafflictedwereusuallyrelegatedtoprisons,almshouses,orinadequatesupervisionbyfamilies.Treatment,ifprovided,paralleledothermedicaltreatmentsofthetime,includingbloodlettingandpurgatives.However,inawaveofconcernfortheoppressed,sometookaction.Amongthese,DorotheaDixwastheleadingcrusaderfortheestablishmentofstate-supportedmentalasylums.Throughherefforts,thefirststatehospitalsfortheinsanewerebuiltinNewJerseyandPennsylvania.Sheandotherreformerssoughthumane,individualizedcare,withtherichandthepoorhousedtogethertoinsurehighstandardsforall.Themovementwasgeneratedbysocialreform,butthroughoutthecentury,mentalillnesswasprobedandanalyzed,and“cures”prescribedbyboththescientificandlaycommunities.“Moraltreatment”wasthepredominatingphilosophytocuretheinsane.

Thissystemwasdevelopedinlate18thcenturyEurope,andbyBenjaminRushintheUnitedStates.Itchallengedthedemonicexplanationsforinsanityandemphasizedtheroleofenvironmentindeterminingcharacter:improperexternalconditionscouldinducederangement.The“moraltreatment”systemwasoptimisticthatanappropriateenvironmentcouldfacilitatecure,especiallyforthosewithacute(notchronic)afflictions.Essentialtothistheorywasaphysiologicalbasis/formentaldisorder:insanitywascausedbybraindamage.Thebrain'ssurfacewassoftandmalleableandphysicallyalteredbyoutwardinfluence.Thisideawascloselyrelatedtophrenology,whichassignedspecificfacultiestosectionsofthebrain.

Thenotionthatmentalillnessresultedfromphysicalimpairmentwasrarelychallenged,butthenatureandtreatmentofail