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書山有路勤為徑,學海無涯苦作舟!住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-山西旅游職業(yè)學院考試押題卷含答案詳解(圖片大小可自由調(diào)整)全文為Word可編輯,若為PDF皆為盜版,請謹慎購買!第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共100題)1.單選題

Tendaysagotheyoungmaninformedhisbossofhisintentionto______.

問題1選項

A.resign

B.reject

C.retreat

D.replace

【答案】A

【解析】【選項釋義】

A.resign辭職,辭去(某職務)B.reject拒絕接受;不予考慮

C.retreat退卻;撤退D.replace代替,取代

【答案】A

【考查點】動詞辨析。

【解題思路】根據(jù)關鍵信息informedhisboss(通知了他的老板)可推知,空格處表示“辭職”符合句意,該題選擇A項。

【干擾項排除】B、C、D項不符合句意。

【句意】10天前,這個年輕人告訴他的老板他打算辭職。

2.單選題

Improvementsinqualitycontroltechniqueshaveresultedinmorehigh-qualityproductswithveryfew______.

問題1選項

A.failures

B.defects

C.routes

D.spots

【答案】B

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。failures“失敗”;defects“缺點”;routes“路線”;spots“斑點”。句意:質(zhì)量控制技術的改進使產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量更高,缺陷更少。選項B符合題意。

3.單選題

The()BritishtheoreticalphysicistStephenHawkingoncesaidinaninterviewthatheavenisafairystoryforpeopleafraidofthedark.

問題1選項

A.imposing

B.lofty

C.prominent

D.eminent

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞詞義辨析??崭裉帒钊胄稳菰~修飾physicist。imposing“壯觀的,威風的”;lofty“崇高的,高傲的”;prominent“突出的,顯著的”;eminent“杰出的,有名的”。句意:英國杰出的理論物理學家斯蒂芬?霍金曾在一次采訪中說,天堂是為害怕黑暗的人準備的童話故事。因此D選項符合題意。

4.單選題

Withtheconstantchangeoftheconditions,theoutcomeisnotalways().

問題1選項

A.favorable

B.predictable

C.dependable

D.reasonable

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項favorable“有利的,良好的”;B選項predictable“可預測的”;C選項dependable“可靠的,可信賴的”;D選項reasonable“合理的”。句意:隨著環(huán)境的不斷變化,結果并不總是可以預測的。選項B符合語境。

5.單選題

Gradeinflation—thegradualincreaseinaverageGPAs(grade-pointaverages)overthepastfewdecades—isoftenconsideredaproductofaconsumererainhighereducation,inwhichstudentsaretreatedlikecustomerstobepleased.Butanother,relatedforce—apolicyoftenburieddeepincoursecatalogscalled“gradeforgiveness”—ishelpingraiseGPAs.

Gradeforgivenessallowsstudentstoretakeacourseinwhichtheyreceivedalowgrade,andthemostrecentgradeorthehighestgradeistheonlyonethatcountsincalculatingastudent'soverallGPA.

Theuseofthislittle-knownpracticehasacceleratedinrecentyears,ascollegescontinuetodotheirutmosttokeepstudentsinschool(andpayingtuition)andimprovetheirgraduationrates.Whenthispracticefirststarteddecadesago,itwasusuallylimitedtofreshmen,togivethemasecondchancetotakeaclassintheirfirstyeariftheystruggledintheirtransitiontocollege-levelcourses.Butnowmostcollegessaveformanyselectivecampuses,allowallundergraduates,andevengraduatestudents,togettheirlowgradesforgiven.

Collegeofficialstendtoemphasizethatthegoalofgradeforgivenessislessaboutthegradeitselfandmoreaboutencouragingstudentstoretakecoursescriticaltotheirdegreeprogramandgraduationwithoutincurringabigpenalty.“Untimely,”saidJackMiner,OhioStateUniversity'sregistrar,“weseestudentsachievemoresuccessbecausetheyretakeacourseanddobetterinsubsequentcontentsormasterthecontentthatallowsthemtograduateontime.”

Thatsaid,thereisawayinwhichgradeforgivenesssatisfiescolleges'ownneedsaswell.Forpublicinstitutions,statefundsaresometimestiedpartlytotheirsuccessonmetricssuchasgraduationratesandstudentretention-sobettergradescan,byboostingfigureslikethose,meanmoremoney.AndanythingthatraisesGPAswilllikelymakestudents-who,attheendoftheday,arepayingthebill-feelthey'vegottenabettervaluefortheirtuitiondollars,whichisanotherbigconcernforcolleges.

Indeed,gradeforgivenessisjustanotherwaythatuniversitiesarerespondingtoconsumers'expectationsforhighereducation.Sincestudentsandparentsexpectacollegedegreetoleadajob,itisinthebestinterestofaschooltoturnoutgraduateswhoareasqualifiedaspossible—oratleastappeartobe.Onthis,students'andcolleges'incentiveseemtobealigned.

1.Whatiscommonlyregardedasthecauseofgradeinflation?

2.Whatwastheoriginalpurposeofgradeforgiveness?

3.AccordingtoParagraph5,gradeforgivenessenablecollegesto(

).

4.Whatdoesthephrase"tobealigned"(Para.6)mostprobablymean?

5.Theauthorexaminesthepracticeofgradeforgivenessby(

).

問題1選項

A.Thechangeofcoursecatalogs.

B.Students'indifferencetoGPAs.

C.Colleges'neglectofGPAs.

D.Theinfluenceofconsumerculture.

問題2選項

A.Tohelpfreshmenadapttocollegelearning.

B.Tomaintaincolleges'graduationrates.

C.Topreparegraduatesforachallengingfuture.

D.Toincreaseuniversities'incomefromtuition.

問題3選項

A.obtainmorefinancialsupport

B.boosttheirstudentenrollments

C.improvetheirteachingquality

D.meetlocalgovernments'needs

問題4選項

A.Tocounterbalanceeachother.

B.Tocomplementeachother.

C.Tobeidenticalwitheachother.

D.Tobecontradictorytoeachother.

問題5選項

A.assessingitsfeasibility

B.analyzingthecausesbehindit

C.comparingdifferentviewsonit

D.listingitslong-runeffects

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:B

【解析】1.細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干中的關鍵詞gradeinflation可以定位到首段第一句話,此句話的句子主干:“Gradeinflationisoftenconsideredaproductofaconsumererainhighereducation.”題干中的beregardedas對應原文中的isconsidered,題干中的thecauseof(后邊接結果)與原文中的aproductof(前邊接結果)都表示因果關系。選項D中consumer是原文中的復現(xiàn),其他選項都不具備干擾性,因此答案選擇D。

2.細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干中的關鍵詞,我們只能定位到文章的第二段,但是第二段講的是gradeforgiveness具體是什么,并沒有提及它的目的,然后接下來看第三段的首句,出現(xiàn)了thislittle-knownpractice指的就是gradeforgiveness,而且題干中的theoriginalpurpose對應原文中的第三段第二句話:“Whenthispracticefirststarteddecadesago,itwasusuallylimitedtofreshmen,togivethemasecondchancetotakeaclassintheirfirstyeariftheystruggledintheirtransitiontocollege-levelcourses.”A選項中的freshmen是原詞復現(xiàn),help對應原文中的givethemasecondchance,adaptto對應原文中的struggledintheirtransitionto,collegelearning對應原文中的college-levelcourses。因此答案為A。

3.細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干中的關鍵詞paragraph5、gradeforgiveness和colleges可以定位到第五段的第一句,即gradeforgiveness能夠滿足學生的需求,但是對應選項并沒有對應的答案,所以接著往下看,提到了國家基金與他們的成功有關,得到更好的分數(shù)意味著拿到更多的錢。選項A中的financialsupport指的就是statefunds。因此答案為A。

4.猜詞題。根據(jù)題干,可以定位到第六段最后一句話:“Onthis,students'andcolleges'incentivesseemtobealigned.”所以解題的關鍵是找到this指代的內(nèi)容。This指代的是前一句話,即:因為學生和家長都希望通過大學學歷來找工作,所以學校的最佳利益是盡可能地把學生培養(yǎng)成有能力勝任的人,或者至少看起來是那樣。由此可以得出學生和學校的目標是一致的,選項C中的beidenticalwith表示的是“與……相同”,因此答案為C。

5.主旨題。題干的字面意思是作者是通過什么樣的方式來檢驗gradeforgiveness的實踐操作,但是是考查文章的主旨,屬于主旨題。閱讀每段的段落大意句,可以得出文章主要講解的是gradeforgiveness的原因。因此答案為B。

6.單選題

Maggietiptoedoverandtooktheclockawaybecauseshehatedtohearit()whenshewastryingtogotosleep.

問題1選項

A.sounding

B.humming

C.ticking

D.ringing

【答案】C

【解析】考查動詞詞義辨析。A:sound“作聲,發(fā)聲,響”;B:hum“發(fā)連續(xù)低沉的聲音(如蜜蜂、馬達的嗡嗡聲)”;C:tick“發(fā)出滴答聲”;D:ring“鳴,發(fā)出清脆響亮的聲音”。句意:麥琪躡手躡腳走過來把鐘拿走了,因為她討厭在自己想睡覺的時候聽它滴答地響。結合此處語境,修飾的是鬧鐘聲,故C為正確答案。

7.單選題

Iamdisgusted()thewaythecoupletalksabouttheactress'sprivatelife.

問題1選項

A.over

B.for

C.at

D.with

【答案】D

【解析】考查介詞搭配。bedisgustedwith為固定搭配,意為"厭惡……,討厭……"。

8.單選題

Suchachangewouldnot______tothewishesofthegreatmajorityofthepeople.

問題1選項

A.conform

B.confirm

C.confine

D.confront

【答案】A

【解析】【選項釋義】

A.conform符合,遵照B.confirm確認

C.confine限制,限定D.confront使面對,使面臨

【考查點】動詞辨析。

【解題思路】由空格后的to可知,空格處要填入一個和to搭配的動詞;由賓語thewishes(愿望)可知,conformto(符合)適合句子語境。因此,該題選擇A項正確。

【干擾項排除】

B、D選項不與to進行搭配;

C選項confineto表示“限制于”,不符合句子語義。

【句意】這種變化不符合大多數(shù)人民的愿望。

9.單選題

Withoutclearguidelines(),executivesofhospitalsaresometimesatalosswhattodo.

問題1選項

A.inorder

B.inplace

C.inneed

D.introuble

【答案】B

【解析】考查介詞短語辨析。A選項inorder“有序的,整齊的”;B選項inplace“合適的,在合適的位置,執(zhí)行的,設立的”;C選項inneed“需要……的,需要幫忙的”;D選項introuble“有麻煩”。句意:在沒有()明確的指導方針的情況下,醫(yī)院的管理人員有時不知所措。A、C和D選項明顯不符合題意,因此B選項正確。

10.單選題

Hewas()whenheheardtheunexpectednews,butIfinallyconvincedhim.

問題1選項

A.incredible

B.inevitable

C.incredulous

D.indifferent

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項incredible“難以置信的”;B選項inevitable“必然的、不可避免的”;C選項incredulous“懷疑的、不輕信的”;D選項indifferent“冷漠的、不關心的”,句意為:當他聽到這個意外的消息時,他覺得不可思議,但我最終說服了他。A選項符合句意,因此選A。

11.單選題

Sincethetwocountriescouldn’t______theirdifferences,theydecidedtostoptheirnegotiations.

問題1選項

A.rectify

B.obscure

C.reconcile

D.oblige

【答案】C

【解析】【選項釋義】

A.rectify矯正,糾正B.obscure使模糊;使隱晦

C.reconcile使和諧一致;調(diào)解D.oblige(以法律、義務等)強迫,迫使

【考查點】動詞辨析。

【解題思路】根據(jù)句意“由于這兩個國家的分歧無法______,他們決定停止談判”可知,是因為分歧無法調(diào)解,所以會停止談判,該題選擇C項符合句意。

【干擾項排除】A、B、D項不符合句意。

【句意】由于這兩個國家的分歧無法調(diào)解,他們決定停止談判。

12.單選題

SwimmersfromtheUniversityofMichigandethronedOhioStateinthenationalcollegiateswimmingchampionships,breakingOhio’sstreakofthreeconsecutivevictories.

問題1選項

A.immense

B.superb

C.marginal

D.continuous

【答案】D

【解析】【選項釋義】

A.immense極大的,巨大的B.superb極佳的,卓越的

C.marginal小的,微不足道的D.continuous不斷的,持續(xù)的,連續(xù)的

【答案】D

【考查點】形容詞辨析。

【解題思路】consecutive的意思為“連續(xù)不斷的”,修飾victories,指的是俄亥俄州立大學連續(xù)三次都勝利,continuous與之詞義相近,因此D選項正確。

【干擾項排除】A、B、C選項詞義與之不符。

【句意】密歇根大學的游泳選手們在全國大學生游泳錦標賽中擊敗了俄亥俄州立大學,打破了俄亥俄州立大學三連勝的紀錄。

13.單選題

Sleepisafunnything.We’retaughtthatweshouldgetsevenoreighthoursanight,butalotofusgetbyjustfineonless,andsomeofusactuallysleeptoomuch.AstudyoutoftheUniversityofBuffaloreportedthatpeoplewhoroutinelysleepmorethaneighthoursadayandarestilltiredarenearlythreetimesaslikelytodieofstroke—probablyasaresultofanunderlyingdisorderthatkeepsthemfromsnoozingsoundly.

Doctorshavetheirownspecialsleepproblems.Residentsarefamouslysleepdeprived.WhenIwastrainingtobecomeaneurosurgeon,itwasnotunusualtowork40hoursinarowwithoutrest.Mostofustookitinstride,confidentwecouldstilldeliverthehighestqualityofmedicalcare.Maybeweshouldn’thavebeensosureofourselves.AnarticleintheJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationpointsoutthatinthemorningafter24hoursofsleeplessness,aperson’smotorperformanceiscomparabletothatofsomeonewhoislegallyintoxicated.Curiously,surgeonswhobelievethatoperatingundertheinfluenceisgroundsfordismissaloftendon’tthinktwiceaboutoperatingwithoutenoughsleep.

“Icouldtellyouhorrorstories,”saysJayaAgrawal,presidentoftheAmericanMedicalStudentAssociation,whichrunsawebsitewhereresidentscanpostanonymousanecdotes.Someareterrifying.“Iwasoperatingafterbeingupforover36hours,”onewrites.“Iliterallyfellasleepstandingupandnearlyfaceplantedintothewound.”

“PracticallyeverysurgicalresidentIknowhasfallenasleepatthewheeldrivinghomefromwork,”writesanother.“Iknowofthreewhohavehitparkedcars.Anotherhita‘Jerseybarrier’ontheNewJerseyTurnpike,going65m.p.h.”“Yourownpatientshavebecometheenemy,”writesathird,becausetheyare“theonethingthatstandsbetweenyouandafewhoursofsleep.”

Agrawal’sorganizationissupportingthePatientandPhysicianSafetyandProtectionActof2001,introducedlastNovemberbyRepresentativeJohnConyersJr.ofMichigan.Itskeyprovisions,modeledonNewYorkState’sregulations,includean80-hourworkweekanda24-hourwork-shiftlimit.Mostdoctors,however,resistsuchinterference.Dr.CharlesBinkley,aseniorsurgeryresidentattheUniversityofMichigan,agreesthatsomethingneedstobedonebutbelieves“doctorsshouldbeboundbytheirconscience,notbythegovernment.”

TheU.S.controlsthehoursofpilotsandtruckdrivers.Butuntilsuchasystemisinplacefordoctors,patientsareontheirown.Ifyou’reworriedaboutthepeopletreatingyouoralovedone,youshouldfeelfreetoaskhowmanyhoursofsleeptheyhavehadandifmore-restedstaffersareavailable.Doctors,fortheirpart,havetogiveuptheirposeofinfallibilityandgettheresttheyneed.

21.Wecanlearnfromthefirstparagraphthat______.

22.Speakingofthesleepproblemsdoctorsfact,theauthorimpliesthat______.

23.Paragraph3and4arewrittento______.

24.By“doctorsshouldbeboundbytheirconscience,notbythegovernment”(paragraph5),Dr.CharlesBinkleymeansthat______.

25.Towhichofthefollowingistheauthorlikelytoagree?

問題1選項

A.peoplewhosleeplessthan8hoursadayaremorepronetoillness

B.poorsleepqualitymaybeasignofphysicaldisorder

C.strokeisoftenassociatedwithsleep

D.toomuchsleepcanbeasharmfulaslackofsleep

問題2選項

A.doctorsoftenneedlittlesleeptokeepthemenergetic

B.doctors’sleepisdeprivedbyresidents

C.doctorstendtoneglecttheirownsleepproblem

D.sleep-depriveddoctorsareintoxicate

問題3選項

A.entertaintheaudiencewithsomeanecdotes

B.discussthecauseofdoctorssleepproblems

C.showthehostilitydoctorsharboragainsttheirpatients

D.exemplifythedangerdoctorsfacecausedbylackofsleep

問題4選項

A.doctorsshouldnotabidebygovernment’sregulations

B.thegovernmentisinterferingtoomuch

C.theregulationsaboutworkweekandworkshiftaretoospecific

D.lawcannotforceadoctortosleepwhilehisconsciencecan

問題5選項

A.Patientsshouldcontrolthehoursoftheirdoctors.

B.Pilotsandtruckdriversworkinsaferenvironmentsthanthatofdoctors.

C.Patientsarefacingmorerisksiftheirdoctorsarenotadequatelyrested.

D.Peopleconcernedhavetherighttoremovetheirdoctorfromtheirpositions.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:C

【解析】21.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章第一段最后一句probablyasaresultofanunderlyingdisorderthatkeepsthemfromsnoozingsoundly.(這可能是一種潛在的紊亂導致他們無法熟睡的結果。),說明潛在的紊亂可能導致人們睡眠質(zhì)量不高,雖然睡眠時間長,但仍然感到疲憊。因此B選項“睡眠質(zhì)量差可能是身體紊亂的表現(xiàn)”正確。A選項“每天睡眠時間少于8小時的人更容易患病”,原文說的是每天睡眠時間超過8小時但仍然感到疲倦的人更容易患病,所以A選項錯誤。C選項“中風常與睡眠有關”,D選項“睡眠時間過長與睡眠不足的危害一樣大”在文中沒有提及,所以C,D錯誤。

22.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章第二段最后一句Curiously,surgeonswhobelievethatoperatingundertheinfluenceisgroundsfordismissaloftendon’tthinktwiceaboutoperatingwithoutenoughsleep.(令人好奇的是,那些認為醉酒做手術應該被免職的外科醫(yī)生對于在睡眠不足的情況下做手術卻很少認真思考。),說明醫(yī)生們雖然認為醉酒做手術應該受到嚴懲,但卻不會考慮自己在睡眠不足的情況下做手術的問題。因此C選項“醫(yī)生往往忽視自己的睡眠問題”正確。A選項“醫(yī)生需要很少的睡眠就可以保持精力充沛”在文中沒有提及,所以A錯誤。B選項“醫(yī)生的睡眠被住院醫(yī)生剝奪了”,原文說的是住院醫(yī)生以缺少睡眠而著稱,所以B錯誤。在D選項“睡眠不足的醫(yī)生是喝醉了”,原文說的是一個人如果連續(xù)24小時不睡,那么到了早晨他的運動能力就和喝醉了酒的人差不多,并不是說睡眠不足的醫(yī)生就是喝醉了,所以D錯誤。

23【試題答案】D

【試題解析】推理判斷題。文章第二段指出醫(yī)生睡眠不足以及醫(yī)生對此缺乏重視的問題,接著在第三、四段舉了幾個例子Iliterallyfellasleepstandingupandnearlyfaceplantedintothewound.(我差不多站著睡著了,而且我的臉幾乎碰到了傷口。),PracticallyeverysurgicalresidentIknowhasfallenasleepatthewheeldrivinghomefromwork…Iknowofthreewhohavehitparkedcars.Anotherhita‘Jerseybarrier’ontheNewJerseyTurnpike,going65m.p.h.(實際上我認識的每個外科住院醫(yī)生都曾經(jīng)有過在下班開車回家的路上在方向盤上睡著的經(jīng)歷……我聽說有三個人還曾經(jīng)撞在停放好的汽車上。另一個人在紐約收費公路上行駛時以65英里的時速撞上了一個收費站欄桿。),說明了睡眠不足的醫(yī)生可能帶來的危害。因此D選項“體現(xiàn)了醫(yī)生因睡眠不足而面臨的危險”正確。A選項“用一些趣聞軼事來娛樂讀者”,B選項“討論醫(yī)生睡眠問題的原因”,C選項“表現(xiàn)出醫(yī)生對患者的敵視態(tài)度”均不符合題意,所以A,B,C錯誤。

24.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章第五段第三句Mostdoctors,however,resistsuchinterference.(不過,大多數(shù)醫(yī)生討厭這種干涉。),并進一步引用CharlesBinkley醫(yī)生的話進行論證doctorsshouldbeboundbytheirconscience,notbythegovernment.(醫(yī)生應該受到良心的約束,而不是政府的管制。),說明CharlesBinkley也認為政府干預過多了。因此B選項“政府干涉太多”正確。A選項“醫(yī)生不應該遵守政府的規(guī)定”,C選項“關于工作周和工作班次的規(guī)定過于具體化”,D選項“法律不能強迫醫(yī)生睡覺,而他的良心卻可以”均不符合題意,所以A,C,D錯誤。

25.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】觀點態(tài)度題。由題干可以定位到文章最后一段最后一句Doctors,fortheirpart,havetogiveuptheirposeofinfallibilityandgettheresttheyneed.(對醫(yī)生來說,他們不能繼續(xù)擺出一副從不出錯的樣子,而應該得到充分的休息。),說明作者在最后給醫(yī)生提出建議,認為醫(yī)生應該放棄他們決不出錯的姿態(tài),得到充足的休息,否則病人就只能聽天由命了。因此C選項“如果醫(yī)生沒有得到充分的休息,患者將面臨更多的風險”正確。A選項“患者應該控制醫(yī)生的工作時間”,B選項“飛行員和卡車司機的工作環(huán)境比醫(yī)生的工作環(huán)境更安全”,D選項“有關人員有權解除醫(yī)生的職務”在文中均沒有提及,所以A,B,D錯誤。

14.翻譯題

TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish

夫妻財產(chǎn)同樣屬于共同財產(chǎn)。

刑法不得溯及既往。

法院駁回了原告的訴訟主張。

他對債務負主要責任。

本合同的任何改動或修正必須作為書面方能產(chǎn)生效力。

【答案】Maritalpropertyisalsopartofthecommonproperty.

Thecriminallawshallnotberetroactive.

Thecourtrejectedtheplaintiffsclaim.

Hewasmainlyresponsibleforthedebt.

Anychangesormodificationofthiscontractmustbewritteninordertobeeffective.

15.單選題

VI.(Jurisprudence)

AmericanLegalRealismwasthemostimportantindigenousjurisprudentialmovementintheUnitedStatesduringthe20th-century,havingaprofoundimpactnotonlyonAmericanlegaleducationandscholarship,butalsoonlawreformandlawyering.UnlikeitsScandinaviancousin,AmericanLegalRealismwasnotprimarilyanextensiontolawofsubstantivephilosophicaldoctrinesfromsemanticsandepistemology.TheRealistswerelawyers(plusafewsocialscientists),notphilosophers,andtheirmotivationswere,accordingly,different.Aslawyers,theywerereachingagainstthedominant“mechanicaljurisprudence”or“formalism”oftheirday.“Formalism”inthesensepertinenthere,heldthatjudgesdecidecasesonthebasisofdistinctivelylegalrulesandreasons,whichjustifyauniqueresultinmostcases(perhapseverycase).TheRealistsargued,instead,thatcarefulempiricalconsiderationofhowcourtsreallydecidecasesrevealsthattheydecidenotprimarilybecauseoflaw,butbased(roughlyspeaking)ontheirsenseofwhatwouldbeonthefactsofthecase.Legalrulesandreasonsfiguresimplyaspost-hocrationalizationsfordecisionsreachedonthebasisofnon-legalconsiderations.BecausetheRealistsnevermadeexplicittheirphilosophicalpresuppositionsaboutthenatureoflawortheirconceptionoflegaltheory,oneoftheimportantjurisprudentialtasksforRealiststodayisaphilosophicalreconstructionanddefenseoftheseviews,especiallyagainstthecriticismsoflegalphilosophers,notablyH.L.A.Hart.

ButRealismalsoborethemarksofanintellectualculturewhichitdidsharewithitsScandinaviancousin.Thisculture—thedominantoneintheWesternworldfromthemid-19thcenturythroughatleastthemiddleofthelastcentury—wasdeeply“positivistic”,inthesensethatitviewsnaturalscienceastheparadigmofallgenuineknowledge,andthoughtallotherdisciplines(fromsocialsciencetolegalstudy)shouldemulatethemethodsofnaturalscience.Chiefamongthelatterwasthemethodofempiricaltesting:hypotheseshadtobetestedagainstobservationsoftheworld.ThustheRealistsfrequentlyclaimedthatexistingarticulationsofthe“l(fā)aw”werenot,infact,“confirmed”byactualobservationofwhatthecourtwerereallydoing.AlsoinfluentialonsomeRealistswasbehaviorisminpsychology—JohnWatson’sversion,notthelater,andbetter-known,brandassociatedwithB.F.Skinner—whichwasitselfinthegripsofa“positivistic”conceptionofknowledgeandmethod.

BrianLeiter:AmericanLegalRealism

71.AmericanLegalRealismhadaprofoundimpactontheflowingbut___.

72.Fromthe1stparagraphwecanknowthatScandinavianRealists___.

73.TheAmericanRealistsarguedthat___.

74.WhatistheintellectualculturethatAmericanRealismshareswithitsScandinaviancousin?

問題1選項

A.Americanlegaleducation

B.Americanlegalscholarship

C.Americanlawreform

D.Americanlawyers

問題2選項

A.werephilosophers

B.wereprimarilyanextensiontolawofsubstantivephilosophicaldoctrines

C.werereachingagainst“mechanicaljurisprudence”

D.heldthatjudgesdecidecasesonthebasisofdistinctivelylegalrulesandreasons

問題3選項

A.courtsdecidecasesnotprimarilybecauseoflaw,butbasedontheirsenseof“fairness”

B.legalrulesandreasonsfiguresimplyasprior-hocrationalizationsfordecisionsreachedonthebasisofnon-legalconsiderations

C.philosophicalreconstructionanddefenseoftheseviewsarenecessary

D.carefulempiricalconsiderationrevealsthatcourtsdecidecasesprimarilybecauseoflaw

問題4選項

A.Existingarticulationsofthe“l(fā)aw”werenot“confirmed”byactualobservationofwhatthecourtwerereallydoing.

B.Methodofempiricaltesting.

C.Takingnaturalscienceastheparadigmofallgenuineknowledge.

D.Alldisciplinesshouldalsoemulatethemethodsofnaturalscience.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:C

【解析】71.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第一段AmericanLegalRealismwasthemostimportantindigenousjurisprudentialmovementintheUnitedStatesduringthe20th-century,havingaprofoundimpactnotonlyonAmericanlegaleducationandscholarship,butalsoonlawreformandlawyering.(美國法律現(xiàn)實主義運動是20世紀美國最重要的本土法學運動,不僅對美國的法學教育和學術產(chǎn)生了深遠的影響,而且對美國的法律改革和律師業(yè)也產(chǎn)生了深遠的影響)可知A選項“美國法律教育”,B選項“美國法律學術”,C選項“美國法律改革”符合原文;D選項“美國律師”原文未提及。因此D選項符合題意。

72.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干關鍵字“Scandinavian”定位到原文第一段UnlikeitsScandinaviancousin,AmericanLegalRealismwasnotprimarilyanextensiontolawofsubstantivephilosophicaldoctrinesfromsemanticsandepistemology.TheRealistswerelawyers(plusafewsocialscientists),notphilosophers,andtheirmotivationswere,accordingly,different.(與它的斯堪的那維亞表親不同,美國法律現(xiàn)實主義主要不是從語義學和認識論的實質(zhì)哲學學說的法律的延伸?,F(xiàn)實主義者是律師(加上一些社會科學家),而不是哲學家,因此,他們的動機是不同的)可以推測出斯堪的那維亞的法律現(xiàn)實主義者們是哲學家,選A選項“是哲學家”,同時可知B選項“主要是實質(zhì)性哲學理論對法律的延伸”錯誤,原文只是說美國法律現(xiàn)實主義主要不是從語義學和認識論的實質(zhì)哲學學說的法律的延伸,沒有說斯堪的那維亞的法律現(xiàn)實主義是否是實質(zhì)性哲學理論對法律的延伸,B選項偷換概念;第一段Aslawyers,theywerereachingagainstthedominant“mechanicaljurisprudence”or“formalism”oftheirday.“Formalism”inthesensepertinenthere,heldthatjudgesdecidecasesonthebasisofdistinctivelylegalrulesandreasons,whichjustifyauniqueresultinmostcases(perhapseverycase).(作為律師,他們(指的是美國的現(xiàn)實主義者)與當時占主導地位的“機械法學”或“形式主義”相抗衡。這里所指的“形式主義”認為,法官根據(jù)不同的法律規(guī)則和理由來判決案件,這些規(guī)則和理由在大多數(shù)案件(也許是每一個案件)中證明一個獨特的結果是正當?shù)模┛芍狢選項“與‘機械法學’相抵觸”和D選項“認為法官根據(jù)不同的法律規(guī)則和理由判決案件”也屬于偷換概念。因此A選項正確。

73.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第一段最后一句BecausetheRealistsnevermadeexplicittheirphilosophicalpresuppositionsaboutthenatureoflawortheirconceptionoflegaltheory,oneoftheimportantjurisprudentialtasksforRealiststodayisaphilosophicalreconstructionanddefenseoftheseviews,especiallyagainstthecriticismsoflegalphilosophers,notablyH.L.A.Hart.(由于現(xiàn)實主義者從未對法律的性質(zhì)或法律理論的概念作出明確的哲學預設,因此,現(xiàn)實主義者今天的重要法理學任務之一就是對這些觀點進行哲學重構和辯護,尤其是反對法律哲學家的批評,尤其是H.L.A.Hart)可知C選項“這些觀點的哲學重建和辯護是必要的”符合原文;第一段Realistsargued,instead,thatcarefulempiricalconsiderationofhowcourtsreallydecidecasesrevealsthattheydecidenotprimarilybecauseoflaw,butbased(roughlyspeaking)ontheirsenseofwhatwouldbeonthefactsofthecase.(相反,現(xiàn)實主義者認為,對法院如何真正判決案件進行仔細的實證研究表明,法院的判決主要不是因為法律,而是基于(粗略地說)他們對案件事實的判斷)可知A選項“法院判決案件主要不是基于法律,而是基于他們的‘公平感’”以及D選項“仔細的實證研究表明,法院決定案件主要是因為法律”錯誤;第一段Legalrulesandreasonsfiguresimplyaspost-hocrationalizationsfordecisionsreachedonthebasisofnon-legalconsiderations.(法律規(guī)則和理由僅僅是根據(jù)非法律考慮做出的決定的事后合理化)可知B選項“法律規(guī)則和理由僅僅是根據(jù)非法律考慮做出的決定的臨時合理化”錯誤。因此C選項正確。

74.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第二段開頭ButRealismalsoborethemarksofanintellectualculturewhichitdidsharewithitsScandinaviancousin.Thisculture…wasdeeply“positivistic”,inthesensethatitviewsnaturalscienceastheparadigmofallgenuineknowledge…(但現(xiàn)實主義也帶有知識文化的印記,它確實與它的斯堪的納維亞表親有共同之處。這種文化……是非?!皩嵶C主義”的,因為它把自然科學視為所有真知的范式……)可知選C選項“以自然科學為所有真知的范式”;A選項“‘法律’的現(xiàn)有條文并沒有通過對法院實際行動的實際觀察而得到‘確認’”,B選項“實證檢驗方法”以及D選項“所有學科都應該仿效自然科學的方法”并不符合題意,排除。因此C選項正確。

16.單選題

Withacandleinhand,hecarefully()theflightofnarrowstairstohisbedroom.

問題1選項

A.asserted

B.ascertained

C.assembled

D.ascended

【答案】D

【解析】動詞辨析題。assert斷言,堅持,維護;ascertain查明,確定;assemble聚集,集合;ascend攀登,上升。句意:他手里拿著蠟燭,小心翼翼地登上狹窄的樓梯,來到自己的臥室。選項D符合句意。

17.單選題

Accordingtothe“Geneva()’’noprisonersofwarshallbesubjecttoabuse.

問題1選項

A.Customs

B.Congresses

C.Conventions

D.Routines

【答案】C

【解析】固定用法。GenevaConventions指的是“日內(nèi)瓦公約”。

18.單選題

()thegiftinbeautifulgreenpaper,Sarahdepartedfortheparty.

問題1選項

A.Havingwrapped

B.Towrap

C.Wrap

D.Wrapping

【答案】A

【解析】這里是動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞作伴隨狀語,根據(jù)主句的時態(tài)可知,本句應用現(xiàn)在完成時。所以選項A正確。

19.單選題

Atthefarendofakaleidoscope______,onemadeofclearglassandtheotherofgroundglass.

問題1選項

A.twoplatesare

B.twoplatesarethere

C.aretwoplatesthere

D.aretwoplates

【答案】D

【解析】考查倒裝。介詞引導的狀語從句提前,主句需要部分倒裝。此句的主語是twoplates,故謂語動詞are需要提到主語之前,補充說明,如果是therebe結構則應保持正常順序不變。句意:萬花筒的遠端有兩塊板,一塊是透明玻璃,另一塊是磨砂玻璃。故正確答案為D。

20.不定項選擇題

TheGulfStream,whichrunslikeafriendlyblueriveracrossthecoldgreenAtlanticOcean,isoneofthemightiestpowersintheworld.Bycomparison,theMississippiandthemightyAmazonarebutsmallrivers.TwomilliontonsofcoalburnedeveryminutewouldnotequaltheheatthattheStreamgivesforthinitsAtlanticcrossing.WithouttheStream’swarmthEngland’spleasantgreencountrysidewouldbeascoldasLabrador,whichisnofarthernorththanEngland.Ifthis“riverofblue”werecooledasmuchas15degrees,England,Scandinavia,northernFranceandGermanywouldprobablybecomearegionfortheEskimos.

Thegeneralcourseoftheblueriverhasneverbeenknowntochange.FromFloridanorththeStreamfollowsthecurveofthecoastbutstayswellawayfromtheshore.WhenthewarmwatersmeettheicyLabradorcurrents,theStreamlosessomespeedandheat,butevenwithicebergsatitsmarginitstayswarmenoughfortropicalsealife.

AstheStreamnearsEuropeitdividesnorthandsouth.ThenortherndriftmixedwiththeArcticOcean.ThesoutherndriftcomesagainintothepathofAfrica’shottradewinds,andthewatershurrybacktotheGulfofMexico,gatheringagaintheirstoreofheat.ThecompletecourseoftheStream,therefore,islikeatremendous12,000-milewhirlpool.

ScientiststhinkthatittakesthreeyearsfortheStreamtomakeacompletetrip.TheirbeliefisbasedonthecoursesofbottlesthathavebeenthrownintotheStreamtodrift.Thesebottlescontainpapers,printedinmanylanguages,requestingthefinderstonotetheplacesanddatesoffindingandmailthemback.Governmentexpertsonoceancurrentshaverecordsofthousandsofthere“bottlepapers”.

Otheroceanshavesuchcurrents.IntheNorthPacific,forexample,theJapaneseCurrentmakestheclimateofcoastalAlaskaandAmerica’swestcoastmild.Scienceisstillnotsatisfiedwithwhatitknowsaboutthesecurrents.ButformostofusitisenoughtoknowthattheGulfStreamandsimilarcurrentsgivewarmthtocountriesthatwouldotherwisebeverycoldindeed.

1.Thephrasethatbestexpressesthemainideaofthisselectionis______.

2.ThewaterintheGulfStreamis______.

3.TheeffectoftheGulfStreamonEnglandisto______.

4.Scientistshaveusedpapersinbottlestodeterminethenumberof______.

5.ManycountriesshouldbethankfultotheGulfStreamandsimilarcurrentsfor______.

問題1選項

A.interestingfactsabouttheGulfStream

B.scientificexperimentsontheGulfStream

C.currentssimilartotheGulfStream

D.tropicalsealifeintheGulfStream

問題2選項

A.pleasantlygreen

B.icyandblue

C.coldandgreen

D.warmandblue

問題3選項

A.makepossiblethegreencountryside

B.makeEnglandaregionforEskimos

C.coolpleasantlytheairinEngland

D.makenecessarytheburningofcoalsinwinter

問題4選項

A.beliefsabouttheexperimentsofthebottles

B.languagesspokenalongthecourseoftheGulfStream

C.yearsneededfortheStreamtomakeacompletetrip

D.similarcurrentsthathavenotyetbeenfound

問題5選項

A.coolsummers

B.moderateclimates

C.scientificfindings

D.specificrecordsofoceancurrents

【答案】第1

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