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書山有路勤為徑,學(xué)海無涯苦作舟!住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-云南師范大學(xué)文理學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解(圖片大小可自由調(diào)整)全文為Word可編輯,若為PDF皆為盜版,請謹慎購買!第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共100題)1.翻譯題

在網(wǎng)上購物尚未走俏的時候,在空調(diào)、個人計算機、視頻游戲、英特網(wǎng)、手機、克隆技術(shù)、基因工程,以及其他一堆使這個人造世界越發(fā)誘人的發(fā)明出現(xiàn)之前,有人就表現(xiàn)出了憂慮。人造世界是為我們而建造的。它用美味佳肴供我們充饑,用精神糧食滋養(yǎng)我們的心靈。它給我們提供庇護,不受疾患和不適的侵害。它告知天下我們是如何聰穎;它滿足了我們的虛榮,蜷縮在由鋼鐵和混凝土,硅以及塑料構(gòu)筑的泡沫世界里,我們可以假裝在駕馭這個星球。

與之形成鮮明對照的是,自然世界的產(chǎn)生不是為了我們的舒適和方便。它在數(shù)十億年前就存在了,而人類的誕生則是在數(shù)十億年之后的事,但自然界的壽命卻要比人類更長久。自然界嘲笑我們的虛榮,因為它超越了我們對它的理解和控制。

【答案】【參考譯文】Somepeoplevoicedtheseworriesbeforethetriumphofonlineshoppingandbeforetheadventofair-conditioning,personalcomputers,videogames,theInternet,cellphones,cloningtechnology,geneticengineeringandaslewofotherinventionsthathavemadetheartificialworldevermoreseductive.Theartificialworldismadeforus.Itfeedsourbelliesandmindswithtastypabulum;itsheltersusfromdiscomfortandsickness;itproclaimsouringenuity;itflattersourpride.Snuginsidebubblesfashionedfromconcreteandsteel,fromsiliconandplasticandwords,wecanpretendwearerunningtheplanet.

Bycontrast,thenaturalworldwasnotmadeforourcomfortorconvenience.Itprecedesusbysomebillionsofyears,andhumanbeingcomesintobeingbillionsofyearslater,butthenaturalworldwilloutlastus;itmocksourpride,becauseitsurpassesourunderstandingandcontrol.

2.單選題

Thepolicehaddifficultyin_____thefansfromrushingontothestagetotakephotoswiththesinger.

問題1選項

A.limiting

B.restraining

C.confining

D.restricting

【答案】B

【解析】考查詞義辨析。limit限制,限定;restrain抑制,控制,制止;confine限制,禁閉;restrict限制,約束,限定。Restrict一般指限制某物的大小、數(shù)量等;limit一般指空間、時間或數(shù)量的極限;confine側(cè)重于不可逾越的限制,比如束縛、囚禁。restrain指阻止,抑制,通常與from搭配,指阻止某人做某事。句意:警察很難阻止歌迷們沖上臺與歌手合影。所以選項B更符合本句語境。

3.單選題

I’msurprisedatthere()anindex.

問題1選項

A.nottobe

B.tobenot

C.notbeing

D.beingnot

【答案】C

【解析】這是there?be非限定形式作介詞補足語,通常用?-ing形式。如果是否定形式,那么否定詞not應(yīng)放在非限定形式前面。注意,there?be作介詞for的補足語時,常用there?to?be形式。

4.單選題

Fearanditscompanionpainaretwoofthemostusefulthingsthatmenandanimalspossess,iftheyareproperlyused.Iffiredidnothurtwhenitburnt,childrenwouldplayituntiltheirhandswereburntaway.Similarly,ifpainexistedbutfeardidnot,achildwouldburnitselfagainandagain,becausefearwouldnotwarnittokeepawayfromthefirethathadburnthimorherbefore.Areallyfearlesssoldierandsomedoexist——isnotagoodsoldierbecauseheissoonkilled;andadeadsoldierisofnousetohisarmy.Fearandpainarethereforetwoguardswithoutwhichmenandanimalsmightsoondieout.

Inourfirstsentencewesuggestedthatfearoughttobeproperlyused.If,forexample,younevergooutofyourhousebecauseofthedangerofbeingknockeddownandkilledinthestreetbyacar,youarelettingfearruleyoutoomuch.Eveninyourhouseyouarenotabsolutelysafe;anairplanemycrashonyourhouse,orantsmayearawaysomeofthebeamsinyourroofsothatthelatterfallsonyou,oryoumaygetcancer!

Theimportantthingsarenottoletfearruleyou,butinsteadtousefearasyourservantandguide.Fearwillwarmyouofdangers;thenyouhavetodecidewhatactiontotake.Inmanycases,youcantakequickandsuccessfulactiontoavoidthedanger.Forexample,youseeacarcomingstraighttowardsyou;fearwarnsyou;youjumpoutoftheway,andalliswell.

Insomecases,however,youdecidethatthereisnothingthatyoucandotoavoidthedanger.Forexample,youcannotpreventanairplanecrashingontoyourhouse.Inthiscase,fearhasgivenyouitswarning;youhaveexamineditanddecidedonyourcourseofaction,sofearofthisparticulardangerisnolongerofanyusetoyou,andyouhavetotrytoovercomeit.

1.Childrenwouldplaywithfireuntiltheirhandswereburntawayif().

2.Areallyfearlesssoldier()..

3.Fearshouldbeusedproperlybecause().

4.Peoplesometimessucceedintimelyavoidingdangerbecause().

5.Whichofthefollowingstatementsisimpliedbutnotstated?

問題1選項

A.theyweregivennowarningbeforehand

B.theyhadneverburntthemselves

C.theyhadnosenseofpain

D.theywerefearfulofthefire

問題2選項

A.isoflittleusetothearmy

B.iswithoutequal

C.isnothingbutadeadsoldier

D.easilygetskilledinabattle

問題3選項

A.anairplanemaycrashonyourhouse

B.youmaygetcancer

C.fearcanonlybeusedasaservantandguide

D.menarenowlettingfearrulethemtoomuch

問題4選項

A.theyhavegainedexperience

B.theyjumpoutofthewayintime

C.theyarecalminfaceofdanger

D.theyarewarnedofthedangerandcantakequickaction

問題5選項

A.Fearisalwayssomethinghelpful

B.Toomuchfearisharmful.

C.Fearoughttobeusedasservantandguide.

D.Fearissomethingunprofitable.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:D

第3題:D

第4題:D

第5題:B

【解析】1.細節(jié)事實題。題干意為:什么情況下,孩子們會玩火直到手被燒掉?第一段指出:Iffiredidnothurtwhenitburnt,childrenwouldplayituntiltheirhandswereburntaway(如果火在燃燒時,沒有受傷,小孩子會玩火,直到手被燒掉)。因此,在“沒有受傷”即“他們沒有疼痛感”的情況下,小孩子會玩火直到手被燒掉。因此C項正確。

2.細節(jié)事實題。題干為:真正無畏的戰(zhàn)士是怎么樣的?根據(jù)題干定位至第一段:Areallyfearlesssoldierandsomedoexist——isnotagoodsoldierbecauseheissoonkilled;andadeadsoldierisofnousetohisarmy(真正無畏的戰(zhàn)士確實有些存在——不一定是好戰(zhàn)士,因為他很快被殺掉;逝去的戰(zhàn)士對于軍隊是無濟于事的)。對比四個選項,D項“在戰(zhàn)場上容易被殺”正確。

3.細節(jié)事實題。題干為:為什么恐懼應(yīng)該被恰當使用?第二段指出:如果因為擔心被車撞倒或撞死而不出門,那么,恐懼就過分統(tǒng)治了你。因為,即使在家里,也不絕對安全,可能飛機會撞毀你的房屋,可能你會得癌癥等。因此D選項“現(xiàn)在人們被恐懼過分控制了”正確。

4.細節(jié)事實題。題干為:人們有時會及時避開危險,是因為什么?第三段指出:Fearwillwarmyouofdangers;thenyouhavetodecidewhatactiontotake(恐懼會警告你處于危險中,然后你得決定采取何種措施)。Inmanycases,youcantakequickandsuccessfulactiontoavoidthedanger(有些情況下,你可以采取迅速而且成功的措施以避開危險)。因此“他們被警告處于危險中,并能采取緊急措施”正確。

5.判斷推理題。題干意為:下列哪項是從文中暗示得出而不是直接陳述出來的?A:恐懼總是有幫助的。B:過分的恐懼有害。C:恐懼應(yīng)該被利用為仆人所知道。D:恐懼是無益的。文章提倡要恰當使用恐懼,這樣它就會對我們有用,但是,不要讓恐懼過分地統(tǒng)治我們。因此,A選項跟D選項過于絕對。C項已經(jīng)在第三段明確提出。B項可以被推斷出,而且正確。

5.單選題

Thesevariedracialgroupshavelearnedtolivetogetherinpeaceand(

),settinganexamplewellworthfollowing.

問題1選項

A.harmony

B.grace

C.rhythm

D.relief

【答案】A

【解析】考查固定搭配。harmony和睦,融洽;grace優(yōu)雅;rhythm節(jié)奏,韻律;relief救濟,減輕;peaceandharmony和諧和平,是固定搭配。句意:這些不同的種族群體已學(xué)會和平共處地生活在一起,樹立了值得學(xué)習(xí)的榜樣。答案A

6.單選題

Youcan'tcountonhim;he'sliableto____________outwhenthingsbecomedifficult.

問題1選項

A.be

B.let

C.take

D.opt

【答案】D

【解析】考查詞組辨析。beout“不在家”;letout“泄露”;takeout“取出”;optout“變卦”。句意:你不能指望他,如果事情變得復(fù)雜,他有可能會變卦。選項D符合題意。

7.單選題

Questions16to18arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustheard.

問題1選項

A.TheyarepartoftheChristiantradition.

B.TheyaretheoldestbuildingsinEurope.

C.Theyareinworseningcondition.

D.Theyarerenovatedtoattracttourists.

問題2選項

A.Theyconsistofseveralstoreys.

B.Theyarewithoutfoundations.

C.Theyare40metrestallonaverage.

D.Theyhaveahistoryof14centuries.

問題3選項

A.Woodenbuildingskeptthecoldout.

B.Woodwasharmoniouswithnature.

C.TimberwasabundantinScandinavia.

D.TheVikingslikedwoodenstructures.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:C

【解析】RecordingOne

Datingfromasfarbackasthe12thcentury,theyareclaimedtobetheraresthistoricbuildingsinwesternEurope.ThesebuildingsoffervitalinsightsintoScandinavia’sVikingpast.Butnow,[16]withonly30woodenchurchesremainingandtheirconditiondeteriorating,expertsareworkingtopreservethestructuresforfuturegenerations.

Someofthesespectacularchurchesarenomorethansmallbuildings,barelyfourmeterswideandsixmeterstall.Othersaremuchlargerstructures.Theysoarupto40metersintothecoldair.Mostconsistoftimberframesthatrestonstoneblocks.[17]Thismeansthattheyhavenofoundations.Althoughmanyofthechurchesappearfromtheoutsidetobecomplexstructures,theynormallyfeatureonlyasinglestoreybutnumerousdifferentrooflevels.

StafffromtheNorwegiangovernmenthavecarriedoutconservationworkon10ofthechurchesoverthepasttwoyears.Mostofthesechurchesdatefrombetweenthe12thand14thcenturies.Otherchurcheswereconservedinpreviousyears.Sofar,specialistshaveworkedtoaddpreservativematerialstothechurches,exteriors.Theyalsoreplacedrottingrootsandhaltedthesinkingofthechurchesintotheground.

Intwocases,hugemachineshavebeenusedtoliftthebuildingsupto30centimetersintotheair.Thiswasaccomplishedsothattheteamcouldexamineandrepairthechurches,originalmedievalstoneblocks.Theteamplanstoreturntoaroundadozenofthebuildingstoassessprogressandconsiderfurtheraction.

Theearliestfree-standingwoodenchurchwasprobablybuiltinNorwayinaround1080.However,thelargestknownwoodenchurcheswerebuiltfromthe1130sonwards.Thisperiodwasoneofinter-eliterivalryinwhichnoblessoughttoincreasetheirinfluencebyfundingtheconstructionofchurchesandotherbuildings.

[18]ThereasonforconstructingthebuildingsfromwoodisprobablythatideallyproportionedstraightandslendertimberwasavailableinlargequantitiesinScandinavia’svastpineforests.Aswoodwassoplentiful,itwascheapertousethanthestoneusedinthebuildingsofotherEuropeancultures.

Thearea’sship-buildingtradition,partlyestablishedbytheVikings,alsomeantthatsophisticatedcarpentrywasamajoraspectofthelocalculture.Thecomplexstyleofthemedievalwoodenchurchcarvings,andtheskillsusedtomakethem,almostcertainlyderivefromtheancientVikingtradition.

16.WhatdoesthespeakersayabouttheVikingwoodenchurches?

【試題答案】C

【試題解析】題目問的是關(guān)于維京人木制教堂的信息。錄音開頭提到,現(xiàn)在只剩下30座維京人的木制教堂,而且它們的狀況正在惡化(theirconditiondeteriorating)。C選項是對錄音原文的同義替換,因此正確。A選項“它們是基督教傳統(tǒng)的一部分”和D選項“為了吸引游客”在錄音中均沒有提及;B選項“它們是歐洲最古老的建筑”,錄音開頭提到,它們被認為是西歐最稀有的歷史建筑,并沒有說是最古老的,因此不正確。

17.WhatisspecialaboutmostoftheVikingwoodenchurches?

【試題答案】B

【試題解析】題目問維京人的木制教堂有什么特別之處?錄音提到,大多數(shù)教堂由靠在石塊上的木架組成,這意味著它們沒有地基(theyhavenofoundations),這和一般的建筑不同,也就是說,沒有地基就是它們的特別之處,因此B選項正確。A選項“它們由幾層樓組成”,錄音中提到維京人的木制教堂通常只有一層,因此A選項可排除。C選項“它們平均有40米高”,錄音只是說有些教堂能高聳至40米,并不是說它們平均有40米高,因此C選項也可排除;D選項“它們有14個世紀的歷史”,錄音提到的是這些教堂大多建于12至14世紀,D選項與錄音表述不符,因此不正確。

18.WhyweretheVikingchurchesconstructedfromwood?

【試題答案】C

【試題解析】題目問為什么維京人的教堂是木制的?錄音后面提到,用木材建造建筑的原因可能是,在斯堪的納維亞廣袤的松林中可以獲得大量筆直細長的木材,C選項“斯堪的納維亞木材豐富”與此信息為同義表述,因此正確。A選項“木制建筑可以御寒”;B選項“木材與自然搭配和諧”以及D選項“維京人喜歡木制建筑”均不是用木材建造建筑的原因,因此可排除。

8.單選題

Youdidn’tputonmoreclothes;otherwiseyou(

)cold.

問題1選項

A.wouldn’thavecaught

B.wouldn’tcatch

C.can’tcatch

D.can’thavecaught

【答案】A

【解析】考查虛擬語氣。otherwise表示“否則,要不然”時,其后的句子是否用虛擬語氣。由Youdidn’tputonmoreclothes可知此處是對過去的虛擬,故空格處用過去完成時,因此選A。句意:你沒有多穿衣服,否則就不會感冒了。

9.單選題

Crushediceisoftenappliedtoinjuries________thereisswelling,toremoveexcessheatgeneratedinthetissues.

問題1選項

A.inthat

B.forthat

C.where

D.which

【答案】C

【解析】考查定語從句。句意:碎冰通常用于腫脹的傷口,以清除組織中產(chǎn)生的多余熱量。從句意來看,從句是為了修飾injuries“傷口”這個名詞,所以后面是定語從句。定語從句中that前面不能接介詞,所以排除A,B;which引導(dǎo)定語從句時,先行詞在從句中作主語,賓語或者表語,而從句不缺成分,所以排除D,答案選C。

10.單選題

Withsomuchfocusonchildren'suseofscreens,it'seasyforparentstoforgetabouttheirownscreenuse.“Techisdesignedtoreallysuckonyouin,”saysJennyRadeskyinherstudyofdigitalplay,"anddigitalproductsaretheretopromotemaximalengagement.Itmakesithardtodisengage,andleadstoalotofbleed-overintothefamilyroutine."

Radeskyhasstudiedtheuseofmobilephonesandtabletsatmealtimesbygivingmother-childpairsafood-testingexercise.Shefoundthatmotherswhouseddevicesduringtheexercisestarted20percentfewerverbaland39percentfewernonverbalinteractionswiththeirchildren.Duringaseparateobservation,shesawthatphonesbecameasourceoftensioninthefamily.Parentswouldbelookingattheiremailswhilethechildrenwouldbemakingexcitedbidsfortheirattention.

Infantsarewiredtolookatparents'facestotrytounderstandtheirworld,andifthosefacesareblankandunresponsive-astheyoftenarewhenabsorbedinadevice-itcanbeextremelydisconcertingforthechildren.Radeskycitesthe"stillfaceexperiment"devisedbydevelopmentalpsychologistEdTronickinthe1970s.Init,amotherisaskedtointeractwithherchildinanormalwaybeforeputtingonablankexpressionandnotgivingthemanyvisualsocialfeedback:Thechildbecomesincreasinglydistressedasshetriestocapturehermother’sattention."Parentsdon’thavetobeexquisitelypresentatalltimes,butthereneedstobeabalanceandparentsneedtoberesponsiveandsensitivetoachild'sverbalornonverbalexpressionsofanemotionalneed,"saysRadesky.

Ontheotherhand,Tronickhimselfisconcernedthattheworriesaboutkids'useofscreensarebomoutofan"oppressiveideologythatdemandsthatparentsshouldalwaysbeinteracting"withtheirchildren:"It’sbasedonasomewhatfantasized,verywhite,veryupper-middle-classideologythatsaysifyou’refailingtoexposeyourchildto30,000wordsyouareneglectingthem."Tronickbelievesthatjustbecauseachildisn'tlearningfromthescreendoesn'tmeanthere’snovaluetoit-particularlyifitgivesparentstimetohaveashower,dohouseworkorsimplyhaveabreakfromtheirchild.Parents,hesays,cangetalotoutofusingtheirdevicestospeaktoafriendorgetsomeworkoutoftheway.Thiscanmakethemfeelhappier,whichletsthembemoreavailabletotheirchildtherestofthetime.

1.Radeskycitesthe"stillfaceexperiment"toshowthat(

).

2.TheoppressiveideologymentionedbyTronickrequiresparentsto

).

3.AccordingtoTronick,kid'suseofscreensmay(

).

問題1選項

A.itiseasyforchildrentogetusedtoblankexpressions

B.verbalexpressionsareunnecessaryforemotionalexchange

C.childrenareinsensitivetochangesintheirparents'mood

D.parentsneedtorespondtochildren'semotionalneeds

問題2選項

A.protectkidsfromexposuretowildfantasies

B.teachtheirkidsatleast30,000wordsayear

C.ensureconstantinteractionwiththeirchildren

D.remainconcernedaboutkid'suseofscreens

問題3選項

A.givetheirparentssomefreetime

B.maketheirparentsmorecreative

C.helpthemwiththeirhomework

D.helpthembecomemoreattentive

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:A

【解析】1.推理判斷題。題目提問‘Radesky引用“靜態(tài)面部實驗”來證明什么?’根據(jù)文章第三段第一句‘Infantsarewiredtolookatparents'facestotrytounderstandtheirworld,andifthosefacesareblankandunresponsive-astheyoftenarewhenabsorbedinadevice-itcanbeextremelydisconcertingforthechildren.嬰兒很容易通過看父母的臉來試圖理解他們的世界,如果這些臉是空白的、沒有反應(yīng)的——就像他們沉浸在一個設(shè)備里時經(jīng)常做的那樣——這對孩子來說是非常令人不安的?!妥詈笠痪洹癙arentsdon’thavetobeexquisitelypresentatalltimes,butthereneedstobeabalanceandparentsneedtoberesponsiveandsensitivetoachild’sverbalornonverbalexpressionsofanemotionalneed.父母不必時時刻刻都在身邊,但需要有一個平衡,父母需要對孩子的情感需求的語言或非語言表達做出反應(yīng)和敏感。”確定實驗是為了證明D選項“父母需要回應(yīng)孩子的情感需求”。

2.細節(jié)事實題。題目提問‘特羅尼克提到的壓迫性意識形態(tài)要求父母干什么?’根據(jù)文章最后一段中“an‘oppressiveideologythatdemandsthatparentsshouldalwaysbeinteracting’withtheirchildren.“壓迫性的意識形態(tài)”要求父母應(yīng)該始終與孩子互動?!贝_定C選項“確保與孩子不斷的互動”正確。

3.推理判斷題。題目提問‘據(jù)特洛尼克說,孩子們使用屏幕可能會怎樣?’根據(jù)最后一段中“Tronickbelievesthatjustbecauseachildisn'tlearningfromthescreendoesn'tmeanthere’snovaluetoit-particularlyifitgivesparentstimetohaveashower,dohouseworkorsimplyhaveabreakfromtheirchild.特羅尼克認為,孩子沒有從屏幕上學(xué)習(xí)并不意味它沒有價值,特別是如果父母有時間洗澡、做家務(wù)或者僅僅是因不用照顧小孩而可以休息一下。Parents,hesays,cangetalotoutofusingtheirdevicestospeaktoafriendorgetsomeworkoutoftheway.Thiscanmakethemfeelhappier,whichletsthembemoreavailabletotheirchildtherestofthetime.他說,父母可以通過使用他們的設(shè)備和朋友交談或做些工作以獲得很多好處。這會讓他們感到更快樂,這會讓他們在其他的時間里更容易接觸到自己的孩子?!笨芍?,孩子使用屏幕可以讓父母有更多時間去做別的事情,所以A選項“給父母更多自由時間”正確。

11.單選題

Butagingdoesnothavetotakeatollonceitdidonherfaceandbody.Therearenowmanysolutionsavailabletoaidwomenintheirquestfortheirlonglastinghealthandbeauty.

問題1選項

A.takeover

B.composeof

C.slowdown

D.haveanegativeeffect

【答案】D

【解析】考查詞組。A選項takeover“接管;接收”;B選項composeof“由……組成”;C選項slowdown“減速,放慢速度;使……慢下來”;D選項haveanegativeeffect“產(chǎn)生負面影響”。句意:不過,一旦衰老對她的臉和身體造成了影響,就不必為此付出代價?,F(xiàn)在有很多方法可以幫助女性追求持久的健康和美麗。結(jié)合此處關(guān)鍵詞takeatoll“產(chǎn)生負面影響;造成損失;產(chǎn)生嚴重的不良影響”,得知D選項正確。

12.翻譯題

Inordertocontrolandreduceenvironmentalpollutioncausedbydiscardedwasteelectronicinformationproducts,saveresourcesandpromotesustainabledevelopmentoftheelectronicinformationindustry,accordingtotheprovisionoftheAdministrationontheControlofPollutionCausedbyElectronicInformationProducts,theelectronicinformationproductssoldinthemarketwithintheterritoryofChinashallsatisfywiththefollowingrequirements:theenvironmentalprotectionmaterials,technologiesandprocessesshallbeintroducedaccordingtotheNationalStandardsorsectoralstandards;thesafe-uselife,namesandcontentsoftoxicandharmfulsubstancescontainedthereinandrecoverymarksshallbeclearlyindicatedontheproducts;non-toxic,harmless,readilydegradableandrecyclablematerialsshallbeusedasthepackagingmaterials,andthematerialsingredientsofthepackagingshallbeclearlymarked.

TranslatethefollowingparagraphsintoChinese

【答案】為了控制和減少由電子產(chǎn)品廢棄物造成的環(huán)境污染,節(jié)約資源,推動電子產(chǎn)業(yè)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展,根據(jù)《電子信息產(chǎn)品污染控制管理辦法》的規(guī)定,在中國市場銷售的電子產(chǎn)品應(yīng)該滿足以下要求:引進的環(huán)境保護材料、技術(shù)和加工方法應(yīng)該按照國家或行業(yè)標準;產(chǎn)品應(yīng)該清晰標明產(chǎn)品有毒有害物質(zhì)的安全使用壽命、名稱和內(nèi)容以及回收標志;包裝材料應(yīng)使用無毒無害、易于降解和可再生材料,其材料成分也要清楚標示。

13.單選題

Traditionally,thestudyofhistoryhashadfixedboundariesandfocalpoints—periods,countries,dramaticevents,andgreatleaders.Italsohashadclearandfirmnotionsofscholarlyprocedure:howoneinquiresintoahistoricalproblem,howonepresentsanddocumentsone’sfindings,whatconstitutesadmissibleandadequateproof.

Anyonewhohasfollowedrecenthistoricalliteraturecantestifytotherevolutionthatistakingplaceinhistoricalstudies.Thecurrentlyfashionablesubjectscomedirectlyfromthesociologycatalog:childhood,work,leisure.Thenewsubjectsareaccompaniedbynewmethods.Wherehistoryoncewasprimarilynarrative,itisnowentirelyanalytic.Theoldquestions“Whathappened?”and“Howdidithappen?”havegivewaytothequestion“whydidithappen?”Prominentamongthemethodsusedtoanswerthequestion“Why”ispsychoanalysis,anditsusehasgivenrisetopsychohistory.

Psychohistorydoesnotmerelyusepsychologicalexplanationsinhistoricalcontexts.Historianshavealwaysusedsuchexplanationswhentheywereappropriateandwhentherewassufficientevidenceforthem.Butthispragmaticuseofpsychologyisnotwhatpsychohistoriansintend.Theyarecommitted,notjusttopsychologyingeneral,buttoFreudianpsychoanalysis.Thiscommitmentprecludesacommitmenttohistoryashistorianshavealwaysunderstoodit.Psychohistoryderivesits“facts”notfromhistory,thedetailedrecordsofeventsandtheirconsequences,butfromaviewofhumannaturethattranscendshistory.Itdeniesthebasiccriterionofhistoricalevidence:thatevidencebepubliclyaccessibleto,andthereforeassessableby,allhistorians.Anditviolatesthebasictenetofhistoricalmethod:thathistoriansbealerttothenegativeinstancesthatwouldrefutetheirtheses.Psychohistorians,convincedoftheabsoluterightnessoftheirowntheories,arealsoconvincedthattheirsisthe“deepest”explanationofanyeventandthatotherexplanationsfallshortofthetruth.

Psychohistoryisnotcontenttoviolatethedisciplineofhistory(inthesenseofthepropermodeofstudyingandwritingaboutthepast);italsoviolatesthepastitself.Itdeniestothepastanintegrityandwillofitsown,inwhichpeopleactedoutofavarietyofmotivesandinwhicheventshadamultiplicityofcausesandeffects.Itimposesuponthepastthesamedeterminationthatitimposesuponthepresent,thusrobbingpeopleandeventsoftheirindividualityandoftheircomplexity.Insteadofrespectingtheparticularityofthepast,itassimilatesallevents,pastandpresent,intoasingledeterministicschemathatispresumedtobetrueatalltimesandinallcircumstances.

17.Whichofthefollowingbeststatesthemainpointofthepassage?

18.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatonewayinwhichtraditionalhistorycanbedistinguishedfrompsychohistoryisthattraditionalhistoryusually____________.

19.Thepassagesuppliesinformationforansweringwhichofthefollowingquestions?

20.Theauthorofthepassageputstheword“deepest”inPara.3inquotationmarksmostprobablyinorderto____________.

問題1選項

A.Theapproachofpsychohistorianstohistoricalstudyiscurrentlyinvogueeventhoughitlackstherigorandverifiabilityoftraditionalhistoricalmethod

B.Traditionalhistorianscanbenefitfromstudyingthetechniquesandfindingsofpsychohistorians.

C.Historyiscomposedofuniqueandnon-repeatingeventsthatmustbeindividuallyanalyzedonthebasisofpubliclyverifiableevidence

D.Thepsychologicalassessmentofanindividual’sbehaviorandattitudesismoreinformativethanthedetailsofhisorherdailylife

問題2選項

A.reliesonasingleinterpretationofhumanbehaviortoexplainhistoricalevents

B.interpretshistoricaleventsinsuchawaythattheirspecificnatureistranscended

C.viewspasteventsascomplexandhavingtheirownindividuality

D.turnstopsychologicalexplanationsinhistoricalcontextstoaccountforevents

問題3選項

A.Whataresomespecificexamplesoftheuseofpsychohistoryinhistoricalinterpretation?

B.Whendotraditionalhistoriansconsiderpsychologicalexplanationsofhistoricaldevelopmentsappropriate?

C.Whatsortofhistoricalfigureisbestsuitedforpsychologicalanalysis?

D.Whatisthebasiccriterionofhistoricalevidencerequiredbytraditionalhistorians?

問題4選項

A.drawattentiontoacontradictioninthepsychohistorians’method

B.signalherreservationsabouttheaccuracyofpsychohistorians’claimfortheirwork

C.emphasizethemajordifferencebetweenthetraditionalhistorians’methodandthatofpsychohistorians

D.questiontheusefulnessofpsychohistorians’insightsintotraditionalhistoricalscholarship

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:B

【解析】17.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】主旨大意題。第一段提出“歷史研究在傳統(tǒng)上的特點”;第二段講“現(xiàn)代歷史研究的特點和它與傳統(tǒng)歷史研究的不同點導(dǎo)致了心理歷史學(xué)的出現(xiàn),談及心理歷史學(xué)的流行性”;第三段與第四段講“心理歷史學(xué)研究的特點與相比傳統(tǒng)歷史研究的不足”。因此,總的來說,文章談及“心理歷史學(xué)家研究歷史的方式很流行,但是,相比傳統(tǒng)歷史研究,心理歷史研究有些不足”因此A選項“雖然缺乏傳統(tǒng)歷史研究方式的精確性和嚴密性,但是心理歷史學(xué)家研究歷史的方式很流行”正確,符合題意。B選項“傳統(tǒng)歷史學(xué)家可以從研究心理歷史學(xué)的方法和發(fā)現(xiàn)中獲得幫助”,C選項“歷史是由唯一的且不可重復(fù)性的事件構(gòu)成,并且這些事件須在公開可驗證的證據(jù)基礎(chǔ)上進行單獨分析”,D選項“對個人的行為和態(tài)度的心理評估比其日常生活的細節(jié)涵蓋的信息量更大”均未在文中提及,可排除。故選A。

18.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】推理判斷題。定位到最后一段中談及心理歷史學(xué)的不足。Itimposesuponthepastthesamedeterminismthatitimposesuponthepresent,thusrobbingpeopleandeventsoftheirindividualityandoftheircomplexity.(它把決定當前情況的決定論強加給過去,這就剝奪了人和事件的獨特性和復(fù)雜性。)Insteadofrespectingtheparticularityofthepast,itassimilatesallevents,pastandpresent,intoasingledeterministicschemathatispresumedtobetrueatalltimesandinallcircumstances.(它不是尊重過去的特殊性,而是把過去和現(xiàn)在的所有事件都吸收到一個單一的決定論模式中,假設(shè)這個模式在任意時間和任意環(huán)境中都是正確的。)由此可以推論出傳統(tǒng)歷史的特點是認為過去事件復(fù)雜且有各自個性。因此C選項“認為過去的事件是復(fù)雜的,有自己的個性”正確,符合題意。由第一段Traditionally,thestudyofhistoryhashadfixedboundariesandfocalpoints—periods,countries,dramaticevents,andgreatleaders.(按傳統(tǒng)來說,歷史研究的邊界已固定,側(cè)重于時代,國家,大事件和重要領(lǐng)袖)可知A選項“依賴對人行為的單一解釋來解釋歷史事件”與原文不符,可排除。定位在第三段Psychohistoryderivesits“facts”notfromhistory,thedetailedrecordsofeventsandtheirconsequences,butfromaviewofhumannaturethattranscendshistory.(心理歷史學(xué)不從歷史中尋找“事實”,(比如)對歷史事件及其影響的詳實完備的記錄,而來自對創(chuàng)造歷史的個體的精神分析,不從他們一生中的具體事件推導(dǎo)觀點,而是來自超越歷史的人性觀。)可知,B選項“以超越歷史事件的特定本質(zhì)的方式來解釋歷史事件”屬于現(xiàn)代心理歷史學(xué)研究的特點,可排除。由第三段第一與第二句Psychohistorydoesnotmerelyusepsychologicalexplanationsinhistoricalcontexts.Historianshavealwaysusedsuchexplanationswhentheywereappropriateandwhentherewassufficientevidenceforthem.(心理史學(xué)不只是在歷史背景下使用心理學(xué)解釋。歷史學(xué)家總是在合適的時候和有足夠證據(jù)的時候使用這種解釋。)可知D選項“從心理學(xué)角度來解釋歷史背景下的事件”屬于傳統(tǒng)歷史研究和現(xiàn)代心理歷史學(xué)研究的共同特點,并不是傳統(tǒng)歷史學(xué)所獨有的,可排除。故選C。

19.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】推理判斷題。定位在第三段Itdeniesthebasiccriterionofhistoricalevidence:thatevidencebepubliclyaccessibleto,andthereforeassessablebyallhistorians.(它(心理歷史學(xué))違背歷史學(xué)證據(jù)的基本標準:證據(jù)必須對所有的歷史學(xué)者公開,進而被所有學(xué)者檢驗。)可以推論出文章回答了傳統(tǒng)歷史學(xué)家需要的歷史證據(jù)的標準是什么這個問題,因此D選項“傳統(tǒng)歷史學(xué)家所要求的歷史證據(jù)的基本標準是什么?”正確,符合題意。A選項“從心理歷史學(xué)的角度對歷史進行解釋的一些典型例子是什么?”B選項“傳統(tǒng)歷史學(xué)家什么時候認為對歷史發(fā)展的心理學(xué)的解釋是合理的?”,C選項“什么類型的歷史人物最適合進行心理學(xué)分析?”均未在文中有提及,可排除。故選D。

20.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。由第三段中心理歷史學(xué)相比傳統(tǒng)歷史學(xué)的不足如Itdeniesthebasiccriterionofhistoricalevidence:thatevidencebepubliclyaccessibleto,andthereforeassessablebyallhistorians.(它(心理歷史學(xué))違背歷史學(xué)證據(jù)的基本標準:證據(jù)必須對所有的歷史學(xué)者公開,進而被所有學(xué)者檢驗。)以及第三段中Psychohistorians,convincedoftheabsoluterightnessoftheirowntheories,arealsoconvincedthattheirsisthe“deepest”explanationofanyeventthatotherexplanationsfallshortofthetruth.(心理歷史學(xué)家們都相信自己觀點的絕對正確,相信他們的觀點是對任何事件的“最深刻”的解釋而其他人的解釋都不是真相。)可知,作者在這里為deepest加引號的目的是對心理歷史學(xué)家對他們自己工作準確性的宣稱不贊成,但是沒有直接提出反對,只是持有保留態(tài)度。因此B選項“表明她對心理歷史學(xué)家對他們工作的準確性持保留意見”,正確,符合題意。A選項“對心理歷史學(xué)家方法中的一個矛盾引起注意”,C選項“強調(diào)傳統(tǒng)歷史學(xué)家的方法與心理歷史學(xué)家的方法的主要區(qū)別”,D選項“質(zhì)疑心理歷史學(xué)家對傳統(tǒng)歷史學(xué)術(shù)的見解的有效性”均不符合題意,可排除。故選B。

14.單選題

Herushedintothehouseandsavedtheboyout,()theintensefire.

問題1選項

A.irrespectiveof

B.insteadof

C.infrontof

D.incaseof

【答案】A

【解析】詞組辨析題。irrespectiveof不顧;insteadof代替;infrontof在…前面;incaseof假如。句意:他不顧大火,

沖進屋里把男孩救了出來。選項A符合句意。

15.單選題

5.

問題1選項

A.Herdaughterlikesballgames.

B.Herdaughterisanexcellentgirl.

C.Sheandherdaughteraregoodfriends.

D.Sheandherdaughterwon’tunderstandeachother.

【答案】D

【解析】W:I’vebeensoworriedaboutmydaughter.She’ssodifferentintemperamentfromme.Wearenotalwaysonthesamewheeling.

M:That’squitecommonwithmothersanddaughters.

W:Sheisafurtherpersonalityandverymuchontheball,butsheisanexcitablechild.

Q:Whatdoesthewomanmean?

【解析】常用習(xí)語。女士說:Wearenotalwaysonthesamewheeling,意思是他們經(jīng)常無法達成一致。

16.單選題

Mostpeopleleftandthe()satdowntowait.

問題1選項

A.remnants

B.remedy

C.remains

D.remainder

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項remnants“殘余;殘留物”;B選項remedy“補救;解決辦法”;C選項remains“殘余物;剩飯菜”;D選項remainder“殘余;剩余物”。句意:大部分人都離開了,……坐著等。remnants一般是指殘余部分、殘跡。remains一般是指古跡,遺跡;遺骸等。句中的主語是人,大部分都走了,還有一部分剩下的人坐著等。remainder做名詞時側(cè)重于人和錢的剩余。因此D選項符合題意。

17.單選題

),theywouldbehappy.

問題1選項

A.Iftheywillgetmarried

B.Havetheygotmarried

C.Weretheytogetmarried

D.Theygetmarried

【答案】C

【解析】考查虛擬語氣的倒裝。句意:(),他們將會開心。選D選項會導(dǎo)致兩個句子中間沒有連詞連接造成語法錯誤。選A選項就是看作if引導(dǎo)的真實條件句,但是兩邊句子的時態(tài)不一致,所以也不選。虛擬條件句中含有were,had,would等動詞時,可以將if省略,然后將were,had,would等詞移至句首。根據(jù)后面主句的時態(tài),這是對現(xiàn)在或者將來的假設(shè),所以B選項不選,這是對過去的假設(shè);所以答案選C。

18.填空題

Directions:Ineachofthefollowingsentences,thereisonepartthatisgrammaticallyincorrect.Markouttheerroneouspartandthenputthecorrectforminthebracketsfollowingthesentence.

36.Basingontheresearchoftheforeignlanguage,thispaperconcludesthewaystolearnEnglishwell.()

37.Nations,sensingathreat

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