高中定語從句匯總講解學(xué)案

定語從句匯總講解學(xué)案?英語諺語欣賞Hewhoknowsnothingbutpretendstoknoweverythingisindeedagood-for nothing.不懂裝懂，一事無成 .It’sthefirststepthatcosts. 千里之行，始于足下Hethatmakeshimselfasheepshallbeeatenbythewolf. 甘當(dāng)小綿羊，遲早要喂狼 .I.概念：定語從句：在主從復(fù)合句中用作定語的從句叫定語從句。定語從句一般緊接在先行詞(antecedent)后面。先行詞：被定語從句修飾的成份。先行詞可以為一個(gè)詞，短語，或整個(gè)主句。引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞，分為關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系詞的作用：引導(dǎo)定語從句，連接主句和從句，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)連詞；必在從句中作某個(gè)句子成份(可以做主語，賓語，表語，定語，狀語)常用的關(guān)系代詞：that、which、who、whomwhose、as、but(文語，置于否定詞之后=that/who…not…，”沒有……不……",在從句中作主語，賓語)常用的關(guān)系副詞(在從句中只作狀語):when、why、whereThestudentwhoansweredthequestionwasJohn.Iknowthereasonwhyhewassoangry.Theboy(whom)youaretalkingtoismybrother.I'dlikearoomwhosewindowlooksoutoverthesea.定語從句三步：第一找出先行詞；第二看先行詞在定語從句中的語法功能（做主語、賓語或狀語）；第三選擇合適的關(guān)系詞。n.幾個(gè)關(guān)系代詞的基本用法：?that：可指人或物；在定語從句中作主語，賓語，表語。（指人時(shí)，相當(dāng)于who或whom；指物時(shí)，相當(dāng)于which）（一般不用于非限制性定語從句;不可置于介詞后作賓語 ）如：Aletterthat/whichiswritteninpencilisdifficulttoread.（ 主語）Doyouknowthegentlemanthat/whospokejustnowYoucantakeanything（that）youlike.（賓語）Whatisthequestion（that/which）theyaretalkingaboutHereistheman（who/whom/that）youwanttosee.She'snolongerthegirl（that）sheusedtobebefore.（表語）Ourhometownisnolongertheone（that）itusedtobe.=Ourhometownisnotthesameasitusedtobe.=Ourhometownisdifferentfromwhatitusedtobe 。=Ourhometownisnotwhatitusedtobe.?which:指物；在定語從句中作主語，賓語，表語，定語。如：Thebookwhich/thatwasonthedeskwasboughtbymyfather.（主語）Thebook（which/that）Iboughtyesterdayisveryinteresting.（賓語）Thefactoryinwhichhisfatherworksisfarfromhere.Hewasproud,whichhisbrotherneverwas.（表語）（定語）Tomspentfouryearsincollege,duringwhichtimehelearnedFrench.（定語）Hemaybelate,inwhichcaseweoughttowaitforhim.?who,whom,whose:who:主格,在從句中作主語，在口語或非正式用法中作賓語;只可指人whom:賓格，在從句中作賓語;只可指人whose:屬格，在從句中作定語，可指人也可指物。Ilikethestudentswho/thatworkhard.（主語）Allwhoheardthestorywereamazed.（ 代詞如he,they,any,those,all,one 等后多用 who.）Chaplin,forwhomlifehadoncebeenveryhard,wasasuccessasanactor.（賓語）He'samanfromwhomweshouldlearn.=He'saman（whom/who/that）weshouldlearnfrom.比較：Heisthestudentwhomyouthinktobeworthyofyourpraise.Heisthestudentwhoyouthinkisworthpraising.Achildwhoseparentsaredeadiscalledanorphan.（指人）I'dlikearoomwhosewindowfacessouth.（指物）=I'dlikearoomofwhichthewindowfacessouth.=I'dlikearoomthewindowofwhichfacessouth.ThereisateapotshapedlikeaChineseduck,outofwhosemouthteaissupposedtocome關(guān)系代詞作介詞賓語:關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中用作介詞賓語時(shí) ,介詞可放于從句之首 ,也可放于從句之末 .但以放于句首較為正式.（介詞前置，必須注意不影響動(dòng)詞詞組的含義。關(guān)系代詞who和that用作介詞賓語時(shí) ,介詞必須放在句末 .）Thisisthebookforwhichyouasked.=Thisisthebook(that/which)youaskedfor.DoyouknowthepersonwithwhomIshookhands？=Doyouknowtheperson(whom/who/that)IshookhandswithThebeginningofagriculturewasabigstepinhumanprogresswithwhichnothingcouldcompareuntilourinformationage.Inthedarkstreet,therewasn'tasinglepersontowhomshecouldturnforhelp.IsthisthefactorytowhichyoupaidavisitlastweekIsthisfactorytheonetowhichyoupaidavisitlastweekThisisthegirlwhomtheyarelookingafter. (介詞after與look構(gòu)成固定詞組，不可前置。lookat,lookfor,lookafter,takecareof 等)?as的用法:(as引導(dǎo)定語從句,在定語從句中作主語、賓語、表語)①如為限制性的，多用于thesame???as;thesameas；such???as…；asmany/muchas；so???as等結(jié)構(gòu)中。如：※Ihavethesamebookasyou(have). 我有一本和你的一樣的書。Herattitudetohimwasquitethesameasithadalwaysbeen.( 關(guān)系代詞as和指示代詞 same連用,在從句中用作表語,先行詞是same.)※.---Whydidn'tyoumentionthatinfaceofthepolicejustnow---Ithoughtitwassuchaminordetailaswashardlyworthmentioning.Wewillonlydiscusssuchproblemsashavesomethingtodowithourowninterests.Don'tdosuchthingsasyouarenotsureabout.Thereisnosuchplaceasyoudreamofinallthisworld.比較：Iliveinthesamehousethatheusedtolivein.I'mwearingthesameshirtasyouworeyesterday.（定語從句）比較：Hereissobigastoneasnoonecanlift.（定語從句）Hereissobigastonethatnoonecanliftit.（結(jié)果狀語從句）"Hereissobigastonethatnoonecanliftit.（結(jié)果狀語從句）"正如，②如為非限制性的，多單獨(dú)引導(dǎo)一個(gè)定語從句，這種定語從句可置于句首，句中或句尾，譯為））作賓語）（as作主語）（as作賓語）賓語,先行詞是前面整個(gè)句子 ）這一點(diǎn)"。（動(dòng)詞常為know,see,expect,pointout,etc.※Asweallknow,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.（as=Asisknowntoall,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.=It'sknowntoallthatsmokingisharmfultoone'shealth.=Smokingisharmfultoone'shealth,asweallknow.=Smoking,asweallknow,isharmfultoone'health.※Hewasaforeigner,asIknewfromhisaccent.（m.關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句 ：?When指時(shí)間，在定語從句中作時(shí)間狀語。其先行詞是表時(shí)間的名詞（如：time,day,week,tear,month,etc.）HecamelastnightwhenIwasout.Wewillputoffthepicnicuntilnextweek,whentheweatherwouldbebetter.注意：先行詞為 "時(shí)間名詞"，可用when引導(dǎo)定語從句，when在定語從句中作狀語；還可以用which或that引導(dǎo)，which或that在從句中作主語或賓語。比較:Istillrememberthedaywhen/onwhichmybrotherjoinedthearmy.（作狀語）Nextmonth,whenyouwillbeinyourhometown,isjustaroundthecorner.Istillrememberthedayswhich/thatwespenttogether.（作賓語）Nextwinterwhich/thatyou'llspendinHarbin,I'msure,willbeexciting.IshallneverforgetthedaywhenShenZhou Vwaslaunched,whichhasagreateffectonmylife.Thereareoccasionswhenjokingisnotpermissible.Where指地點(diǎn)，在定語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語。其先行詞是表示地點(diǎn)的名詞，如：place,school,factory,room,etc.ThisistheplacewhereIwasborn.Iliveintheroomwhere/inwhichheusedtolive.注意：先行詞是 "地點(diǎn)名詞"，定語從句可用where引導(dǎo)，還可用which或that引導(dǎo)，which/that在從句中作主語或賓語。比較:※Thisisthefactorywhere/inwhichheworkedlastyear.（作狀語）Thetreatmentwillcontinueuntilthepatientreachesthepointwherehecanwalkcorrectlyandsafely.Ithinkyouhavegottothepointwhereachangeisneeded,oryouwouldfail.Governmentreports,legalpapersandmostbusinesslettersarethemainsituationswhereEnglishisused.He'sgothimselfintoadangeroussituationwherehe'slikelytolosecontroloftheplane.Thesmallmountainvillagewherewespentourholidaylastmonthliesinwhat/theplacewhichisnowpartofHubei.※Thisistheparkwhich/thattheyvisitedlastyear.（作賓語）Nothavingbeentherebefore,hesimplyhadnoideaabouttheplace,whicheveryonesaysisworthvisiting.Why指原因，在定語從句中作原因狀語。先行詞為 reason時(shí)，可用forwhich指代；當(dāng)關(guān)系詞在從句中作主語或賓語時(shí)，則用which或that引導(dǎo)。如：Thereasonwhy/forwhich/（that）hedidn'tattendthemeetingwasthathewasill.Idon'tbelievethereason（that/which）hegaveme.（作賓語）（作主語）Haveyouaskedhimthereasonthatmayexplainhissuccess（作主語）Ex.)Hewaslate.That'sbecausehegotuplate..Hegotuplate.That'swhyhewaslate.（ 表語從句 ）（thereason）why/forwhichhewaslate.（ 定語從句 ）當(dāng)先行詞為 way時(shí)，定語從句常用that,inwhich,或how引導(dǎo)，that?？梢允÷?。way后的定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞不用時(shí)較多。但如果關(guān)系詞在句中作主語或賓語時(shí)，則用which或that引導(dǎo)。如:Thisistheway（that）/inwhichIdosuchthings.比較:Pleasedotheexperimentintheway （that/which）Ihaveshownyou.IV.限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別：形式上，非限制性定語從句往往用逗號(hào)隔開。語法上，非限制性定語從句一般不用that.語義上，限制性定語從句與先行詞關(guān)系緊密，起限定作用，如果去掉了這個(gè)定語從句，整個(gè)句子就不完整或者會(huì)改變意思；而非限制性定語從句與先行詞關(guān)系不是很緊密，對(duì)先行詞起補(bǔ)充說明或描述的作用。ThisisthebookIlikebest. 這就是我最喜歡的那本書。Beijing,whichhasbeenChina'scapitalformorethan800years,isrichinculturalandhistoricrelics.北京是中國八百年之久的古都，它有著豐富的文化和歷史遺產(chǎn)。翻譯時(shí)，限制性定語從句可譯為一句（較短的一般譯為 "的"字結(jié)構(gòu)）；而非限制性定語從句可譯為兩句。（見上句翻譯）比較:Hehasasister,whoisamusician.Hehasasisterwhoisamusician.引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的關(guān)系代詞，指人時(shí)用詞when，where,why,etc.who,whom,whose,指物時(shí)用引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的關(guān)系代詞，指人時(shí)用詞when，where,why,etc.Hestudiedhardatschoolwhenhewasyoung,whichleadstohissuccessinhislaterlife.Tom'sfather,whoarrivedjustnow,isafamousscientist.Theysetupaseparatestateoftheirown,wheretheywouldbefreetokeepNegroesasslaves.Hewasproud,whichhisbrotherneverwas.V.幾個(gè)易混淆的關(guān)系代詞的比較 ：?that&which:在定語從句中，which和that在指代事物時(shí)，一般可以互換使用，但并非在任何情況下都是這樣，這里介紹宜用that,而不宜用which的情況.①先行詞為不定代詞 ,all,much,something,everything,anything,nothing,none,theone.Weshoulddoallthatisusefultothepeople..There'snothingthatcanbesaidaboutit..Doyoumeantheonethatwasboughtyesterday等詞修飾時(shí)。②先行詞被only,any,few,little,no,just,very,oneof等詞修飾時(shí)。.Theonlythingthatwecoulddowastowait..That'stheverywordthatiswronglyused.Thelastplace(that)wevisitedwasthechemicalworks.Youcantakeany(=whichever)seatthatisfree.IhopethelittlethatIcanwillbeofsomehelptothem.比較*Thisisoneofthebestnovelsthatwerepublishedlastyear.*Thisistheonlyoneofthebestnovelsthatwaspublishedlastyear.③先行詞是序數(shù)詞時(shí)或被序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)。.WhenwetalkaboutWuxi,thefirstthatcomesintomindisTaiLake..Thisisthethirdfilmthathasbeenshowninourschoolthisterm.④先行詞是最高級(jí)或被最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)。.Thisisthebestthatcanbedonenow..Themostimportantthingthatshouldbedonerightnowishowtostophimfromgoingon.⑤先行詞既有人又有物，用 which和who都不適合，這時(shí)宜用 that.如：.Thewriterandhisnovelthatyouhavejusttalkedaboutisreallywellknown..Theriderandhisbikethathadrunoveranoldwomanwereheldupbythepolice.⑥被修飾詞為數(shù)詞時(shí) .1.YesterdayIcaughttwofishandputtheminabasinofwater.Nowyoucanseethetwothatarestillalive.⑦如果有兩個(gè)從句，其中一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞已用 which，另一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞宜用 that,以避免語言的單調(diào)或重復(fù)。Edisonbuiltupafactorywhichproducedthingsthathadneverbeenseenbefore.⑧疑問詞是who或which,關(guān)系代詞宜用that,以避免重復(fù)。WhichisthebookthatyoulikebestWhoisthemanthatisstandingatthegate⑨主句是Therebe結(jié)構(gòu)，修飾其主句的定語從句宜用that作關(guān)系代詞 .如：Thereisstillaseatinthecornerthatisstillfree.⑩被修飾成分為表語時(shí)，或者關(guān)系代詞本身是定語從句的表語時(shí) ，該關(guān)系代詞宜用that.That'sagoodbookthatwillhelpyoualot.Myhomevillageisnolongertheplace(that)itusedtobe.定語從句中宜用which而不宜用that的情況:①當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞的前面有介詞時(shí)1.Azooisaparkinwhichmanykindsofanimalsarekeptforexhibition.2.IsthistheroominwhichMr.Whitelives②在非限制性定語從句中..Crusoe'sdog,whichwasarenowveryold,becameillanddied..MoreandmorepeoplearebeginningtolearnEnglish,whichisbecomingverypopularinourcountry.(which指代主句)which.③在一個(gè)句子中有兩個(gè)定語從句，其中一個(gè)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞用了 that,which.Letmeshowyouthenovel，thatIborrowedfromthelibrarywhichwasnewlyopentous.AtthestationIboughtsomemagazinesthatmighthelpmetopassthetimeonthetrainandwhichIcouldpassontootherswhenIfinishedthem.④當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞后面帶有插入語時(shí) .1.Here'stheEnglishgrammarwhich,asIhavetoldyou,willhelpimproveyourEnglish.⑤先行詞本身是 that,宜用which.What'sthatwhichsheislookingat⑥先行詞是 those+復(fù)數(shù)名詞.Ashopshouldkeepastockofthosegoodswhichsellbest.who&that:who和that指代人時(shí)，有些情況宜用who,而不宜用that①先行詞為 anyone,anybody,those,all,one,ones,they,he,people 時(shí).如：.ThepersonIwanttolearnfromistheonewhostudieshardandworkswell..Anyonewho(=Whoever)failedtocometothemeetingyesterdaymustgivehisreason..Thosewhoarenotfitfortheirworkshouldleaveofficeatonce4.Idon'tliketheones(=those)whotalkbig.5.Personswhoarequarrelsomearedespised.②在Therebe結(jié)構(gòu)中，修飾主語的定語從句宜用關(guān)系代詞 who指代人.如：.Thereisagentlemanwhowantstoseeyou..Thereareseveralstudentsinourclasswhoarestillnotsureabouttheuseofattributiveclauses.③當(dāng)先行詞有較長的后置定語時(shí) .如：1.ImetaforeignerintheparkyesterdayafternoonwhocouldspeakChineseverywell.④一個(gè)句子中帶有兩個(gè)定語從句，其中一個(gè)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞是 that,另一個(gè)則宜用who,以免重復(fù)如：1.Thestudentthatwaspraisedatyesterday'smeetingisthemonitorwhoisverymodestandworksveryhard.?as&which:as&which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別：①位置的不同：which引導(dǎo)的定語從句只置于所限制的句子后；as位置較靈活，也就是說 as可置于所限制的句子前面；插在句子中或放在句子后。如：Hewaslateagain,whichmadehisteacherveryangry.Jack,asyouknow,isanhonestman. 或Jackisanhonestman,asyouknow.或Asyouknow,Jackisanhonestman.②先行詞的不同：as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí)，其先行詞多為一個(gè)句子；which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí)，其先行詞可以是一個(gè)詞，一個(gè)短語或一個(gè)句子?！鵋ewasproud,whichhisbrotherneverwas.（先行詞是一個(gè)詞）Shewasverypatienttowardsthechildren,whichherhusbandseldomwas.Hewasproud,whichIdislikeverymuch.（先行詞是一個(gè)句子）※Heisanhonestman,asisknowntoall.Hewasaforeigner,asIknowfromhisaccent.③as一般譯為"正如""就像"，"這一點(diǎn)"asweallknow；asyouknow;asisknowntoall;asyousee;aswecansee;ashasbeenexpected;aswehaveimagined.訓(xùn)練題匯總?EX1.用定語從句完成下列句子。Thisisthemostbeautifulforest___（ 我所見過的）.DouPoTang（陡坡塘）Waterfall,___（ 位于貴州省的）,is105meterswideand21metershigh.?EX2用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系詞填空.Haveatry!!!Iwillneverforgettheday Ifirstwenttoschool.Iwillneverforgettheday wespentinBeijing.Thehouse wevisitedisbeingrepairednow.Thehouse Luxunoncelivedisbeingrepairednow.?Ex3選擇適當(dāng)?shù)拇~填空，注意非限制性定語從句和單句的比較。amreadingHarryPorter, isaninterestingbook..Hefailedintheexam. madehisparentsangry..Hefailedintheexam, madehisparentsangry..Hehastwosons.Bothof areteachers..Hehastwosons,bothof areteachers.?EX4思考：用五種方式（定語從句）翻譯句子這是他工作的工廠。1.Thisisthefactoryheworks.2.Thisisthefactoryheworks.3.Thisisthefactoryheworksin.4.Thisisthefactoryheworksin.Thisisthefactoryheworksin.EX5思考：介詞+關(guān)系代詞的情況介詞+關(guān)系代詞的情況 （1）Themanwhomyouspokewasascientist.Thecityshelivesinisfaraway.介詞+關(guān)系代詞的情況（ 2）ArethesetwosentencesrightThemanwho/whomyouspoketowasascientist.Thecitythat/whichshelivesinisfaraway.介詞+關(guān)系代詞的情況（ 3）Arethesetwose