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書山有路勤為徑,學(xué)海無涯苦作舟!住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-攀枝花學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解(圖片大小可自由調(diào)整)全文為Word可編輯,若為PDF皆為盜版,請謹(jǐn)慎購買!第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.單選題
Cometsarestillregardedwithawebysomepeople.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.wonder
B.concern
C.resentment
D.detachment
【答案】A
【解析】考查名詞辨析。awe意為“敬畏,驚嘆”;wonder意為“驚異,驚嘆”;concern意為“涉及,關(guān)系到”;resentment意為“憤恨,不滿”;detachment意為“超然,公正,獨(dú)立”。
句意:一些人仍然敬畏彗星。
2.單選題
Psychologiststakeopposingviewsofhowexternalrewards,fromwarmpraisetocoldcash,affectmotivationandcreativity.Behaviorists,whostudytherelationbetweenactionsandtheirconsequences,arguethatrewardscanimproveperformanceatworkandschool.Cognitiveresearchers,whostudyvariousaspectsofmentallife,believethatrewardsoftendestroycreativitybyencouragingdependenceonapprovalandgiftsfromothers.
Thelatterviewhasgainedmanysupporters,especiallyamongeducators.Butthecarefuluseofsmallmonetaryrewardssparkscreativityingrade-schoolchildren,suggestingthatproperly—presentedinducementsindeedaidinventiveness,accordingtoastudyintheJuneJournalofPersonalityandSocialPsychology.
“Ifkidsknowthey’reworkingforarewardandcanfocusonarelativelychallengingtask,theyshowthemostcreativity.”saysRobertEisenbergeroftheUniversityofDelawareinNewark,“Butit’seasytokillcreativitybygivingrewardsforpoorperformanceorcreatingtoomuchanticipationforrewards.”
Ateacherwhocontinuallydrawsattentiontorewardsorwhohandsouthighgradesforordinaryachievementendsupwithuninspiredstudents,Eisenbergerholds.Asanexampleofthelatterpoint,henotesgrowingeffortsatmajoruniversitiestotightengradingstandardsandrestorefailinggrades.
Inearliergrades,theuseofso-calledtokeneconomies,inwhichstudentshandlechallengingproblemsandreceiveperformance-basedpointstowardvaluedrewards,showspromiseinraisingeffortandcreativity,theDelawarepsychologistclaims.
1.Psychologistsaredividedwithregardtotheirattitudestoward______.
2.Whichofthefollowingcanbestraisestudents’creativityaccordingtoRobertEisenberger?
3.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatmajoruniversitiesaretryingtotightentheirgradingstandardsbecausetheybelieve______.
4.Thephrase“tokeneconomies”(Para.5)probablyrefersto______.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.theeffectsofexternalrewardsonstudents’performance
B.theamountofmonetaryrewardsforstudents’creativity
C.thestudyofrelationshipbetweenactionsandtheirconsequences
D.thechoicebetweenspiritualencouragementandmonetaryrewards
問題2選項(xiàng)
A.Givingthemrewardstheyanticipate.
B.Givingthemrewardstheyreallydeserve.
C.Assigningthemtaskswhichrequireinventiveness.
D.Assigningthemtaskstheyhavenotdealtwithbefore.
問題3選項(xiàng)
A.punishmentismoreeffectivethanrewarding
B.rewardingpoorperformancemaykillthecreativityofstudents
C.failinguninspiredstudentshelpsimprovetheiroverallacademicstandards
D.discouragingthestudents’anticipationforeasyrewardsisamatterofurgency24.Thephrase“tokeneconomies”(Para.5)probablyrefersto______.
問題4選項(xiàng)
A.waystodevelopeconomy
B.approachestosolvingproblems
C.systemsofrewardingstudents
D.methodsofimprovingperformance
【答案】第1題:A
第2題:B
第3題:B
第4題:C
【解析】1.【試題答案】A
【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意思是“心理學(xué)家對……的態(tài)度有分歧”。第一段第一句提到Psychologiststakeopposingviewsofhowexternalrewards,fromwarmpraisetocoldcash,affectmotivationandcreativity.(心理學(xué)家對于從熱烈的表揚(yáng)到冷冰冰的現(xiàn)金的外部獎勵如何影響動機(jī)和創(chuàng)造力持相反的觀點(diǎn)),接著后面就闡述了Behaviorists,whostudytherelationbetweenactionsandtheirconsequences,arguethatrewardscanimproveperformanceatworkandschool.“Ifkidsknowthey’reworkingforarewardandcanfocusonarelativelychallengingtask,theyshowthemostcreativity,”saysRobertEisenbergeroftheUniversityofDelawareinNewark.(研究行為和結(jié)果之間關(guān)系的行為主義者認(rèn)為,獎勵能提高工作和學(xué)習(xí)表現(xiàn)。研究精神生活各個方面的認(rèn)知研究者認(rèn)為,獎勵鼓勵了人們依賴他人的認(rèn)可和禮物,從而常常會破壞創(chuàng)造力。)可知,心理學(xué)家對于外部獎勵對他人的動機(jī)、創(chuàng)造力和表現(xiàn)方面的影響上有分歧,A項(xiàng)“外部獎勵對學(xué)生表現(xiàn)的影響”正確;B項(xiàng)“對學(xué)生創(chuàng)造力的金錢獎勵的數(shù)量”和D項(xiàng)“精神鼓勵和金錢獎勵之間的選擇”并沒有提到;C項(xiàng)“行為與結(jié)果之間的關(guān)系的研究”太廣泛,并不夠具體。因此,該題選擇A項(xiàng)正確。
2.【試題答案】B
【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干意思是“根據(jù)羅伯特艾森伯格的觀點(diǎn),下列哪項(xiàng)能最好地提高學(xué)生的創(chuàng)造力?”。根據(jù)第三段羅伯特艾森伯格說的兩句話Ifkidsknowthey’reworkingforarewardandcanfocusonarelativelychallengingtask,theyshowthemostcreativity.(如果孩子們知道他們是為了獎勵而學(xué)習(xí),并且能夠?qū)W⒂谙鄬哂刑魬?zhàn)性的任務(wù),他們就會表現(xiàn)出最大的創(chuàng)造力)和Butit’seasytokillcreativitybygivingrewardsforpoorperformanceorcreatingtoomuchanticipationforrewards.(但是如果對表現(xiàn)不佳的孩子也給予獎勵,或者讓孩子對獎勵有太多的預(yù)期,是很容易扼殺創(chuàng)造力的)可推斷,給與孩子對獎勵太多的預(yù)期容易扼殺創(chuàng)造力,而給與他們應(yīng)得的獎勵會鼓勵他們表現(xiàn)出他們最大的創(chuàng)造力,那么B項(xiàng)“給他們應(yīng)得的獎勵”正確,A項(xiàng)“給予他們預(yù)期的獎勵”錯誤;C項(xiàng)“分配給他們需要創(chuàng)造性的任務(wù)”和D項(xiàng)“分配給他們以前沒有處理過的任務(wù)”并不是提高創(chuàng)造力的方法。因此,該題選擇B項(xiàng)正確。
3.【試題答案】B
【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干意思是“從文章中可以推斷出,主要的大學(xué)正在努力提高他們的評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn),因?yàn)樗麄兿嘈拧?。根?jù)題干定位到第四段Ateacherwhocontinuallydrawsattentiontorewardsorwhohandsouthighgradesforordinaryachievementendsupwithuninspiredstudents,Eisenbergerholds.Asanexampleofthelatterpoint,henotesgrowingeffortsatmajoruniversitiestotightengradingstandardsandrestorefailinggrades.(艾森伯格認(rèn)為,如果一個老師不斷地把注意力放在獎勵上,或者對普通的成績給予高分,那么他最終得到的是毫無靈感的學(xué)生。作為后一種觀點(diǎn)的一個例子,他指出,主要的大學(xué)越來越努力地使評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)嚴(yán)格,并且恢復(fù)不及格分?jǐn)?shù)。),由此可推知,主要的大學(xué)正在努力提高他們的評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn),是因?yàn)榻o表現(xiàn)不好的學(xué)生獎勵將使他變得沒有創(chuàng)造力,故B項(xiàng)“獎勵表現(xiàn)不佳的學(xué)生可能會扼殺學(xué)生的創(chuàng)造力”符合題意;A項(xiàng)“懲罰比獎勵更有效”和C項(xiàng)“不受啟發(fā)的學(xué)生有助于提高他們的整體學(xué)術(shù)水平”沒有提到,也不能從文中推斷出來;D項(xiàng)“打擊學(xué)生對輕易獲得獎勵的期望是當(dāng)務(wù)之急”中的discouraging(使人沮喪、打擊)用詞不當(dāng),根據(jù)文章可知主要的大學(xué)提高評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是鼓勵學(xué)生表現(xiàn)出他們的創(chuàng)造力來處理具有挑戰(zhàn)性的問題,并不是打擊他們對獎勵的預(yù)期,而是讓他們通過自己的努力來獲得應(yīng)得的獎勵。因此,該題選擇B項(xiàng)正確。
4.【試題答案】C
【試題解析】語義推測題。題干意思是“第五段中的‘tokeneconomies’最有可能指……”。根據(jù)題干定位到文章第五段Inearliergrades,theuseofso-calledtokeneconomies,inwhichstudentshandlechallengingproblemsandreceiveperformance-basedpointstowardvaluedrewards,showspromiseinraisingeffortandcreativity,theDelawarepsychologistclaims.(這位特拉華州的心理學(xué)家聲稱,在較早的年級,使用所謂的“tokeneconomies”,即讓學(xué)生處理具有挑戰(zhàn)性的問題,并根據(jù)成績獲得有價值的獎勵,有望提高學(xué)生的努力和創(chuàng)造力。)可知,tokeneconomies的含義是讓學(xué)生處理具有挑戰(zhàn)性的問題,根據(jù)他們的成績獲得相應(yīng)獎勵,目的是為了提高學(xué)生的創(chuàng)造力,所以該段中的“tokeneconomies”指的就是一種獎勵學(xué)生的制度或者方法,C項(xiàng)“獎勵學(xué)生的制度”符合題意;A項(xiàng)“發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)的途徑”、B項(xiàng)“解決問題的方法”和D項(xiàng)“提高業(yè)績的方法”都不符合文意。因此,該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。
3.單選題
Factsthatmayseemlittleconsequenceatthetimemaylaterassume()significanceatthetimewhenETSstaffmembersdecidewhetherturneractionisjustified.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.considerable
B.valuable
C.important
D.extensive
【答案】A
【解析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。A:considerable“相當(dāng)大的”;B:valuable“有價值的”;C:important“重要的”;D:extensive“廣闊的;廣大的”。句意:當(dāng)ETS的工作人員決定特納的行動是否合理的時候,當(dāng)時似乎沒有什么后果的事實(shí)可能之后會產(chǎn)生很大的意義。本處表示“xxx的意義”,修飾名詞significance意義。因此A符合題意。
4.翻譯題
在當(dāng)今快速發(fā)展變化的世界,各行各業(yè)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者都需要有充分的想象力和批判精神,而非某種不成熟的狹隘觀點(diǎn)。就現(xiàn)實(shí)而言,堅(jiān)實(shí)的人文和科學(xué)學(xué)科的教育通常會對很多具有挑戰(zhàn)性的高級職業(yè),以及越來越多的成年人追求的職業(yè)做著最實(shí)實(shí)在在的準(zhǔn)備。沒有任何一個特別的研究領(lǐng)域會永遠(yuǎn)成為安全感、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力和個人滿足感的門票。
【答案】Intoday'sfastchangingworld,leadersinallwalksoflifeneedtohavesufficientimaginationandcriticalspirit,ratherthanthenarrowviewofsomeimmature.Realistically,thesolideducationinthehumanitiesandsciencesoftenbealotofchallengingseniorcareer,aswellasagrowingnumberofadultspursuingcareerdoingthemosttangiblepreparations.Thereisnooneparticularareaofresearchwillalwaysbeasenseofsecurity,leadershipandpersonalsatisfactiontickets.
5.單選題
Ifyouknowwhatthetroubleis,whydon'tyouhelpthemto()thesituation?
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.simplify
B.modify
C.verify
D.rectify
【答案】D
【解析】考查動詞詞義辨析。選項(xiàng)A:simplify“簡化,使單純”;選項(xiàng)B:modify“修改”;選項(xiàng)C:verify“核實(shí),查證”;選項(xiàng)D:rectify“矯正,改正”。rectify是指抽象意義上對于偏離正常軌道的矯正,因此與題意更切合,所以選項(xiàng)D正確。句意:如果你知道問題出在哪里,為什么不幫助他們扭轉(zhuǎn)局面呢?
6.單選題
There’sasimplepremisebehindwhatLarryMyersdoesforaliving:Ifyoucansmellit,youcanfindit.
MyersisthefounderofAuburnUniversity’sInstituteforBiologicalDetectionSystems,themaintaskofwhichistochasetheultimateindetectiondevices—anartificialnose.Fornow,thesubjectoftheirresearchislittlemorethanastackofgleamingchipstuckedawayinalaboratorydrawer.Butsoon,suchatoolcouldbehangingfromthebeltsofpolice,arsoninvestigatorsandfood-safetyinspectors.
Thetechnologythattheyareworkingonwouldsuggestquitereasonablythat,withinthreetofiveyears,we’llhavesomeworkablesensorsreadytouse.Suchdevicesmightfindwideuseinplacesthatattractterrorists.Policecoulddetectdrugs,bodiesandbombshiddenincars,whilefoodinspectorscouldeasilytestfoodandwaterforcontamination.
Theimplicationsforrevolutionaryadvancesinpublicsafetyandthefoodindustryareastonishing.Butso,too,arethepossibilitiesforabuse.Suchmachinescoulddeterminewhetherawomanisovulating,withoutaphysicalexam—orevenherknowledge.
OneofthetraditionalprotectorsofAmericanlibertyisthatithasbeenimpossibletosearcheveryone.That’sgettingnottobethecase.
ArtificialbiosensorscreatedatAuburnworktotallydifferentlyfromanythingeverseenbefore.AromaScan,forexample,isadesktopmachinebasedonabankofchipssensitivetospecificchemicalsthatevaporateintotheair.Asairissuckedintothemachine,chemicalspassoverthesensorsurfacesandproducechangesintheelectricalcurrentflowingthroughthem.Thosecurrentchangesareloggedintoacomputerthatsortsoutodorsbasedontheirelectricalsignatures.
Myerssaystheyexpecttoloadasinglefingernail—sizechipwiththousandsofodorreceptors,enoughtocreateasensorthat’snearlyassensitiveasadog’snose.
1.Whichofthefollowingiswithinthecapacityoftheartificialnosebeingdeveloped?
2.Apotentialproblemwhichmightbecausedbytheuseofanartificialnoseis____.
3.Theword“l(fā)ogged”(Para.6)mostprobablymeans“____”.
4.Toproduceartificialnosesforpracticaluse,itisessential____.
5.Theauthor’sattitudetowardsLarryMyers’workis____.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.Performingphysicalexaminations.
B.Locatingplaceswhichattractterrorists.
C.Detectingdrugsandwatercontamination.
D.Monitoringfoodprocessing.
問題2選項(xiàng)
A.negligenceofpublicsafety
B.anabuseofpersonalfreedom
C.ahazardtophysicalhealth
D.athreattoindividualprivacy
問題3選項(xiàng)
A.preset
B.entered
C.processed
D.simulated
問題4選項(xiàng)
A.todevelopmicrochipswiththousandsofodorreceptors
B.toinventchipssensitivetovariouschemicals
C.todesignacomputerprogramtosortoutsmells
D.tofindchemicalsthatcanaltertheelectricalcurrentpassingthrough
問題5選項(xiàng)
A.cautious
B.approving
C.suspicious
D.overenthusiastic
【答案】第1題:C
第2題:D
第3題:B
第4題:A
第5題:B
【解析】1.【選項(xiàng)釋義】
Whichofthefollowingiswithinthecapacityoftheartificialnosebeingdeveloped?下列哪項(xiàng)在正在研制的人造鼻子的能力范圍內(nèi)?
A.Performingphysicalexaminations.A.進(jìn)行體格檢查。
B.Locatingplaceswhichattractterrorists.B.找出吸引恐怖分子的地方。
C.Detectingdrugsandwatercontamination.C.檢測藥物和水污染。
D.Monitoringfoodprocessing.D.監(jiān)控食品加工。
【答案】C
【考查點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。
【解題思路】根據(jù)題干信息可定位到第三段最后“而食品檢查員可以很容易地檢測食品和水的污染?!币簿褪钦f能檢測到污染。因此選C。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】
A選項(xiàng)“進(jìn)行體格檢查?!保闹袥]有提及該機(jī)器可以進(jìn)行體格檢查,該選項(xiàng)屬于無中生有;
B選項(xiàng)“找出吸引恐怖分子的地方?!保闹械谌翁岬健斑@種裝置可能會在吸引恐怖分子的地方廣泛使用?!币簿褪钦f這種機(jī)器是在吸引恐怖分子的地方使用而不是找出能吸引恐怖分子的地方,該選項(xiàng)屬于偷換概念;
D選項(xiàng)“監(jiān)控食品加工。”,文中提到“而食品檢查員可以很容易地檢測食品和水的污染?!?,只是說能夠檢測食品污染,并不是能夠監(jiān)控食品加工,該選項(xiàng)屬于過度推斷。
2.【選項(xiàng)釋義】
Apotentialproblemwhichmightbecausedbytheuseofanartificialnoseis____.一個可能由使用人工鼻子引起的潛在問題是____。
A.negligenceofpublicsafetyA.公共安全過失
B.anabuseofpersonalfreedomB.濫用個人自由
C.ahazardtophysicalhealthC.對身體健康的危害
D.athreattoindividualprivacyD.對個人隱私的威脅
【答案】D
【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。
【解題思路】根據(jù)題干信息可定位到第四段“但濫用的可能性也是如此。這種機(jī)器可以在不需要體檢甚至不需要女性知情的情況下,就能確定女性是否在排卵。”由此可知,這種人工鼻子在個人不知情的情況下檢查別人的隱私。以及第五段“美國自由的傳統(tǒng)保護(hù)者之一是不可能搜查每一個人。但事實(shí)并非如此?!庇纱丝芍@種機(jī)器可能在人們不知情的情況下對人們進(jìn)行搜查。綜上可推斷,人工鼻子可能侵犯個人隱私。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】
A選項(xiàng)“公共安全過失”,文中沒有提及,該選項(xiàng)屬于無中生有;
B選項(xiàng)“濫用個人自由”,文中沒有提及,該選項(xiàng)屬于無中生有;
C選項(xiàng)“對身體健康的危害”,文中提到“但濫用的可能性也是如此。這種機(jī)器可以在不需要體檢甚至不需要女性知情的情況下,就能確定女性是否在排卵。”由此可知,是會侵犯個人隱私而不是身體健康,該選項(xiàng)屬于曲解原文。
3.【選項(xiàng)釋義】
Theword“l(fā)ogged”(Para.6)mostprobablymeans“____”.“l(fā)ogged”(第6段)很可能是“____”的意思。
A.presetA.預(yù)設(shè)
B.enteredB.進(jìn)入
C.processedC.加工
D.simulatedD.模擬
【答案】B
【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。
【解題思路】根據(jù)出處提示詞Paragraph6與題干信息可定位到第六段最后“當(dāng)空氣被吸入機(jī)器時,化學(xué)物質(zhì)通過傳感器表面,并在流經(jīng)它們的電流中產(chǎn)生變化。這些電流的變化會被記錄到電腦中,電腦會根據(jù)氣味的電子特征對其進(jìn)行分類?!备鶕?jù)上下文可推斷,logged意為“輸入;進(jìn)入”,因此B選項(xiàng)entered“進(jìn)入”與之意思相近,選B。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】
根據(jù)解題思路,A、C、D選項(xiàng)都屬于曲解原文。
4.【選項(xiàng)釋義】
Toproduceartificialnosesforpracticaluse,itisessential____.為了制造出實(shí)際使用的人造鼻子,必須____。
A.todevelopmicrochipswiththousandsofodorreceptorsA.開發(fā)出含有數(shù)千個氣味感受器的微芯片
B.toinventchipssensitivetovariouschemicalsB.發(fā)明對各種化學(xué)物質(zhì)敏感的芯片
C.todesignacomputerprogramtosortoutsmellsC.設(shè)計一個計算機(jī)程序來分類氣味
D.tofindchemicalsthatcanaltertheelectricalcurrentpassingthroughD.找到能改變電流的化學(xué)物質(zhì)
【答案】A
【考查點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。
【解題思路】根據(jù)題干信息可定位到最后一段“他們希望在一個指甲大小的芯片上裝入數(shù)千個氣味感受器,足以制造出一個幾乎和狗的鼻子一樣靈敏的傳感器?!币虼诉xA。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】
B選項(xiàng)“發(fā)明對各種化學(xué)物質(zhì)敏感的芯片”,文中提到“奧本公司制造的人工生物傳感器的工作原理與以前所見過的完全不同。例如,AromaScan是一種基于一組對蒸發(fā)到空氣中的特定化學(xué)物質(zhì)敏感的芯片的臺式電腦?!?,由此可知這個人工生物傳感器是含有芯片的臺式電腦,但是文章并沒有說要發(fā)明各種對化學(xué)物質(zhì)敏感的芯片,該選項(xiàng)屬于過度推斷;
C選項(xiàng)“設(shè)計一個計算機(jī)程序來分類氣味”,文中沒有提及,該選項(xiàng)屬于無中生有;
D選項(xiàng)“找到能改變電流的化學(xué)物質(zhì)”,文中提到“當(dāng)空氣被吸入機(jī)器時,化學(xué)物質(zhì)通過傳感器表面,并在流經(jīng)它們的電流中產(chǎn)生變化?!笔腔瘜W(xué)物質(zhì)在電流中發(fā)生變化,而不是電流發(fā)生變化,該選項(xiàng)屬于曲解原文。
5.【選項(xiàng)釋義】
Theauthor’sattitudetowardsLarryMyers’workis____.作者對拉里?邁爾斯工作的態(tài)度是____。
A.cautiousA.謹(jǐn)慎的
B.approvingB.贊成的
C.suspiciousC.懷疑的
D.overenthusiasticD.過分熱情的
【答案】B
【考查點(diǎn)】觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。
【解題思路】綜合全文,文章主要介紹了人工鼻子的積極用途比如“這種裝置可能會在吸引恐怖分子的地方廣泛使用。警察可以發(fā)現(xiàn)隱藏在汽車中的毒品、尸體和炸彈,而食品檢查員可以很容易地檢測食品和水的污染。”但是對于人工鼻子的消極影響只提出會侵犯隱私,因此作者對拉里?邁爾斯的工作持贊成態(tài)度,因此選B。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】
A選項(xiàng)“謹(jǐn)慎的”,曲解原文,屬于過度推斷;
C選項(xiàng)“懷疑的”,與作者態(tài)度相反,該選項(xiàng)屬于反向干擾;
D選項(xiàng)“過分熱情的”,曲解原文,屬于過度推斷。
7.單選題
Thereasonwhytheydidn'tgetanypeopletohelpthemintheworkis()theydidn'twanttotroubleanyone.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.because
B.for
C.since
D.that
【答案】D
【解析】thereasonwhy...isthat...為特定句型。所以本題選D。
8.填空題
Ahealthydietwithpropernutritionisessentialformaintaininggoodoverallhealth.(1)itwasdiscoveredearlierinthiscentury,peoplehaveroutinely
(2)takingsupplementsforthispurpose.TheRecommendedDietaryAllowance(RDA)isausednutritional
(3)
formaintainingoptimalhealth.TheRDAspecifiestherecommended
(4)ofanumberofnutrientsforpeople
(5)manydifferentageandsexgroups.TheNationalResearchCouncil’sCommitteeonDietandHealth(6)proposedadefinitionoftheRDAtobethatamountofanutrient
(7)meetstheneedsof98percentofthepopulation.TheRDAapproachhasanumberofshortcomings.First,itis
(8)
ontheassumptionthat
(9)ispossibletoaccuratelydefinenutritionalrequirementsforagivengroup.
(10),individualnutritional(11)canvarywidelywithineachgroup.Theefficiencywithwhichapersonconvertsfoodintake
(12)nutrientscanalsovarywidely.Certainfoodswheneatenincombinationactually
(13)theabsorptionofnutrients.Forexample,spinachcombinedwithmilkreducestheamountofcalciumavailabletothebody(14)
themilk.Also,theRDAapproachspecifiesadifferentdietaryrequirementforeachageand
(15).
【答案】(1)since
(2)been
(3)guideline或reference
(4)intake
(5)of
(6)has
(7)which
(8)based
(9)it
(10)second
(11)needs
(12)into
(13)affect
(14)in
(15)sex
【解析】(1)語法題。空格所在句的主句部分是現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行吋(表示從過去某個時間開始的某動作一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在),所以空格這是應(yīng)填寫一個連詞since表示時間的開始,引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句。
(2)語法題。根據(jù)上一題解析知道這里是完成進(jìn)行時,taking用的是現(xiàn)在分詞形式,根據(jù)固定搭配(主語)+助動詞(have/has)+been+動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞+其他成分)知這里填寫been。
(3)句意分析題。根據(jù)該句句意“RecommendedDietaryAllowance(推薦膳食許可量)是保持最佳身體健康的”可知這里要填一個跟RDA對等的名詞,guideline或reference都可以。
(4)句意分析題。根據(jù)該句句意“針對不同年齡及性別的人們,RDA(推薦膳食許可量)列舉了一些營養(yǎng)物的推薦攝入量?!薄?dāng)z入量’填寫intake。
(5)介詞用法。根據(jù)第4題的句意分析知這里句意是“針對不同年齡及性別的人們”,應(yīng)該填介詞of來構(gòu)成介詞短語作定語修飾前面的people。
(6)時態(tài)用法題。由上文可知本句也是現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài),所以這里填寫has。
(7)語法題。根據(jù)句意和空格后動詞確定這是一個從句,這里應(yīng)填一個關(guān)系代詞(指代前面的“amount”)來構(gòu)成一個后置定語從句修飾amount,修飾物可以填which或者that,但是前面的amount前有形容詞that,所以這里填寫which較為合適。
(8)固定搭配。bebasedon為固定用法,‘建立在…基礎(chǔ)上’。
(9)固定句式:it+be動詞+形容詞+that從句。it作形式主語。
(10)推斷題。由前一句中的“first(首先)”及前后句的句意,推斷這里應(yīng)該填跟其詞性一樣的詞(其次),所以填寫“second”。
(11)推斷題。根據(jù)前一句句意‘首先,它是基于這樣一種假設(shè),即有可能準(zhǔn)確定義特定人群的營養(yǎng)需求。’推斷這里應(yīng)該是“個人的營養(yǎng)需求”,所以可以填寫needs或者requirements,但是上一句已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)過requirements,為避免重復(fù),填寫needs。
(12)固定短語。該句句意是‘一個人轉(zhuǎn)換食物攝取營養(yǎng)素的效率也會有很大差異。’‘營養(yǎng)轉(zhuǎn)化’用固定短語convert…into…,所以填介詞into。
(13)句意分析。由后一句的例子可知此處表達(dá)“食物混合在一起,可能影響營養(yǎng)成分的吸收?!敝髡Zfoods是復(fù)數(shù)形式,動詞affect‘影響’用原形。
(14)句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析。這里的theamountofcalcium應(yīng)該是milk中的,故填寫介詞in‘在...之內(nèi)’。
(15)對應(yīng)前文。對應(yīng)前面第五題空格后的“differentageandsexgroups”,故這里填寫sex。
9.單選題
Feministcriticshavelongdebatedtheextenttowhichgenderplaysaroleinthecreationandinterpretationoftexts.Androgynistpoetics,rootedinmid-Victorianwomen’swriting,contendsthatthecreativemindissexless,butfromthe1970son,manyfeministcriticsrejectedtheideaofthegenderless,mind,findingthattheimaginationcannotevadeconsciousorunconsciousstructuresofgenderwhichispartofculture-determinationwhereseparatingimaginationfromtheselfisimpossible.
TheFemaleAesthetic,expressingauniquefemaleconsciousnessinliterature,spokeofthe“femalevernacular,theMotherTongue,apowerfulbutneglectedwomen’sculture”.VirginiaWoolfdiscusseshowawomanwriterseekswithinherself“thepools,thedepths,thedarkplaceswherethelargestfishslumber”,inevitablycollidingagainstherownsexualitytoconfront“somethingaboutthebody,aboutthepassions”.Accessibletomenandwomenalike,butrepresentingfemalesexualmorphology,thismethodsoughtawayofwritingwhichliterallyembodiedthefemale,therebyfightingthesubordinating,linearstyleofclassificationordistinction.
ItmustbeadmittedthatthereareproblemswiththeFemaleAestheticthatfeministcriticsthemselvesrecognized.Forinstance,theyavoideddefiningexactlywhatconstitutedtheirwritingstyle,asanydefinitionwouldthencategorizeitandsafelysubsumeitasagenreunderthelinearpatriarchalstructure—itsveryrestlessnessandambiguitydefiedidentificationaspartofitsidentity.SomefeministsandwomenwriterscouldfeelexcludedbythesurrealityoftheFemaleAestheticanditsstressonthebiologicalformsoffemaleexperience,whichalsobearcloseresemblancetoessentialism.Menmaytrytheirhandatwritingwoman’sbodies,butaccordingtothefeministcritique,onlyawomanwhoseverybiologygaveheranedgecouldreadthesetextssuccessfully—apositionwhich,worstofall,riskedmarginalizationofwomen’sliteratureandtheory.
Later,Gynocriticsattemptedtoresolvesomeoftheseproblems,byagreeingthatwomen’sliteraturelayasthecentralconcernforfeministcriticismbutrejectingtheconceptofanessentialfemaleidentityandstyle,whilesimultaneouslyseekingtoreviseFreudianstructuresbyemphasizingaPre-Oedipalphasewhereinthedaughter’sbondtohermotherinscribesthekeyfactoringenderidentity.MatriarchalvaluesdissolveintergenerationalconflictsandbuilduponafemaletraditionofliteratureratherthanthestruggleofOedipusandLaisatthecrossroads.Lastlyandmostpromisinginitsachievementofadelicatebalancearedevelopmentsofanover-archinggendertheory,whichconsidersgender,bothmaleandfemale,asasocialconstructionbuiltonbiologicaldifferences.Gendertheoryproposestoexploreideologicalinscriptionandtheliteraryeffectsofthesex/gendersystem,openinguptheliterarytheorystageandbringinginquestionsofmasculinityintofeministtheory.Takinggenderasafundamentalanalyticcategorybringsfeministcriticismfromthemargintothecenter,thoughitrisksdepoliticizingthestudyofwomen.
30.Whichofthefollowingtitlesbestsummarizesthecontentofthepassage?
31.TheauthorspecificallymentionsallofthefollowingissuesthathavebeenconsideredintheevolutionoffeministliterarycriticismEXCEPT().
32.Theauthorrefersto“thelargestfish”(Paragraph2)primarilyinorderto().
33.Accordingtothepassage,thegreatestriskposedbythefeministtheories,liketheFemaleAesthetic,whichposittheexistenceofan“essential”ornon-constructedgenderisin().
34.Itcanbeinferredthattheauthorwoulddefinethe“delicatebalance”mentionedinthelastparagraphastheequilibriumbetween().
35.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthorwouldmostlikelydescribetheevolutionoffeministliterarytheoryas().
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.AHistoricalOverviewofFeministLiteraryCriticism
B.EstablishingNewFeministConceptsofGender
C.ThePrecariousFeministCompromiseinPoliticsandArt
D.ANewTheoryofLiteraryCriticism
問題2選項(xiàng)
A.theplaceofwomenintheliterarycanon
B.thequestionofcultureindetermininggender
C.theroleofFreudintheorizinggenderidentity
D.theeffectofbiologicaldifferencesontextualstyle
問題3選項(xiàng)
A.suggestarefugefromthelonghistoryofsexistliterarycriticism
B.offerasenseofpoliticalpurposethatcanonlybeawakenedthroughliterature
C.articulatethepossibilityforescapefromtheconfinesofgenderedidentity
D.referenceauniquefeministidentitythatmustbeextractedsomehowfromthebody
問題4選項(xiàng)
A.creatingadead-endforfeministliterarycriticismbyattackingthenotionofanandrogynistpoetics
B.reinforcingsexistnotionsthatwomencannotemulatetheliterarystyleofmen
C.pushingfeministwritingoutofthemainstreambyarguingthatmenareunabletofullycomprehendwomen’swriting
D.relyingtooheavilyonthetheoriesofFreud,underwhichidentityistheproductofbiology
問題5選項(xiàng)
A.establishingtiesbetweengenerationsofwomenwritersandfightingpatriarchalinfluence
B.assigningtheproperweighttotheconceptofgenderassociallyconstructedandbiologicallyinherited
C.activelyfightingandpassivelydocumentingtheliteraryeffectsofthesex/gendersystem
D.avoidingmarginalizationonthepoliticalfringesandde-politicizationinthepoliticalmainstream
問題6選項(xiàng)
A.agradualmovementfromtheideaofgenderlesswritingtoawritingthatoriginatesinthewoman’sbody
B.ashiftbetweenadversarialcriticismtomoretolerantvarietiesofcriticism
C.aregularfluctuationbetweentheideaofgenderlessandgenderedwritingthatgraduallysettlesonacompromise
D.amoreorlessconstantpursuitofthegoalofestablishingauniquenicheforwomen’sliterature
【答案】第1題:A
第2題:D
第3題:D
第4題:C
第5題:B
第6題:C
【解析】30.主旨大意題。通讀全文,發(fā)現(xiàn)作者的寫作脈絡(luò)都是圍繞“FeministLiteraryCriticism”,原文首段是說Feministcriticshavelongdebatedtheextenttowhichgenderplaysaroleinthecreationandinterpretationoftexts.(女權(quán)主義評論者在性別對創(chuàng)造力和演繹能力的作用上存在爭議)文第二段是說TheFemaleAesthetic,expressingauniquefemaleconsciousnessinliterature,(女性審美在文學(xué)上表達(dá)出一種獨(dú)特的女性意識);原文第三段是說ItmustbeadmittedthatthereareproblemswiththeFemaleAestheticthatfeministcriticsthemselvesrecognized.(女權(quán)主義評論者認(rèn)識到并且承認(rèn)女性審美存在一些問題);原文第四段是說Later,Gynocriticsattemptedtoresolvesomeoftheseproblems(女性評論者試著解決其中的一些問題)??梢?,全文應(yīng)為“女性文學(xué)評論的歷史概述”。即可得出本題答案。
31.細(xì)節(jié)判斷題。選項(xiàng)A可定位至第二段第一句;選項(xiàng)B可定位至第三段;選項(xiàng)C可定位至第四段,選項(xiàng)D文中未提及。從而得出本題答案。
32.細(xì)節(jié)推斷題。根據(jù)題干信息,將信息點(diǎn)定位到原文第二段第二句VirginiaWoolfdiscusseshowawomanwriterseekswithinherself“thepools,thedepths,thedarkplaceswherethelargestfishslumber”,inevitablycollidingagainstherownsexualitytoconfront“somethingaboutthebody,aboutthepassions”(弗吉尼亞?伍爾夫(VirginiaWoolf)探討了一位女作家如何在自己內(nèi)心尋找“池塘、深處、最大的魚睡覺的黑暗地方”,不可避免地與自己的性欲發(fā)生沖突,以面對“有關(guān)身體和激情的某些東西”。)根據(jù)“ownsexuality”,“thebody”,“thepassions”等信息判定“thelargestfish”指的是選項(xiàng)D。從而得出本題答案。
試題答案D
33.
信息推斷題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“thegreatestrisk”,將信息點(diǎn)定位到原文第三段最后一句Menmaytrytheirhandatwritingwoman’sbodies,butaccordingtothefeministcritique,onlyawomanwhoseverybiologygaveheranedgecouldreadthesetextssuccessfully—apositionwhich,worstofall,riskedmarginalizationofwomen’sliteratureandtheory.(女性主義批評認(rèn)為只有女性才能夠解讀女性寫作的文本,而這一立場帶來的最大的風(fēng)險是將女性文學(xué)與理論邊緣化)即可得出本題答案。
34.
細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“delicatebalance”,將信息點(diǎn)定位到原文最后一段第三句“Lastlyandmostpromisinginitsachievementofadelicatebalancearedevelopmentsofanover-archinggendertheory,whichconsidersgender,bothmaleandfemale,asasocialconstructionbuiltonbiologicaldifferences.(最后,在實(shí)現(xiàn)微妙的平衡方面最有希望的是一種包羅萬象的性別理論的發(fā)展,該理論認(rèn)為性別,包括男性和女性,是建立在生理差異基礎(chǔ)上的社會結(jié)構(gòu)。)根據(jù)“considersgender”“socialconstructionbuiltonbiologicaldifferences”即可得出本題答案。
35.信息歸納題。本文主要關(guān)于女性文學(xué)評論的歷史發(fā)展,根據(jù)原文第一段第一句Feministcriticshavelongdebatedtheextenttowhichgenderplaysaroleinthecreationandinterpretationoftexts.(長期以來,女權(quán)主義批評家一直在爭論性別在文本的創(chuàng)作和解釋中所起的作用。),最后一段的“adelicatebalance”即可得出本題答案。
10.單選題
Scientificandtechnologicaladvancesareenablingustocomprehendthefurthestreachesofthecosmos,themostbasic______ofmatter,andthemiraclesoflife.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.bacteria
B.constituents
C.erosion
D.contexts
【答案】B
【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。A選項(xiàng)bacteria“細(xì)菌”;B選項(xiàng)constituents“成分”;C選項(xiàng)erosion“侵蝕,腐蝕”;D選項(xiàng)contexts“環(huán)境,上下文”。句意:科學(xué)和技術(shù)的進(jìn)步使我們能夠了解宇宙的邊陲、物質(zhì)最基本的……和生命的奇跡。根據(jù)matter(物質(zhì))可推測與其搭配的是constituents。結(jié)合句意,A選項(xiàng)及C選項(xiàng)都可排除。D選項(xiàng)contexts(環(huán)境)也不能與matter(物質(zhì))搭配,因此B選項(xiàng)為正確答案。
11.單選題
Thetooththatisbeingextractedbythedentist()meforsometime.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.hashurt
B.hasbeenhurting
C.ishurting
D.hurts
【答案】A
【解析】考查時態(tài)?!癴or+一段時間”一般用現(xiàn)在完成時,“forsometime”表示“一段時間以來”,句意:牙科醫(yī)生正在拔的那顆牙痛了我一段時間了。所以本題選擇A選項(xiàng)“hashurt”正確。
12.單選題
Itishardtogetanyagreementontheprecisemeaningoftheterm‘socialclass’.Ineverydaylife,peopletendtohaveadifferentapproachtothosetheyconsidertheirequalsfromthatwhichtheyassumewithpeopletheyconsiderhigherorlowerthanthemselvesinthesocialscale.Thecriteriaweusetoplaceanewacquaintance,however,areacomplexmixtureoffactors.Dress,wayofspeaking,areaofresidenceinagivencityorprovince,educationandmannersallplayapart.
Intheeighteenth-centuryoneofthefirstmoderneconomists,AdamSmith,thoughtthatthe‘wholeannualproduceofthelandandlaborofeverycountry’providedrevenueto“threedifferentordersofpeople:Thosewholivebyrent,thosewholivebywages,thosewholivebyprofit’.Eachsuccessivestageoftheindustrialrevolution,however,madethesocialstructuremorecomplicated.
Manyintermediategroupsgrewupduringthenineteenth-centurybetweentheuppermiddleclassandtheworkingclass.Thereweresmall-scaleindustrialistsaswellaslargeones,smallshopkeepersandtradesmen,officialsandsalariedemployees,skilledandunskilledworkers,andprofessionalmensuchasdoctorsandteachers.Farmersandpeasantscontinuedinallcountriesasindependentgroups.
Duringthenineteenthandearlytwentiethcenturiesthepossessionofwealthinevitablyaffectedaperson'ssocialposition.Intelligentindustrialistswithinitiativemadefortunesbytheirwitswhichliftedthemintoaneconomicgroupfarhigherthantheirworking-classparents.Buttheylackedthesocialtrainingoftheupperclass,whodespisedthemasthe‘newrich’.
Theyoftensenttheirsonsanddaughterstospecialschoolstoacquiresocialtraining.Heretheirchildrenmixedwiththechildrenoftheupperclasseswereacceptedbythem,andveryoftenfoundmarriagepartnersfromamongthem.Inthesameway,athrifty,hard-workinglabourer,thoughnotcleverenoughhimself,mightsaveforhissonenoughtopayforanextendedsecondaryschooleducationinthehopethathewouldmoveintoa‘white-collar'occupation,carryingwithitahighersalaryandmo
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