報(bào)刊閱讀(新聞導(dǎo)語(yǔ))

報(bào)刊閱讀(新聞導(dǎo)語(yǔ))報(bào)刊閱讀(新聞導(dǎo)語(yǔ))報(bào)刊閱讀(新聞導(dǎo)語(yǔ))xxx公司報(bào)刊閱讀(新聞導(dǎo)語(yǔ))文件編號(hào)：文件日期：修訂次數(shù)：第1.0次更改批準(zhǔn)審核制定方案設(shè)計(jì)，管理制度新聞導(dǎo)語(yǔ)(newslead)是新聞報(bào)道開(kāi)頭的第一段文字，也是新聞報(bào)道全文最重要的部分。它以最簡(jiǎn)練的語(yǔ)言把新聞報(bào)道中最重要、最精彩的內(nèi)容完整地呈現(xiàn)出來(lái)，使讀者讀完導(dǎo)語(yǔ)之后就能獲悉新聞報(bào)道的主要內(nèi)容。新聞報(bào)道的導(dǎo)語(yǔ)一般具有六個(gè)要素，俗稱5個(gè)W和一個(gè)H：Who，What,Where,When,Why和How。一、新聞導(dǎo)語(yǔ)的分類目前國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)界對(duì)英語(yǔ)導(dǎo)語(yǔ)的分類還沒(méi)有一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，所分類別也五花八門，多少不一。但是有的分類過(guò)細(xì)，有的分類過(guò)于繁瑣，各種分類之間還有重疊交叉之處，所以一般我們把英語(yǔ)新聞導(dǎo)語(yǔ)分為兩類：直接式導(dǎo)語(yǔ)（Directlead）和延緩式導(dǎo)語(yǔ)(Delayedlead)。Adirectleadtellsreadersthemostimportantaspectofthestory(thefiveWs)inadirectandstraightforwardway,andisoftenusedin“hardnews”.Adelayedleadattractsreadersbyhintingthecontentofthestory.Itisusuallyfoundinnewsfeaturesandother“softstories”thatputmoreemphasisonhumaninterestratherthantimelinessofanevent.Adelayedleadusuallysetsasceneorevokesamoodwithanincident,anecdote,orexample.直接式導(dǎo)語(yǔ)要求記者在導(dǎo)語(yǔ)中把最重要的新聞事實(shí)直截了當(dāng)、簡(jiǎn)潔明快地告訴讀者，這種導(dǎo)語(yǔ)主要用于時(shí)效性極強(qiáng)的硬新聞（hardnews）報(bào)道。延緩式導(dǎo)語(yǔ)，要求記者有高超的駕馭語(yǔ)言文字的能力，能夠?qū)懗隹勺x性強(qiáng)、引人入勝的報(bào)道，這種導(dǎo)語(yǔ)主要用于解釋性報(bào)道、新聞特寫、新聞評(píng)論等軟新聞（Softnews）報(bào)道。延緩式導(dǎo)語(yǔ)按照寫作方法可以分為：描述式導(dǎo)語(yǔ)、對(duì)比式導(dǎo)語(yǔ)、引語(yǔ)式導(dǎo)語(yǔ)、提問(wèn)式導(dǎo)語(yǔ)、多成分式導(dǎo)語(yǔ)、直呼式導(dǎo)語(yǔ)、空洞式導(dǎo)語(yǔ)、華爾街日?qǐng)?bào)式,懸念式導(dǎo)語(yǔ)。二、新聞導(dǎo)語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)Theleadshouldbebriefyetcatchy,givingthereaderaninstantsenseofwhatthearticleisaboutandmakinghimorherwanttoreadmore.Inasoftnewsstory,however,theleadshouldpresentthesubjectofthestorybyallusion(暗示;引喻).Thistypeofopeningissomewhatliterary.Likeanovelist,theroleofthewriteristograbtheattentionofthereader.新聞導(dǎo)語(yǔ)是新聞的“導(dǎo)讀之語(yǔ)”，是整個(gè)新聞報(bào)道的核心，是新聞報(bào)道內(nèi)容的高度濃縮與概括。所以，一條好的新聞導(dǎo)語(yǔ)有如下幾個(gè)特點(diǎn)：1.結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊、信息量大。新聞導(dǎo)語(yǔ)是用最簡(jiǎn)潔的語(yǔ)言把報(bào)道中最重要的事件概括出來(lái)，在導(dǎo)語(yǔ)中記者盡可能用最少的詞語(yǔ)，表達(dá)最多的內(nèi)容，用一兩句話說(shuō)清楚導(dǎo)語(yǔ)的全部的或幾個(gè)基本要素。2.簡(jiǎn)明扼要、敘述清楚。導(dǎo)語(yǔ)是新聞內(nèi)容的概括和濃縮。英語(yǔ)導(dǎo)語(yǔ)通常只用一句話說(shuō)清楚新聞報(bào)道中的主要事實(shí)和結(jié)果。3.內(nèi)容充實(shí)、生動(dòng)形象。新聞導(dǎo)語(yǔ)精煉簡(jiǎn)潔地概括了新聞主要事實(shí)，所以不能寫得空洞無(wú)物，也不能過(guò)于詳細(xì)，所以語(yǔ)言要詳略得當(dāng)，言之有物。4.充滿活力、引人入勝。新聞導(dǎo)語(yǔ)要能對(duì)讀者產(chǎn)生一種吸引力，讓讀者有一種欲罷不能的感覺(jué)。所以，好的新聞導(dǎo)語(yǔ)不僅具有高度的概括性和濃縮性，還要語(yǔ)言形象生動(dòng)，充滿活力，多用動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞。三、實(shí)例分析下面我們用實(shí)例來(lái)說(shuō)明每一種導(dǎo)語(yǔ)。1.直接式導(dǎo)語(yǔ)（Directlead）直接式導(dǎo)語(yǔ)也稱作概括性導(dǎo)語(yǔ)（Summarylead），是新聞報(bào)道寫作中最常用的、最普遍的一種形式，尤其適用于“倒金字塔”結(jié)構(gòu)的硬消息。其特點(diǎn)就是在第一段寫出導(dǎo)語(yǔ)的六個(gè)要素，即：5個(gè)W和一個(gè)H。當(dāng)然，在導(dǎo)語(yǔ)中有的記者回答全部六個(gè)問(wèn)題，有的只回答其中的部分問(wèn)題。Forinstance:(1)IsraellaunchedamajorgroundinvasionoftheGazaStriponSaturdaynight,movingintanks,infantry(步兵)andartillery(炮兵)unitsaftereightdaysofrelentlessairattacksfailedtohaltHamasrocketfire(火箭炮)fromthenarrowcoastalterritory.在這條導(dǎo)語(yǔ)中，記者回答了全部的6個(gè)問(wèn)題。Who：IsraelWhat:launchedamajorgroundinvasionWhen:onSaturdaynightWhere:theGazaStripWhy:tohaltHamasrocketfireHow:movingintanks,infantryandartilleryunits(2)Atleast1,000riotersclashedwiththepoliceonSundayinaregionalcapitalinwesternChinaafterdaysofrisingtensionsbetweenMuslimUyghursandHanChinese,accordingtowitnessesandphotographsoftheriot.在這條導(dǎo)語(yǔ)中，記者只回答了5個(gè)問(wèn)題。Who：atleast1,000riotersWhat:clashedwiththepoliceWhen:onSundayWhere:inaregionalcapitalinwesternChinaWhy:risingtensionsbetweenMuslimUighursandHanChinese2．描述式導(dǎo)語(yǔ)(Descriptivelead)描述式導(dǎo)語(yǔ)指報(bào)道的第一段描寫與新聞事件有關(guān)的某個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)，制造氣氛，烘托主題，確定基調(diào)，讓讀者身臨其境般地閱讀理解新聞報(bào)道。Forinstance:GUNSHOTS,carhornsandfirecrackersrangoutacrossthesnowystreetshereyesterdayasKosovodeclareditselfthenewestnationintheworld.在這條導(dǎo)語(yǔ)中，記者詳細(xì)地描述了人們鳴槍、放煙火、汽車?guó)Q笛的喜慶氛圍，以說(shuō)明人們對(duì)科索沃獨(dú)立的支持。3.對(duì)比式導(dǎo)語(yǔ)（Contrastlead）有時(shí)，一篇新聞報(bào)道要凸顯兩個(gè)極端的事實(shí)，過(guò)去和現(xiàn)在、大與小、好與壞、悲與喜等情形。這時(shí)就可以使用對(duì)比式導(dǎo)語(yǔ)，以突出新聞報(bào)道的主旨。Forinstance:Intwoelectionsthisweek,voterstossedincumbents(現(xiàn)任\在職官員)outofpower.Oneelectionmadebarelyarippleinternationally.Theotherbrokelikeatsunamiovertheentireworld.Theresponsetoeachvoteshouldteachusthedangerofpretendingthatelectionsalonecanmakedemocracyhappen.在這條導(dǎo)語(yǔ)中，作者對(duì)比了一周內(nèi)的兩次選舉。盡管兩次選舉都更換了現(xiàn)任領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人，但是一次選舉在國(guó)際上影響甚微，而另一次選舉則在全世界掀起了“海嘯”，影響巨大。4.引語(yǔ)式導(dǎo)語(yǔ)(Quotationlead)引語(yǔ)式導(dǎo)語(yǔ)主要是引用新聞報(bào)道中人物關(guān)鍵性的、或代表性的談會(huì)話，以增強(qiáng)報(bào)道的真實(shí)性、可信性或權(quán)威性。引語(yǔ)式導(dǎo)語(yǔ)又分為兩種：“完整引語(yǔ)式導(dǎo)語(yǔ)”（fullquotationlead）和“部分引語(yǔ)式導(dǎo)語(yǔ)”（partialquotationlead）Forinstance:1.“Wedidnotthink,even1percent,thatthecapturewouldleadtoawaratthistimeandofthismagnitude.Youaskme,ifIhadknownonJuly11...thattheoperationwouldleadtosuchawar,wouldIdoitIsayno,absolutelynot.”---HasanNasrallah,2.PresidentBushtoldIraq'sprimeministerandhiscabinetTuesdaythat"we'llkeepourcommitment"nottowithdrawtroopsfromthecountryuntilthenewgovernmentiscapableofdefendingitself.例一是“完整引語(yǔ)式導(dǎo)語(yǔ)”，例二是“部分引語(yǔ)式導(dǎo)語(yǔ)”。5.提問(wèn)式導(dǎo)語(yǔ)(QuestionLead)一般來(lái)說(shuō)，記者在新聞報(bào)道中是回答問(wèn)題而不是提出問(wèn)題。但是記者可以通過(guò)提問(wèn)題來(lái)推遲對(duì)問(wèn)題的回答。這樣可以引發(fā)讀者思考，激發(fā)讀者興趣，然后用事實(shí)回答問(wèn)題。Forinstance:WhokilledBenazirBhuttoDespiteformaladmissionofresponsibilitybyal-Qaeda,wemayneverknowforsure.Inonerecentconversationshetoldmethatshehad“solemnwarnings”fromadozengroupswhosawherasthemainobstacletotheirdreamoftransformingPakistanintoan“Islamicstate”,whateverthatmeans.6.多成分式導(dǎo)語(yǔ)(Multi-elementlead)多成分式導(dǎo)語(yǔ)是指一個(gè)導(dǎo)語(yǔ)中有多個(gè)價(jià)值相同，或重要性相同的新聞事實(shí)。接著后面的段落會(huì)提供每一個(gè)新聞事實(shí)的細(xì)節(jié)。Forinstance:InChicago,anambulancedriverrefusedtotransportapatientforanabortion.InCalifornia,fertilityspecialists(生育專家)rebuffed(斷然拒絕)agaywomanseekingartificialinsemination(人工授精).InTexas,apharmacistturnedawayarapevictimseekingthemorning-afterpill(緊急避孕藥).這條導(dǎo)語(yǔ)提供了三個(gè)價(jià)值相同的新聞事實(shí)。7.直呼式導(dǎo)語(yǔ)（Directaddresslead）直呼式導(dǎo)語(yǔ)也叫作“人稱式導(dǎo)語(yǔ)”（Personallead）是指記者以一種和讀者直接對(duì)話的方式，寫出的導(dǎo)語(yǔ)，這種導(dǎo)語(yǔ)縮短了記者和讀者之間的距離，令讀者有一種親切感。Forinstance：IfyouthoughttheDubaiportdealmarkedarecordhighinWashingtoncynicism,thinkagain.Nothingcanmatchthespectacleofpoliticiansscramblingforcover(“幌子”\“偽裝”)duringaspike(peak)ingasolineprices.Andthistimethepanderfest(拉攏人心，拉攏選民,拉票戰(zhàn))hasgoneallthewaytotheOvalOffice(美國(guó)白宮內(nèi)總統(tǒng)的辦公室).PresidentBushhasjoinedthebraying(粗聲粗氣地講話或大笑）congressionalhordesbyorderingtheEnergyandJusticedepartmentsandtheFederalTradeCommissiontolaunchaninvestigationintopossiblegasolinepricefixing.8.空洞式導(dǎo)語(yǔ)（Punchlead）空洞式導(dǎo)語(yǔ)是指泛泛介紹一種情況而不具體說(shuō)明人物、事件、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)，即：毫無(wú)實(shí)質(zhì)內(nèi)容的導(dǎo)語(yǔ)。它只起到一種“引出話題”或“鋪路”的作用。后面的第二段或第三短才提供具體的細(xì)節(jié)。這種導(dǎo)語(yǔ)在二次大戰(zhàn)以后曾非常流行，很多報(bào)紙上的所有報(bào)道幾乎都用空洞式導(dǎo)語(yǔ)。Forinstance：AseniorCIAofficial,meetingwithSenatestaffinasecureroomoftheCapitollastJune,promisedrepeatedlythattheagencydidnotviolateorseektoviolateaninternationaltreatythatbarscruel,inhumaneordegradingtreatmentofdetainees,duringinterrogationsitconductedintheMiddleEastandelsewhere.ButanotherCIAofficer--theagency'sdeputyinspectorgeneral,whoforthepreviousyearhadbeenprobingallegationsofcriminalmistreatmentbytheCIAanditscontractorsinIraqandAfghanistan--wasstartledtohearwhatsheconsideredanoutrightfalsehood,accordingtopeoplefamiliarwithheraccount.ItcameduringthediscussionoflegislationthatwouldconstraintheCIA'sinterrogations.這是一條典型的空洞式導(dǎo)語(yǔ)，兩段里只泛泛地介紹了兩位CIA官員，具體是誰(shuí)全然不知。后面第三段才作了詳細(xì)的交代。9.華爾街日?qǐng)?bào)式導(dǎo)語(yǔ)（WallStreetJournallead）這種導(dǎo)語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)就是第一段先給出一個(gè)典型的例子，由該例子引出一個(gè)更大的，普遍性的問(wèn)題或事件，接著是問(wèn)題或事件所帶來(lái)的后果，最后提出解決方法。Forinstance：GregHayworth,44,madeagoodlivinginhishomestate,California,fromrealestateandmortgagefinance(按揭貸款；抵押融資).Thenthatbusinesscrashed,andearlylastyearthebankforeclosed(取消抵押品的贖回權(quán))onthehousehisfamilywasrenting,forcingtheireviction(（租地，租房等的）收回;被逐出).NowtheHayworthsandtheirthreechildrenrepresentanewfaceofhomelessnessinOrangeCounty:formerlymiddleincome,livingweektoweekinacrampedmotelroom.這條導(dǎo)語(yǔ)以GregHayworth一家為例說(shuō)明美國(guó)次貸危機(jī)導(dǎo)致很多家庭被迫搬出沒(méi)有還清房款的房子，住進(jìn)條件極差的汽車旅館這一普遍問(wèn)題。10.懸念式導(dǎo)語(yǔ)（Suspended–interestLead）懸念式導(dǎo)語(yǔ)是指記者在導(dǎo)語(yǔ)中給讀者提供新聞事件的一點(diǎn)驚人的或戲劇性的細(xì)節(jié)，制造懸念，以吸引讀者繼續(xù)讀下去。Forinstance:Thehistoryofrecenttrademeetings—fromSeattletoDohatoCancuntoHongKong—showsthatsomethingiswrongwiththeglobaltradingsystem.Behindthediscontent(不滿)arefactsandtheories.這條導(dǎo)語(yǔ)的最后一句話Behindthediscontentarefactsandtheories制造了一個(gè)很好的懸念，讀者不禁要問(wèn)：什么事實(shí)什么理論Exercise:Readthefollowingnewsleadsandfindoutasmanyelementsaspossibleineachofthem.1.BEIJING(AP)----ChinasuspendedmilitaryexchangeswiththeUnitedStatesandthreatenedsanctionsagainstAmericandefensecompaniesSaturday,justhoursafterWashingtonannounced$billioninplannedarmssalestoTaiwan.Who:What:Where:When:Why:How:2.URUMQI----Atleast140peoplewerekilledand828othersinjuredinriotsthateruptedinthecapitaloftheXinjiangUygurautonomousregiononSundaynight,officialssaidMonday.Who:What:Where:When:Why:How3.NEWYORK(AFP)---–OilpricespostedamodestriseMonday,trackingaWallStreetstockreboundandamidgeopoliticalconcernsaskeyproducerIrantest-firedmissilesaheadoftalksoveritsatomicprogram.Who:What:Where:When:Why:How:4.NEWYORK----AtorrentialdownpoursentwatersurgingthroughNewYork'ssubwaysystemandhighwaytunnelsandacrossairportrunwaysWednesday,leavingthousandsofcommutersstrandedandonebigquestion:Howcould3inchesofrainbringthenation'slargestmasstransitsystemtoahaltWho:What:Where:When:Why:How:5.SHANGHAI----Torrentialrainsthathavecausedsomeoftheworstfloodingin50yearsandkilledscoresofpeoplecontinuedtobatterahugeswathofsouthernChinaonTuesdaynearoneofthebiggestmanufacturingzonesinthecountry.Who:What:Where:When:Why:How:6.EDINBURGH,Scotland----S