大學英語(二)最全復習資料

2011年自考英語(二)章節(jié)復習資料匯總重點單詞擴充講解：organizational:a組織上的由此我們可以聯(lián)想到：organize:v組織；organization:n組織；organizer:n組織者請看下列習題，選擇該組詞里恰當?shù)脑~填空：.Lastweek,ourschoolaspringouting..Thetaskcallsforthehighestskill..ChinahasjoinedWorldTrade..Heistheofthespeechcontest.Answers:organized,organizational,Organization,organizerobjective:n目標；a客觀的，反義詞subjective:主觀的predict:v預言、預示；由此我們可以聯(lián)想到:prediction:n預言；predictable:a可預測的;predictor:n預言家simplify:v簡化由此我們可以聯(lián)想到：simple:a簡單的；simply:ad簡單地，僅僅地；simplification:n簡化；simplified:a被簡化的。Exercisesfortheabovewords:.Themachineisinoperationbutcomplexinstructure..ShakespearesRomeoandJulietintheoriginalisbeyondourcapacitywhileeditionisquiteeasy..Thereisnopointinarguingaboutit,becauseitisaquestionofprocedure..Theofworkingprocessfreedtheworkersfroheavylabor.Answers:simple;simplified;simply;simplificationtendency:n趨勢、傾向；tend:v傾向于…，tendtodosthe.g.oldpeoplehavethetendencyofgettingfatter.Oroldpeopletendtogetfatter.managerial:a經(jīng)理的、經(jīng)營上的；由此我們可以聯(lián)想到：manage:v管理、經(jīng)營；management:n;manager:n經(jīng)營者，管理者；manageable:a可管理的、可經(jīng)營的。argue:v爭辯、爭論，常用固定搭配：arguwithsbabout/oversth由于某事而同某人爭論；arguesbintodoingsth說服某人做某事；arguesboutofdoingsth說服某人不要做某事。e.g.1>.Theyoungcouplealwaysarguewitheachotherovertheirchild'seducation.2>.Iarguedhimoutofgoingonsuchadangerousjourney.define:v給…下定義；definition:n定義profitability:n賺錢，獲利由此我們可以聯(lián)想到：profit:n利潤；profitable:a有利可圖的，有好處的；profitless:a沒有利潤的。.Hehasmadeafromrunningasmallrestaurant..Thedealwastoallofus..Theyvalueddifferently,whichledtodisagreementastothecorrectnessofdecision.Answer:profit,profitable;profitability.correctness:n正確性；字根：correct:a正確的；v糾正，correction:n糾正；incorrect:a不正確的。unintended:a非計劃中的,由此我們可以聯(lián)想到：intend:v打算，計劃；intention:n；intended:a計劃中的課文難句講解、分析Adecisionisachoicemadefromamongalternativecoursesofactionthatareavailable.(pl)譯：決策就是從幾種可以選擇的做法中作出選擇。分析：該句是主系表結(jié)構(gòu)。madefromamongalternativecoursesofactionthatareavailable是過去分詞短語做定語修飾achoice;其中thatareavailable是定語從句修飾coursesofaction.像這樣一環(huán)修飾一環(huán)的句子結(jié)構(gòu)在英文中很普遍，因此為了看懂句子大家必須學會分析。這是整個英語學習過程中很重要的能力！Thereasonformakingadecisionisthataproblemexists,goalsorobjectivesarewrong,orsomethingisstandinginthewayofaccomplishingthem.(p1)譯：做出決策的原因是因為存在問題，目標或目的有錯誤，或者有某種東西防礙著它們的實現(xiàn)。分析：該句又是主系表結(jié)構(gòu)。That引導三個并列的表語從句，①aproblemexists,②goalsorobjectivesarewrong：?somethingisstandinginthewayofaccomplishingthem。短語：makeadecision:做出決策；standintheway:阻擋、防礙Oftenmanagersmustmakeabestguessatwhatthefuturewillbeandtrytoleaveaslittleaspossibletochance,butsinceuncertaintyisalwaysthere,riskaccompaniesdecisions.(p2)譯：通常管理者必須對未來的情況做出最佳預測，從而使偶然性盡可能少地發(fā)生，但因為不確定性總是存在，所以決策常伴隨著風險。分析：前半句是主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)。whatthefuturewillbe是at的賓語；aslittleaspossible做leave的賓語；since引導原因狀語從句，相當于because.Ifthereisnochoice,thereisnodecisiontobemade.(p3)譯：如果沒有選擇，就不會有決策。分析：這是一句很簡單的條件狀語從句，但它有一個很重要的考點：tobemade。這是動詞不定式做定語修飾decision,有將來意味。比如：Thelastquestiontobediscussedtodayishowtodividetheworkamongourselves.Formanagers,everydecisionhasconstraintsbasedonpolicies,procedures,laws,precedents,andthelike.(p3)譯：對于管理者而言，每次決策都受到政策、程序、法律以及慣例等因素制約。分析：這句話的考點是basedonpolicies,procedures,laws,precedents,andthelike。同樣是過去分詞短語做定語修飾constraints。其中詞組：base..on以…為基礎。如：ThefilmisbasedonsshortstorybyJackLondon.Butthetendencytosimplifyblindsthemtootheralternatives.(p4)譯：但是這種簡化的傾向使得他們看不到其他可供選擇的方法。分析：該句主語thetendencytosimplify,謂語blinds;them是賓語。tosimplify是定語，修飾thetendency；tootheralternatives是賓補。其中短語：blindsbtosth:使..看不見…；weshouldn,tletourprejudicesblindustothefacts.Becauseindividuals(andorganizations)frequentlyhavedifferentideasabouthowtoattainthegoals,thebestchoicemaydependonwhomakesthedecision.(p6line4-6)譯：因為個人(和組織)關于如何達到目的常有不同的觀點，哪種是最優(yōu)的選擇可能要看是誰做出決策。分析：這是一個由because弓I導的原因狀語從句。其中howtoattainthegoals做介詞about的賓語，whomakesthedecision做介詞on的賓語。Someoftheseobjectivesaremoreimportantthanothers,buttheorderanddegreeofimportanceoftenvaryfrompersontopersonandfromdepartmenttodepartment.(p7line2-4)譯：其中有一些目標比其它的更而耍，但其順序和市要程度因人和不同的部門而異。分析：請注意比較級moreimportantthan,詞組：varyfrompersontoperson譯成中文：因人而異，可以推出：因季節(jié)而異varyfromseasontoseason...Whenpresentedwithacommoncase,salesmanagerstendtoseesalesproblems,productionmanagersseeproductionproblems,andsoon.(p7line5-7)譯：當面對同一件日常事情時，銷售經(jīng)理傾向于看銷售問題，而生產(chǎn)經(jīng)理則會看生產(chǎn)相關的問題，等等。分析：前半部分為常考內(nèi)容，它是when+過去分詞短語，構(gòu)成時間狀語部分。其中詞組：bepresentedwith=befacedwith當面對...Whenfacedwithdifficulties,weshouldbebrave..F^opleoftenassumethatadecisionisanisolatedphenomenon.(p9)譯：人們經(jīng)常假設一項決策是孤立的現(xiàn)象。分析：句子結(jié)構(gòu)簡單：主謂賓(從句)。其中assume:=imagine;isolated:adj孤立的。phenomenon:n現(xiàn)象；復數(shù)變化較特殊：phenomena重點單詞、詞組詳講interview:n/v采訪、面試；interviewer:n采訪者；interviewee:n被采訪者e.g.1>.Who'sthemostfamouspersonyou'veeverinterviewedonTV?2>.InaTVinterviewlastnight,shedeniedshehadanyintentionofresigning.criticism:n批評，評論；criticize:v批評；critical:a批評的、挑剔的、關鍵的；critic:n評論家，請?zhí)钐羁础?>Heisaliterary.2>Weareatatimeinourhistory.3>Hecan'ttake.4>Theboywasbyhisfatherforbeinglateforschool.Answers:critic,critical,criticism,criticizedindifference:n冷漠、漠不關心；indifferent:a冷漠的，反義詞：enthusiastic:熱情的cf:different:a不同的，名詞：difference;反義詞：same.inefficiency:n無效，由此聯(lián)想得到：efficient:a高效率的;efficiency:ninefficient:a低效率的conservative:a保守的、保存的；conserve:v保存；conservation:napplytosbforsth:向某人申請某物e.g.Thestudentappliedtotheembassyforavisa.takethetroubletodosth:不辭勞苦、費力地做某事e.g.IfyoutookthetroubletolistentowhatIwassaying,you'dknowwhatIwastalkingabout.putoneselfinsomebody'splace:設身處地...Ifyouputyourselfinyourmother'splace,youwillunderstandwhysheissoworriedaboutyou.inhand:手頭上有，進行中I'vegotenoughmoneyinhandtobuyanewcar.turndown:調(diào)小，降低，拒絕TurndowntheTV,forthebabyissleeping.Heturneddownthejobbecausethepayisn'tgoodenough.課文難句分析Thekeywordsherearepreparationandconfidence,whichwillcarryyoufar.(p2)譯：這里的關鍵詞是準備和自信，它們將使你前程遠大。分析：whichwillcarryyoufar非限定性定語從句,修飾preparationandconfidence。另夕卜請注意：key關鍵的；preparation是prepare的名詞；confidence:n信心。Confident:a有信心的；self-confidence:自信心。Findoutallyoucanaboutthejobyouareapplyingforandtheoriginationyouhopetoworkfor.(p4)譯：了解你所申請的工作和你希望為之工作的組織。分析：youareapplyingfor定語，修飾thejob;youhopetoworkfor定語修飾theorigination。詞組:applytosbforsth向某人申請什么。Itshowsanunattractiveindifferencetoyouremployerandtoyourjob.(P6)譯：它表明你對雇主和你的工作的態(tài)度冷漠，不感興趣。分析：it主語；shows謂語；anunattractiveindifference賓語；toyouremployerandtoyourjob間接賓語。Showsthtosb=showsbsth.另夕卜，請注意：indifference:冷漠,漠視。Hewantssomebodywhoishard-workingwithapleasantpersonalityandarealinterestinthejob.(p7)分析：whoishard-workingwithapleasantpersonalityandarealinterestinthejob全部都是定語，修飾somebody。注意介詞with表示帶有。。；haveinterestinsth對…有興趣。Anythingthatyoufindoutabouttheprospectiveemployercanbeusedtoyouradvantageduringtheinterviewtoshowthatyouhavebotheredtomastersomefactsaboutthepeoplewhoyouhopetoworkfor.(p8)譯：你找到的任何有關未來雇主的信息在面試中都能為你所用，以表示你費了心思去掌握一些關于你希望為其工作的人的事實。分析：從這個句子的長度大家也能看出這是一個復雜句。主體結(jié)構(gòu)為：anythingcanbeusedtoyouradvantage,thatyoufindoutabouttheprospectiveemployer是定語從句；duringtheinterview狀語；toshowthatyouhavebotheredtomastersomefactsaboutthepeoplewhoyouhopetoworkfor是目的狀語；whoyouhopetoworkfor是另外一個定語從句修飾thepeople.詞組：toyouradvantage:對你有利；workforsb為某人工作。Donotbeafraidtoaskforclarificationofsomethingthathasbeensaidduringtheinterviewifyouwanttobesurewhatwasimplied,butdobepolite.(P10)譯：面試中如果你想確切地知道某些話的含義，不要害怕請對方解釋清楚，但一定要有禮貌。分析：基本句型：notbeafraidtodosth;不要害怕去做某事；askforclarification要求澄清；thathasbeensaidduringtheinterview定語，修飾something;whatwasimplied賓語；dobepolite:其中do為了強調(diào)，如：dobecareful!Idoloveyou!Hedoeslietous!Havetheletterinvitingyouforaninterviewreadytoshowincasethereisanydifficultyincommunication.(p16)譯：拿著邀請你面試的通知書，以防萬一交談出現(xiàn)困難時顯示。分析：這是一個祈使句。Have動詞，拿著；theletter賓語；invitingyouforaninterview現(xiàn)在分詞做定語；readytoshow狀語；incasethereisanydifficultyincommunication條件狀語從句；詞組：thereissomedifficultyinsth/doingsth在..方面有困難。如:WehavesomedifficultyspeakingEnglishfluently.Thereislittlelikelihoodthatapaneloffivewantstogothroughtheprocessofallshakinghandswithyouinturn.(p20)譯：由五個人構(gòu)成的專門小組幾乎不可能輪流與你握手。分析：這句話的重點在于thatapaneloffiveantstogothroughtheprocessofallshakinghandswithyouinturn是一個同位語從句，是對littlelikelihood的解釋。其中：likelihood:n可能性，相當于possibility;gothrough經(jīng)歷;inturn:輪流。Wouldyoumindrephrasingthequestion,please?(p23)譯：您介意換個說法來問這個問題嗎？分析：考點minddoingsth.如：WouldyoumindturningdowntheTV?語法：介紹as的相關用法as是一個乍一看簡單，但實際在英語中用法很復雜的小詞。從詞類上講，可以用作介詞、副詞、連詞以及關系代詞；從語法功能角度來看，可以構(gòu)成介詞賓語，引導原因狀語從句，時間狀語從句，方式狀語從句，讓步狀語從句，比較狀語從句和定語從句。此外as還出現(xiàn)在很多固定搭配中，如：asif,asthough,aslongas,asto,asfor,soasto,etc.請看下列例句，并請分析出as的具體用法。IworkasanEnglishteacherinamiddleschool.Runasfastasyoucan.Youngasheis,heknowsmorethanI.JustasIwasleaving,thetelephonerang.PleasedoasIhavetoldyou.AsIamtheoldestchildinmyfamily,Imusttakecareoftheotherchildren.SuchpeopleasyouhavedescribedarerarenowLearnnewwordsandphrases.astronomer:n天文學家；astronomy:n天文學.explode:v爆炸，由此聯(lián)想：explosive:a爆炸性的/n炸藥：explosion:n爆炸.Whenthebomb,manypeoplewereseriouslywounded..Theunexpectedfrightenedthelittlegirl..Itmightbepossibletoconvert是轉(zhuǎn)變energyintoheat.Answers:exploded,explosion,explosivedensity:n密度：聯(lián)想產(chǎn)生：dense:a密度大的，反義詞：sparse;densely:ad高密度地；densely-populated人口稠密的；sparsely-populated人口稀疏的.Thefogkeptthetravelersfromfindingthecorrectdirection..Thebusinessareaofthecityispopulated..Thisliquidhasamuchgreaterthanwater.Answers:dense,densely,densityshrink:v收縮、退縮、縮水.Asaresultofcarelesswashing,thejackethasshrunktoachild'ssize..Thegirlshrinksatthesightofblood.measurement:n衡量、測量；由此聯(lián)想：measure:n措施/v衡量、測量;measurable:a可衡量的，可測量的.Wemusttaketoprotectourenvironment..Wehavecomewithindistanceofsuccess..Qocksgiveusaoftime..Theretherainfallisnotininchesbutinfeet.Answers:measures,measurable,measurement,measuredmplication:n含義、暗示；imply:v暗示basis:n基礎、根據(jù)，由此可以聯(lián)想得到：base:n底部；v以…為底，為根據(jù)；basic:a基礎的，根本的；basically:ad根本上來說,.IfyouwanttoimproveyourEnglish,youmusthaveasolid..Thefurnitureofoutdormisreally:twobeds,twochairsandtables..Thechargesarefalsefortheyarenotonprovenfacts..Sncenobetterplancanbeworkedout,wehavetoadopttheworkableone.Answers:basis,basic,based,basicallyobservatory:n天文臺；由此可以聯(lián)想得到：observe:v觀察；observation:n觀察；observer:n觀察家convincing:a有說服力的，使人信服的；convince:v使人信服；convinced:a感到有說服力的，常見搭配：convincesbofsth;convincesbthat.Hegaveusaconvincingspeech..Heconvincedmefhissincerity.operate:v運轉(zhuǎn)、操作、動手術；operation:n手術，操作；operator:操作者researchinto對.?進行研究SheisresearchingintopossiblecuresforAlDS.swallowup:吞沒、耗盡Manysmallbusinesseshavebeenswallowedupbylargecompanies.applytosb/sth：適用于某人/某事,請對比:applytosbforsth向某人申請某事；applyAtoB將A應用于B.Ybushouldapplywhatyouhavelearnedtoyourwork..Iappliedtohimforanewjob..Thestudymethoddoesn*tapplytoeveryoneAnalyzetheimportantsentencesamongthetextWell,ifsdifficulttoanswerthisquestion,sincethetermswewouldnormallyusetodescribeascientificphenomenonareinadequatehere.(pl)譯：哦，這個問題很難回答，因為我們通常用來描述一種科學現(xiàn)象的現(xiàn)有術語在這里不夠用。句子分析：it是形式主語，toanswerthisquestion是句子主語；since引導原因狀語從句，wewouldnormallyusetodescribeascientificphenomenon是定語從句，修飾terms;inadequate:不充分的，不合格的。Astronomersandscientiststhinkthatablackholeisaregionofspacenotathingintowhichmatterhasfallenandfromwhichnothingcanescape--notevenlight.(p1)譯：天文學家和科學家認為黑洞是一個空間區(qū)域，而不是一個物體，物質(zhì)會掉進黑洞而沒有物體可以從中逃脫出來，即使是光也不行。句子分析：intowhich和fromwhich引導兩個定語從句，介詞：into和fall搭配；from和escape搭配。這種介詞+which的定語從句的形式請多注意。Thetheoryisthatsomestarsexplodewhentheirdensityincreasestoaparticularpoint.(p2)譯：(關于黑洞形成的)理論就是一些星球的密度增長到某個特定的點就會爆炸。句子分析：這是一個主系表結(jié)構(gòu)句。that用來引導表語從句，不可省略。其中又包含一個when引導的時間狀語從句。toaparticularpoint是達到某一個特定的點的含義。Butifthestarisverylarge(muchbiggerthanoursun)thisprocessofshrinkingmaybesointensethatablackholeresults.(p2)譯：但如果星球很大(比我們的太陽還要大得多)，其收縮過程可能很劇烈，以致于產(chǎn)生了黑洞。句子分析：這是一個if引導的條件狀語從句，so.dhat表示如此…以致，是結(jié)果狀語從句。如：I'msotiredthatIcanevensleeponmywayhome.Imaginetheearthreducedtothesizeofamarble,butstillhavingthesamemassandastrongergravitationalpull,andyouhavesomeideaoftheforceofablackhole.(p2)譯：假想?下地球收縮到彈球兒那么大，但仍具有同樣的質(zhì)量和更強的吸引力，你就會對黑洞的力量又某種概念。句子分析:該句的主要結(jié)構(gòu)為imagine…andyou事實上相當于ifyouimagine..,youwillhavesomeidea....這種句子結(jié)構(gòu)在歷年的考試中曾出現(xiàn)過。請記?。浩硎咕?and+陳述句=if引導的條件狀語從句。如：Hurryupandyoucancatchthelasttrain!另夕卜，該句還有兩個定語成分reducedtothesizeofamarble和havingthesamemassandastrongergravitationalpull用來修飾theearth.前者為過去分詞，而后者為現(xiàn)在分詞。詞組：havesomeideaofsth對...有所了解Itisonlyrecentlythatastronomershavebegunspecificresearchintoblackholes.(p3line13-14)譯：只是近來科學家才開始對黑洞進行具體的研究。句子分析：本句的核心結(jié)構(gòu)為itis..that的強調(diào)句型，強調(diào)時間狀語onlyrecently。詞組：researchintosth對..進行研究。Themostconvincingevidenceofblackholescomesfromresearchintobinarystarsystems.(p4)譯：有關黑洞最有說服力的證據(jù)來自對雙星體系的研究。句子分析：該句主語evidence,謂語comesfrom；賓語researchintobinarystarsystemsoThemostconvincing是定語，修飾evidence.其中請注意8nvincing:令人信服的，通常修飾物的形容詞多以?ing結(jié)尾；而修飾人的多以-ed結(jié)尾。如：Ifeelexcitedafterhearingthesurprisingnews.Matterfromtheonewhichwecanseeisbeingpulledtowardsthecompanionstar.(p4)譯：我們所看到的星球的物質(zhì)正在被吸引到伴星去。句子分析：主語matter;謂語isbeingpulled,這是一個進行被動語態(tài)；towardsthecompanionstar介詞賓語：fromtheonewhichwecansee定語。Ontheotherhand,scientistshavesuggestedthatveryadvancedtechnologycouldonedaymakeuseoftheenergyofblackholesformankind.(p5line4-6)譯：另一方面，科學家也提出有一天高科技會利用黑洞的力量為人類服務。句子分析：請注意在本句中suggest不是建議的含義，是指出、指明的意思。advanced高級的、先進的；makeuseofsth利用…，該詞組可以拓展成：makegooduseof好好加1以利用；makefulluseof充分力口以利用。Theyshowusaworldwhichoperatesinatotallydifferentwayfromourownandtheyquestionourmostbasicexperienceofapaceandtime.(p5)譯：他們展示給我們一個不同于我們自己的世界運行方式的世界，并對我們最基本的時空經(jīng)驗提出了質(zhì)疑。句子分析：這個句子復雜在于：從which引導的很長的定語從句，特別注意;operate：v操作；inaway以某種方式；bedifferentfrom同…不同；question:v質(zhì)疑，詢問Learnnewwordsandphrasesresolve:v旋轉(zhuǎn)，常見搭配關系為：resolvearoundsb/sth圍繞..轉(zhuǎn)。Shespendsallofhertimeresolvingaroundherfamily.Theearthresolvesaroundthesun.solar:a太陽的，日光的solarenergy太陽能；solarsystem太陽系；solarmonth陽歷月concerned:a有關的、擔心的Herjobissomethingconcernedwithcomputer.Heisconcernedabouttheresultoftheexam.colored:a有色的，對比；colorful:a豐富多彩的Ilikeorange-coloredcoat.Everybodylikescolorfullife.religion:n宗教，religious:a虔誠的；請對比：region:n地區(qū)；regional:a地區(qū)的circumstance:n情況、境遇；Undernocircumstancescanwewastetime.agreatmany=anumberof=many很多，修飾復數(shù)名詞。而agreatdealof+u.nAgreatmanystudentsareabsenttoday.Ihavewastedagreatdealoftime.aboveall:首先、首要Afterthewar,helongedabovealltoseehiswifeandfamily.asarule:通常、一般而言Asarule,Ionlywatchsportsnews.Analyzetheimportantsentencesamongthetext:Firstofall,letusconsidertheearthasaplanetrevolvingaroundthesun.(P1)譯：首先，讓我們把地球看作是圍繞太陽運行的一顆行星。句子分析：firstofall首先，詞組:8nsidersthassth把…當作…，與之類似的詞組還有：lookupsthassth;reviewsthassth;treatsthassth..：revolvingaroundthesun是現(xiàn)在分詞短語作定語修飾aplanet0Thesenineplanets,togetherwiththesun,makeupwhatiscalledoursolarsystem.(p1)譯：這九大行星和太陽一起構(gòu)成我們所說的太陽系。句子分析:該句主語為:Thesenineplanets；謂語是makeup；whatiscalledoursolarsystem是賓語；togetherwiththesun是狀語，而并非句子主語。關于該語法內(nèi)容請見本講后面的grammar一主謂一致Howthiswonderfulsystemstartedandwhatkeptitworkingwithsuchwonderfulaccuracyislargelyamystery (p1)譯：這個奇妙的星系是怎樣起源的？什么使它保持極其精確的運轉(zhuǎn)，很大程度上現(xiàn)在還是一個謎。句子分析：這也是一個主語很復雜的句子：Howthiswonderfulsystemstartedandwhatkeptitworkingwithsuchwonderfulaccuracy是主語，’它是——個主語從句。關于該語法內(nèi)容請見本講后面的grammar…主謂一致。Thetotalwaterareaisaboutthreetimesaslargeasthelandarea.(p4)譯：水域的總面積大約是陸地面積的三倍大。句子分析：該句的核心句型是A+be+倍數(shù)+as+adj+as+B.e.g.TheAtlanticOceanisonlyhalfasbigasthePacificOcean.Thesecurrentsareimportantbecausetheyaffectedtheclimateofthelandareasclosetowheretheyflowandalsobecausetheycarrylargequantitiesofmicroscopeanimalandvegetablelifewhichformsalargepartofthefoodforfishes.(p5)譯：這些海洋之所以重要是因為他們影響著所流經(jīng)區(qū)域的附近陸地的氣候，也是因為它們攜帶大量的微生物，植物，而這些構(gòu)成魚類食品的一大部分。句子分析:這是一個由because引導的主從復合句，其中closetowheretheyflow是定語,修飾thelandareas；詞組:largequantitiesof+c.n/u.n;whichformsalargepartofthefoodforfishes是定語從句修飾animalandvegetablelifeo其中l(wèi)ife是指生命，不可數(shù)名詞。Thecircumstancesunderwhichdifferentpeoplelivemakeadifferencebetweenthewayinwhichtheyliveandthewayinwhichwelive,anditoughttobeourbusinesstotrytounderstandthosedifferentcircumstancessothatwecanbetterunderstandpeopleofotherlands.(p8)譯：不同民族的生活環(huán)境造就了他們和我們極為不同的生活方式，我們應該做的是去了解他們不同的生活環(huán)境以便可以更好理解其他地區(qū)的人們。句子分析:該句中的underwhich和inwhich又是介詞+which的定語從句用法，修飾Thecircumstances和theway；sothat引導的時目的狀語從句。其中：makeadiference;使...不同，產(chǎn)生差異；business是指責任;Aboveall,weshouldavoiddecidingwhatwethinkaboutpeopledifferentfromourselveswithoutfirsthavinglearnedagreatdealaboutthemandthekindoflivestheyhavetolive.譯：其中很重要的實在沒有對于與我們不同的人們和他們必須過的那種生活有大量的了解之前，我們應該避免對他們有先入為主的看法。句子分析：Aboveall是狀語，意思是最重要的，首先；we生語；shouldavoid謂語；decidingwhatwethinkaboutpeopledifferentfromourselves賓語；withoutfirst...狀語。differentfromourselves是定語，修飾people;havinglearned動名詞的完成時態(tài)，表示這個動作早于deciding發(fā)生。重要詞組：aboveall;avoiddoing;agreatdealItistruetosaythatthemorewelearnaboutotherpeople,thebetterweunderstandtheirideasandasarule,thebetterwelikethosepeoplethemselves.譯：確實我們了解其他人越多，我們就越能理解他們的觀點，通常我們就更喜歡那些人。句子分析:該句的主要結(jié)構(gòu)為:themore..themore..thebetterBS：越…就越…；如：Thelongeryoukeepthiswine,thebetterittastes.ThebusierIam,thehappierIam.Grammar主謂一致主謂一致是指句中的主語和謂語在人稱和數(shù)上須保持一致。我們一般遵從三個原則：1、語法一致的原則：是指主語為單數(shù)或復數(shù)時，其謂語動詞要與其相呼應。2、意義一致的原則：指謂語動詞的單復數(shù)取決于主語所表達的概念，而不取決于表面的語法標志，主要表現(xiàn)為某些集體名詞后可跟動詞單數(shù)或復數(shù)。如果這些集體名詞指整體概念時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)；指具體成員時用復數(shù)。3、就近原則：是指謂語動詞單復數(shù)取決于離它最近的詞語，而無須考慮其他的詞。主謂一致的熱點.由manya或morethan+單數(shù)名詞作主語時，其謂語用單數(shù)形式。ManyaforeignerhasbeentotheGreatWall.Morethanonestudenthasvisitedtheexhibition.."..…的幾分之幾”和“…的百分之幾”作主語時，其謂語用單數(shù)或復數(shù)取決于of后的名詞。Three-fourthsofthesurfaceoftheearthissea.percentofthestudentsinourclassaregirls.."anumberof+名詞復數(shù)"作主語，謂語用復數(shù)；"thenumberof+名詞復數(shù)”作主語，謂語用單數(shù)。Anumberofpupilslikereadingpicture-books.Thenumberofthestudentsinourclassis55..并列主語如果指的是同一人、同一物或同一概念，謂語動詞用單數(shù)，這時and后面的名詞前沒有冠詞。ThesecretaryofthePartybranchanddirectorofthatfactoryoftenworkswiththeworkers..成對的名詞，如breadandbutter涂黃油的面包，sodaandwater汽水,coffeeandmilk加牛奶的咖啡,aimandend目的，saltandwater鹽開水等，雖然有and連接，但仍表單一概念，作主語時，謂語用單數(shù)。Aknifeandforkisonthetable..由and連接的并列單數(shù)主語的前面分別有each,every或n。修飾時，其謂語用單數(shù)形式。Nostudentandnoteacherisinvitedtotheparty.Inourcountryeveryboyandeverygirlhasrighttoreceiveeducation..主語是單數(shù),其后跟有togetherwith,alongwith（與….一道）,aswellas（和；也），nolessthan（和….一樣），ratherthan（而不），以及with,not,like,but,except,besides,including等引起的短語時，謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)形式。HeaswellashissisterisaLeaguemember..在定語從句中主語是關系代詞who,that,which,謂語動詞的數(shù)應與先行詞的數(shù)一致。whoamyourteacher,willteachyoueverythingIknow..主語是一些只有復數(shù)形式的名詞,如clothes,trousers,glasses,compasses,scissors,shoes,socks,gloves等時，謂語用復數(shù)。但這類表示成雙的東西的名詞前有apairof修飾時，謂語用單數(shù)。Mytrousersarebeingwashednow.Thereisapairofshoesinthebox..表示度量、價格、時間的復數(shù)名詞詞組作主語時一般被看作一個整體,謂語用單數(shù)形式。Tendollarsisnotenough.Threemonthshaspassedsinceheleft..主語是以-ics結(jié)尾的學科名詞以及news,works（工廠）等都屬形式復數(shù)，而意義單數(shù)的名詞，其謂語用單數(shù)形式。另外means一詞單復數(shù)同形應視具體情況而定。Mathematicsseemstobedifficulttolearn.Anewmeansofteachingisbeingusedinthatschool..主語是用作書名、劇名、報紙名、國名等的復數(shù)名詞，謂語一般用單數(shù)形式。TheUnitedStatesisadevelopedcountry..主語是family,team,group,crowd,class,committee等集合名詞時，如果作為一個整體看待，謂語用單數(shù)形式，如指的是全體人員時，謂語用復數(shù)。Hisfamilyareallmusiclovers.."oneof+復數(shù)名詞+定語從句”之前有theonly,thevery,the等限定詞和修飾語時，定語從句的謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。Sheistheonlyoneofthesewomenwhoplaystheviolin..主語是疑問代詞who,what,which,不定代詞all,more,most,any,none等以及名詞half,part,therest等既可表示復數(shù)意義又可表示單數(shù)意義，其謂語視情況而定。HalfofthevisitorsarefromEurope.Halfofthefruitisbad..主語是表示數(shù)量的“oneandahalf+復數(shù)名詞”，其謂語用單數(shù)形式。主語是“oneortwo+復數(shù)名詞”，其謂語用復數(shù)形式。Oneandahalfbananasisleftonthetable.ThereareoneortwothingsI'dliketoknowabout..the+形容詞或分詞作主語時，如指一類人。其謂語用復數(shù)，如指抽象概念，其謂語用單數(shù)。如：Thericharenotalwayshappy.Thenewissuretoreplacetheold..由notonly...butalso,neither..nor,either..or,not..but以及or連接的并列主語，謂語動詞要與最靠近它的主語在數(shù)上保持一致。Notonlyyourfather'sfriendsbutalsoyourfatherlikessmoking..在倒裝句中以及在Therebe..結(jié)構(gòu)中，如主語是并列的，謂語動詞往往和其后面的第一個主語取得數(shù)上的一致。Whereisyourmotherandyoungersister?Thereisapen,twopencilsandfivebooksonthedesk..動名詞或動詞不定式作主語，其謂語用單數(shù)形式。Whenandwheretobuildthenewfactoryisnotdecidedyet.Learnnewwordsandphrasesweaken:v削弱、減弱，字根：weak:a虛弱的構(gòu)詞形式：adj/n+en或en+adj/n=vShorten,enlarge,enable,enrich,loosen,tightenetc.nationwide:a全國范圍的，通過該詞我們可以得到：worldwide:全世界范圍的，regionwide,etc.egal:a合法的,反義詞：illegal,不合法的;legalize:v使…合法化。TheNetherlandsbecamethefirstcountrytolegalizeeuthanasia.ensure:v確保、擔保，常見用法如下：.Thepolicecanensurethewitnessfromdanger..Wecanensurethattheworkwillbedoneintherightway.oppose:v反對、對抗；名詞：opposition,形容詞：opposed.Whathesaidwastotallyopposedtothefacts..Manypeopleopposebuildinganewhighwaybecauseofthegreatcost.tradition:n傳統(tǒng)，由此可以聯(lián)想到:traditional:a;traditionally:ad;反義詞為：modern.Chinesemedicineisbelievedtobeeffectiveformanydiseases..It*simportanttokeepupthefineofplainlivingandhardwork..Christmasisaholidayforafamilytogettogether.Answers:Traditional,tradition,traditionallyconsideration:n考慮、體諒、照顧，由此可以聯(lián)想到：Consider:v考慮；considerate:a體諒的，beconsiderateof;considerable:a相當多的。請練習一下：.Losing30poundschangedherappearance..Itisveryofyoutosendmeabirthdaycard..Thematterisreceivingtheseriousofthemanager..Heleftbehindhimaamountofdebt.Answers:considerably,considerate,consideration,considerabledisabled:a殘疾的，傷殘的，由此可以聯(lián)想到：able:a有能力的；beabletodosth;unable:a沒有能力的；enable:v使人能夠enablesbtodosth;ability:n能力簌isable:v使人殘疾.Aslongastheyarephysically,theytendtoliveontheirown..Thetobeclearlyheardisextremelyimportantforanyspeaker..I'dliketogotothecinema,butI'mto..Biucationshouldeverystudenttodevelopmorally,intellectuallyandphysically..Acaraccidenthimfromplayingfootball..Specialcareshouldbegiventothe.Answers:able,ability,unable,enable,disabled(v),disabled(a)prohibition:n禁止、禁令，prohibit:vprohibitsbfromdoingsth;sensitive:a敏感的，besensitivetosb/sth;同根詞：sensible:a明智的，besensibleofsth.Iamsensitivetoyourcriticism敏感的..It*ssensibleofyoutomakesuchadecision.AnalyzetheimportantsentencesamongthetextAffectedwithaseriousdisease,VanWendelwasnolongerabletospeakdearlyandheknewtherewasnohopeofrecoveryandthathisconditionwasrapidlydeteriorating.(p2)譯：因患有嚴重的疾病，VanWendel再也不能清楚地講話了，他知道他已經(jīng)沒有康復的可能，其病情正在迅速惡化。句子分析：Affectedwithaseriousdisease是過去分詞短語做原因狀語，可以改寫成原因狀語從句：becausehewasaffectedwithaseriousdisease,???另夕卜，therewasnohopeofrecovery和thathisconditionwasrapidlydeteriorating都是動詞knew的賓語。詞組：beaffectedwithsth患有??疾病。如：Allthecowsinthefarmareaffectedwithmad-cowdisease.hopeofrecovery:康復的希望。VanWendel'slastthreemonthsoflifebeforebeinggivenafinal,lethalinjectionbyhisdoctorwerefilmedandshowedonTVlastyearintheNetherlands.(p3)譯：VanWendel在他的醫(yī)生給她進行最后結(jié)束生命的那一陣之前的后三個月的生活被拍成了電影并于去年在荷蘭的電視上首次播映。句子分析：該句的主語較長，were之前均是。其中，核心名詞VanWendeFslastthreemonthsoflife,后面的beforebeinggivenafinal,lethalinjectionbyhisdoctor是動名訶的被動語態(tài)做定語。film這里當動詞用，拍電影。Theprogrammehassincebeenboughtby20countriesandeachtimeitisshown,itstartsanationwidedebateonthesubject.(p3)譯：這個節(jié)目此后被二十個國家所購買。每次放映，都引起一場關于這個主題的全國性的大討論。句子分析：這是一個?？季渥??？键c一：since:adv從那以后；考點二：eachtime是名詞作時間狀語，前面不用介詞：考點三：debateonsth關于…的討論。However,doctorswhocarryouteuthanasiaunderstrictguidelinesintroducedbytheDutchF^rliamenttwoyearsagoareusuallynotprosecuted.(p4)譯：然而，在荷蘭議會兩年前提出的議案的指導原則下執(zhí)行安樂死的醫(yī)生，通常是不會被起訴的。句子分析：該句核心內(nèi)容有三點：carryout…實施，執(zhí)行；under..guidelines在…原貝U下，under是按照，根據(jù)的意思；introducedbytheDutchParliamenttwoyearsago是過去分詞短語做定語，修飾guidelines。Shoulddoctorsbeallowedtotakethelivesofothers?(p5)譯：醫(yī)生應該被允許去結(jié)束他人的性命嗎？句子分析：該句中主要核心內(nèi)容是：情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)。情態(tài)動詞+be+動詞過去分詞。如：Inhotdays,flowersmustbewateredeveryday.QcelySaunders,PresidentoftheNationalHospiceCouncilandafoundermemberofthehospicemovement,arguesthateuthanasiadoesn'ttakeintoaccountthattherearewaysofcaringforthedying.(p8)譯：CS是國家收容所委員會的主席和收容運動的發(fā)起人，認為安樂死并沒有考慮到照顧臨終病人有多種方式。句子分析：主語QcelySaunders,PresidentoftheNationalHospiceCouncilandafoundermemberofthehospicemovement是主語的同位語，謂語后面是?個賓語從句，而其中又包括一個小的賓語從句。重要詞組：takesthintoaccount=takesthinto8nsideration將?.考慮在內(nèi)。如：whenjudginghisperformance,don*ttakehisageintoaccount.另一個詞組：carefor關心某人。It*sveryeasyinsocietynowfortheelderly,thedisabledandthedependenttofeelthattheyareburdens,andthereforethattheyoughttooptout.(p8)譯：這很容易使老人們，殘疾人和依靠別人生存的人感覺到他們是負擔，因此應該選擇離開人世。句子分析：該句it是形式主語，真正的主語是動詞不定式，tofeelthattheyareburdens,andthereforethattheyoughttooptout。另外還請注意:theelderly,thedisabledandthedependent是屬于：the+adj所構(gòu)成的固定表達方式，相當于elderlypeople,disabledpeopleanddependentpeoole,是復數(shù)概念，因此若作主語句子的謂語動詞應用復數(shù)形式。如：Inourcountry,theoldaretakengoodcareofbytheyoung.詞組：optout選擇放棄。如：IthinkI'lloptoutthegame.Whatthosepeoplewhoopposeeuthanasiaaretellingmeisthatdyingpeoplehaven*ttheright.(p9)譯：那些反對安樂死的人是在告訴我們將死的人們沒有這種權(quán)利。句子分析：乍一看，這是一個簡單句子，但若仔細分析，你會發(fā)現(xiàn)，這是一環(huán)套一環(huán)的結(jié)構(gòu)。句子主體結(jié)構(gòu)應是：Whatthosepeoplearetellingmeisthatdyingpeoplehaven'ttheright.主語是一個主語從句，Whatthosepeoplearetellingme：表語是一個表語從句：thatdyingpeoplehaven'ttheright.另夕卜,whoopposeeuthanasia是定語，修飾thosepeople;請注意下列兒個詞的用法：oppose”反對；dyingpeople即將死去的人們；havetherighttodosth有權(quán)力去做某事。Buttherearesituationswheredeathisafriend.(p9)譯：但是在?種情況下死亡是朋友。句子分析：該句唯一的考點為：where;此時它引導定語從句，相當于inwhich.關于定語從句的關系詞選擇的問題，主要取決于先行詞在從句中所作成分，請對比:.Thehouse-■->which