大學(xué)閱讀理解題集

Passage1Solongasteachersfailtodistinguishbetweenteachingandlearning,theywillcontinuetoundertakethingsforchildrenthatchildrencanonlydoforthemselves.Teachingchildrentoreadisnotpassingreadingontothem.Itiscertainlynotendlesshoursspentinactivitiesaboutreading.Douglasinsiststhat“readingcannotbetaughtdirectlyandschoolsshouldstoptryingtodotheimpossible/'Teachingandlearningaretwoentirelydifferentprocesses.Theydifferinkindandfunction.Thefunctionofteachingistocreatetheconditionsandtheclimatethatwillmakeitpossibleforchildrentodevisethemostefficientsystemforteachingthemselvestoread.Teachingisalsoapublicactivity:itcanbeseenandobserved.Learningtoreadinvolvesallthateachindividualdoestomakesenseoftheworldofprintedlanguage.Almostallofitisprivate,forlearningisanoccupationofthemind,andthatprocessisnotopentopublicexamination.Ifteacherandlearnerrolesaredistinguishable,howcanteachingaidthechildinthequestforknowledge?Smithhasoneprincipalruleforallteachinginstructions.,Makelearningtoreadeasy,whichmeansmakingreadingameaningful,enjoyableandfrequentexperienceforchildren.''Whentherolesofteacherandlearnerareseenforwhattheyare,andwhenbothteacherandlearnerfulfillthemappropriately,thenmuchofthepressureandfeelingoffailureforbothiseliminated.Learningtoreadismadeeasierwhenteacherscreateanenvironmentwherechildrenaregiventheopportunitytosolvetheproblemoflearningtoreadbyreading.I.Theproblemwiththereadingcourseasmentionedinthefirstparagraphisthat.(A)itisoneofthemostdifficultschoolcourses(B)toomuchtimeisspentinteachingaboutreading(C)studentsspendendlesshoursinreading(D)readingtasksareassignedwithlittleguidance正確答案:B,.Theteachingofreadingwillbesuccessfulif.(A)teacherscanenablestudentstodeveloptheirownwayofreading(B)teacherscanimproveconditionsatschoolforthestudents(Qteacherscandevisethemostefficientsystemforreading(D)teacherscanmaketheirteachingactivitiesobservable正確答案:A,.Theword“examination"attheendofParagraph3mostprobablymeans“ 'inquiryobservationcontrolsuspicion正確答案:B,.Accordingtothepassage,learningtoreadwillnolongerbeadifficulttaskwhen.(A)childrenbecomehighlymotivated(B)teacherandlearnerrolesareidentical(Qteachinghelpschildreninthesearchforknowledge(D)readingenricheschildren'sexperience正確答案:A,.Themainideaofthepassageisthat.(A)teachersshoulddoaslittleaspossibleinhelpingstudentslearntoread(B)teachersshouldencouragestudentstoreadaswidelyaspossible(Qreadingabilityissomethingacquiredratherthantaught(D)readingismorecomplicatedthangenerallybelieved正確答案:C,Passage2IfitwasoncethecasethattherewerenosecondactsinAmericanlives,therearenownotonlysecondactsbutthird,fourth,andfifthones.Thisisnotentirelyunhealthy:Thebeliefthatoneshouldn'tbejudgedbyone'sworstmistakesrevives(恢復(fù))careersthatmightotherwisehaveended.Thus,SergioZymanreboundedfromthefailureofNewCoketoleadthecompanytogreatsuccessandlandedonthecoverofFortuneinastoryheadlined,''SoYbu同.NowBounceBack!”Thatstoryputanewspinonscrewingup:*1fyouhaven'tfailedyet,youprobablywill.Andforthebenefitofyourcareer,youprobablyshould/'Sometimeinthe1990s,though,thenotionoffailureasthenecessaryprefacetosuccessreacheditsfallingphase.Inthis,Hollywoodledtheway.WhenthemovieShowgirlswasnotsuccessfulintheaters,itsdistributor,MGM,decidedtoactivelysellitasabadmovie,arrangingmidnightshowsstockedwithdragqueens(男扮女裝的男同性戀者)shoutingthefilm'slinesbackatthescreen.Thenotionofshameinfailurecametobeseenasold-fashioned,andthe■,redemption''(1卜救)phaseofacomebackgrewshorterandshorteruntilitdisappearedentirely.AsHughGranttaughtus,nomatterhowbadone'smisconduct,onecanearnforgivenessthroughamodestchatonanationaltalkshow.Smilarly,BobDoledidn'tenteraNixonianretreatafterhispoliticaldefeat一hesoonenteredhisnewroleasasalesman,poking(戳，捕)gentlefunathisowninabilitytowin.The1990scultivationofanappreciationforfailurewasideallytimedsincethe2000shavemadefailureepidemic.Failureisnotmerelymorecommonthansuccessthesedays,it'salsomoreinteresting.I.Thebesttitlethatfitsthispassageis.(A)Howtoturnfailureintosuccess(B)Failureisthenewsuccess(C)Failureshouldbeavoided(D)Don'tbeafraidoffailure正確答案:B,2.Whatdoes“putanewspinonscrewingup''inF^ra.1probablymean?(A)lbgetthecarmoving.(B)Totightenthepartsofthecar.(Qlbturnfailureintosuccess.(D)7bspeeduptheprocessofsuccess.正確答案:C,3/1nthis,Hollywoodledtheway?*(F^ra.3)Here,,'this**refersto.(A)howtomakefirst-classmovies(B)failureisnolongernecessarytosuccess(C)howtoreselltheunsuccessfulmovies(D)failureisactuallyanecessarypartofsuccess正確答案:D,.WhatdidHughGrantandBobDoletellusaboutfailure?(A)Oneshouldn'tbeashamedofone'sfailure.(B)Oneshouldfeelashamedofone'sfailure.(QThenotionofshameinfailureisup-to-date.(D)Failureisanembarrassingthing.正確答案:A.Accordingtotheauthor,failure.(A)waspredominantin1990s(B)canalsobefun(C)islesscommonthansuccess(D)spreadtotheinternet正確答案:B,Passage1Wargamesarecommonlyusedbythemilitarytoevaluatestrategies,explorescenariosandrevealunexpectedweaknesses.AmericanshipsandaircrafthavejustbeguntwoweeksofwargamesintheGulf,promptingprotestsfromIran,andlastweekSouthKoreacarriedoutanannualcomputerisedwar-gameexercise.Mightwargamesdeserveagreaterroleinbusiness?Militaryanalogiesaboundinthecorporateworld.RentyofbosseslooktoSunTzu,anancientChinesegeneral,formanagementtips.Andinbusiness,asinwar,outcomesdependonwhatothersdo,aswellasone'sownactions.Yetmanyfirmsfailtothinksystematicallyabouthowrivalswillreacttotheirplans—andtraditionalplanningdoesapoorjoboftakingcompetitors'responsesintoaccount,saysJohnMcDermott,headofstrategyatXerox,anoffice-equipmentcompany.Corporatewargames,whichsimulatetheinteractionsofmultipleactorsinamarket,provideabetterwaytodoso.Suchgameshavetwochiefcharacteristics.First,playersbreakintoteamsandtakeontherolesoffiercecompetitors(andsometimesothercitizens,suchascustomers).Second,thegamesinvolveseveralturns,allowingcompetitorsnotjusttodrawuptheirownstrategiesbuttorespondtothechoicesofothers.Theirpopularityisrising.BoozAllenHamilton(BAH),aconsultancy,isrunning100wargamesayear,upfromaround50threeyearsago.OpenOptions,aCanadianstrategyconsultancy,hasbeengoingsince1996anditsrevenuedoubledlastyear.BAHintroducesaquantitativeelementintoitsgames,calculatingtheeffectofeachteam'sstrategyontheircompany'sprofitsandstockmarketvalueattheendofeachturn.OpenOptionstakesafurtherstep.TohelpXeroxunderstandthemarketdynamicsoftheprintandcopyindustry,itranaone-dayworkshopinwhichteamsfromXeroxtooktherolesofthebigcompaniesinthemarket,itselfincluded.Eachteamidentifiedthethings"their**companycoulddotochangeitsstrategyanddrewupalistofitsdesiredoutcomes;these'*preferencetrees''weresharedwiththeotherteams.TheresultswerethenpumpedintoOpenOptions'proprietarysoftwaretools,whichplayedoutinteractionsbetweenthecompaniesandproducedarangeofpossibleoutcomes.Mr.McDermottsaysthegame'spredictivepowerwasastonishing:oneforecast,thatacompanywouldstarttoacquireacertaingroupofassetswithintheindustry,cametruewithinsixmonths.Bysheddinglightonareaswherecompanieshavedifferentpriorities,theconceptofpreferencetreeshelpstohighlightpotentialtrade-offs,aswellascompetition.OpenOptionschargesNorthAmericanclientsroughly$100,000foranengagement.Thesecretofsuccessfulwar-gamingdoesnotsimplylieinmathematics,however.Interaction,notalgebra,isthebestwaytowinsupportforanewstrategy.Game-playersmustbeseniorforthesamereason—althoughhavingthetopbossonateamcanstiflefeedback.Strategiesalsohavetocapturecompetitors'hard-to-quantifycorporatecultures:whendesigningagame,BAHseeksoutemployeesatitsclientswhohaveactuallyworkedatcompetitorsforthatreason.Butperhapswargames*greatestvalueliesinthewaytheyencouragemanagerstothinkdifferentlyabouttheconsequencesoftheiractions."Toknowyourenemy,youmustbecomeyourenemy,**asSunTzuwouldsay..Theexpression-aboundin”(Line1,Paragraph2)mostprobablymeans.(A)belimited(B)beappreciated(C)bedriven(D)beplentiful正確答案:D,.Accordingtothetext,traditionalcorporateplanning.(A)hasbeencompletelyabandoned.(B)failstoconsiderrivals'reactions.(C)includesthedetailedanalysesofstrategiesofallrivalcompanies.(D)functionswellforthedevelopmentofmostcompanies.正確答案:B,.ThepositiveeffectofwargamesowestothefollowingEXCEPT.(A)theroleplayingofcompetitors(B)thecompositionofseveralturns(C)theintroductionofquantitativefactors(D)therisingpopularityofthegame正確答案:D,.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothetext?(A)BothBAHandOpenCationsdevelopedtheirownsoftwaretoolsfordataanalysisofwargames.(B)Thewargameserviceexpandsslowlybecauseofitshighfee.(Q)“Preferencetrees*'referstodesiredoutcomesofthecompanies.(D)Wargame'spredictiveabilityisnotconvincing正確答案:C,.WhichofthefollowingisNOTareasonforthesuccessofwargames?feedbackmathematics(Qinteraction(D)considerationofenemy正確答案:A,Passage2Almostmorethananyothercountryintheworld,Britainmustseriouslyfacetheproblemofbuildingupwards,thatistosay,ofprovidingaccommodationstoaconsiderableproportionofitspopulationinhighblocksofflats.ItissaidthattheEnglishmanobjectstothistypeofexistence,butifthecaseissuch,hedoesinfactdifferfromtheresidentsofmostcountriesoftheworldtoday.Inthepastourownblocksofflatshavebeenassociatedwiththelowerincomegroupsandtheyhavelackedtheobviousprovisions(供應(yīng))，suchascentralheating,constanthotwatersupply,electricallyoperatedliftsfromtoptobottom,andsoon,aswellassuchdetailsaseasyfacilities(設(shè)施)forgettingridofdustandrubbishandstorageplacesforbabycarriagesonthegroundfloor,playgroundsforchildrenonthetopofthebuildings,anddryinggroundsforwashing.Itislikelythattheargumentregardingflatsversus(與 相對)individualhouseswillcontinuetorageonforalongtimeasfarasBritainisconcerned.Anditisunfortunatethatthereshouldbehotfeelingonbothsideswheneverthissubjectisraised.Thosewhoopposethebuildingofflatsbasetheircaseprimarilyontheassumptionthateveryoneprefersanindividualhomeandgardenandonthehighcostperunitofaccommodation.Thelatterignoresthehighercostofprovidingfullservicestoascatteredcommunityandthecostinbothmoneyandtimeofthejourneytoworkfromthesuburbanresidences.1.WhatistheproblemthatBritainmustface?(A)Buildingblocksofhomes.(B)Placingpeopleinflats.(C)Beingdifferentfromothercountries.(D)Helpinglowerincomegroups.正確答案:B,.Whichofthefollowingisoneofthefeaturesoftoday'sflats?Facilitiesforgettingridofgarbage.Carriagesforbabies.(QWatersupplyfordrinking.(D)Playgroundsforchildren.正確答案:A.Whichofthefollowingislikelytocontinueforalongtimeaccordingtothepassage?Ratswillnothavetheobviousprovisions.Houseswillbepreferredbymostpeople.(QFteoplewillnotagreeonflatsandindividualhouses.(D)Britainwillbeanunfortunateplacetolive.正確答案:C,.Whydopeopleopposethebuildingofflats?(A)Theythinkflatsoffernoprovisions.(BJTheythinkflatsareunfortunate.(QTheythinkeveryoneprefershouses.(D)Theythinkeveryoneagreeswiththem.正確答案:C,.Whatdopeopleignorewhentheyopposeflats?(A)Aatshavemanyprovisionsnow.(B)Flatsaresuitableforindividualfamilies.(C)Aatsofferplentyofspaceforliving.(D)Ratssavepeoplemoneyandtime.正確答案:D,F^ssage2Vbuheartherefrainallthetime:theU.Seconomylooksgoodstatistically,butitdoesn'tfeelgood.Whydoesn'tever-greaterwealthpromoteever-greaterhappiness?Itisaquestionthatdatesatleasttotheappearancein1958ofTheAffluent(富裕的)SocietybyJohnKennethGalbraith,whodiedrecentlyat97.TheAffluentSocietyisamodernclassicbecauseithelpeddefineanewmomentinthehumancondition.Formostofhistory,**hunger,sickness,andcold''threatenednearlyeveryone,Galbraithwrote."Povertywasfoundeverywhereinthatworld.Obviouslyitisnotofours.”AfterWorldWarII,thedreadofanotherGreatDepressiongavewaytoaneconomicboom.Inthe1930sunemploymenthadaveraged18.2percent;inthe1950sitwas4.5percent,lbGalbraith,materialismhadgonemadandwouldbreeddiscontent.Throughadvertising,companiesconditionedconsumerstobuythingstheydidn,treallywantorneed.Becausesomuchspendingwasartificial,itwouldbeunfulfilling.Meanwhile,governmentspendingthatwouldmakeeveryonebetteroffwasbeingcutdownbecausepeopleinstinctively—andwrongly-labeledgovernmentonlyas*anecessaryevil.'^It'softensaidthatonlythericharegettingahead;everyoneelseisstandingstillorfallingbehind.Well,therearemanyundeservingrich—overpaidchiefexecutives,forinstance.Butoveranymeaningfulperiod,mostpeople'sincomesareincreasing.From1995to2004,inflation-adjustedaveragefamilyincomerose14.3percent,to$43,200.Peoplefeel"squeezed"becausetheirrisingincomesoftendon'tsatisfytheirrisingwants—forbiggerhomes,morehealthcare,moreeducation,andfasterInternetconnections.Theothergreatfrustrationisthatithasnoteliminatedinsecurity.Fteopleregardjobstabilityaspartoftheirstandardofliving.Ascorporatelayoffsincreased,thatparthaseroded.Moreworkersfearthey'vebecome"thedisposableAmerican,''asLouisUchitelleputsitinhisbookbythesamename.Becausesomuchprevioussufferingandsocialconflictstemmedfrompoverty,thearrivalofwidespreadaffluencesuggestedutopian9烏托邦工C的)possibilities.Uptoapoint,affluencesucceeds.Thereismuchlesphysicalmiserythanbefore.R90Plearebetteroff.Unfortunately,affluencealsocreatesnewcomplaintsandcontradictions.Advancedsocietiesneedeconomicgrowthtosatisfythemultiplyingwantsoftheircitizens.Butthequestforgrowthletsloosenewanxietiesandeconomicconflictsthatdisturbthesocialorder.Affluenceliberatestheindividual,promisingthateveryonecanchooseauniquewaytoself-fulfillment.Butthepromiseissoextravagantthatitpredestinesmanydisappointmentsandsometimesinspireschoicesthathaveanti-socialconsequences,includingfamilybreakdownandobesity(月凹伴羽；).Statisticalindicatorsofhappinesshavenotrisenwithincomes.Shouldwebesurprised?Notreally.We'vesimplyreaffirmedanoldtruth:thepursuitofaffluencedoesnotalwaysendwithhappiness..WhatquestiondoesJohnKennethGalbraithraiseinhisbookTheAffluentSociety?(A)Whystatisticsdon'ttellthetruthabouttheeconomy?(B)Whyaffluencedoesn'tguaranteehappiness?(C)Howhappinesscanbepromotedtoday?(D)Whatliesbehindaneconomicboom?正確答案:B,.AccordingtoGalbraith,peoplefeeldiscontentedbecause.(A)publicspendinghasn'tbeencutdownasexpected(B)thegovernmenthasprovedtobeanecessaryevil(QtheyareinfearofanotherGreatDepression(D)materialismhasrunwildinmodernsociety正確答案:D,.Whydopeoplefeelsqueezedwhentheiraverageincomerisesconsiderably?(A)Theirmaterialpursuitshavegonefaraheadoftheirearnings.(B)Theirpurchasingpowerhasdroppedmarkedlywithinflation.(C)Thedistributionofwealthisunevenbetweenther5ichandthepoor.(D)Healthcareandeducationalcosthassomehowgoneoutofcontrol.正確答案:A,.WhatdoesLouisUchitelIemeanby'thedisposableAmerican''(F^ra.5)?(A)Thosewhoseejobstabilityaspartoftheirlivingstandard.(B)Fteoplefullofutopianideasresultingfromaffluence.(QFteoplewhohavelittlesayinAmericanpolitics.(D)Workerswhonolongerhavesecurejobs.正確答案:D,.WhathasaffluencebroughttoAmericansociety?(A)Renewedeconomicsecurity.(B)Asenseofself-fulfillment.(C)Newconflictsandcomplaints.(D)Miseryandanti-socialbehavior.正確答案:C,Passage1AnewstudyfromtheCenterforInformationandResearchonQvicLearningandEngagement(CIRCLE)atTuftsUniversityshowsthattoday'syouthvoteinlargernumbersthanpreviousgenerations,anda2008studyfromtheCenterforAmericanProgressaddsthatincreasingnumbersofyoungvotersandactivistssupporttraditionallyliberalcauses.Butthere'snoeasywaytoseewhatthosefiguresmeaninreallife.Duringthepresidentialcampaign,BarackObamaassembledaraciallyandideologicallydiversecoalitionwithhismessageofhopeandchange;astherealityoflifeunderanewadministrationsettlesin,someofthosesupportersmightbecomedisillusioned.AsthenationmovesfurtherintotheObamapresidency,willpoliticallyengagedyoungpeoplecontinuetosupportthepresidentandhisagenda,orwilltheygraduallydriftaway?ThewritersofGenerationO(shortforObama),anewNewsweekblogthatseekstochroniclethelivesofagroupofyoungObamasupporters,wanttoanswerthatquestion.Forthenextthreemonths,MichelleKremerand11otherObamasupporters,ages19to34,willblogaboutlifeacrossmainstreamAmerica,withonetwist:bytyingalloftheirideasandexperiencestothenewpresidentandhisadministration,thebloggerswilltrytostartaconversationaboutwhatitmeanstobeyoungandpoliticallyactiveinAmericatoday.MalenaAmusa,a24-year-oldwriteranddancerfromSt.Louisseestheprojectasawaytopreservehistoryasithappens.Amusa,whoistravelingtoIndiathisspringtofinishabook,thentoSenegaltoteachEnglish,hasongoingconversationswithherfriendsabouthowtheObamapresidencyhaschangedtheirdailylivesandhopestoputsomeofthoseideas,alongwithherglobalperspective,intoherposts.She'sexcitedbecause,assheputsit,*1don'thavetowaituntil15yearsfromnow''tomakesenseoftheworld.HenryFores,apolitical-scienceprofessoratSt.Mary'sUniversity,creditsthisyoungergeneration'spoliticalstrengthtotheirembraceoftechnology.**[TheInternet]exposesthemtomorethinking；'hesays,'andgroupsthatarelike-mindedindifferentpartsofthecountrystarttocometogether/,That'sexactlywhattheGenerationObloggersarehopingtodo.Theresultcouldbeagroupofyoungpeoplethat,liketheirboomer(二戰(zhàn)后生育高峰期出生的美國人)parents,growsupwithastrongsenseofpurposeandshedstheimageofapathy(冷漠)they'veinheritedfromGenerationX(60年代后期和70年代出生的美國人).It'snosmallchallengeforablogrunbyagroupofordinary—ifambitious—youngpeople,butthemembersofGenerationOareuptothetask.1.WhatisthefindingofanewstudybyQROLE?(A)Moreyoungvotersaregoingtothepollsthanbefore.(B)Theyounggenerationsupportstraditionallyliberalcauses.(C)YoungvotersplayedadecisiveroleinObama'selection.(D)VbungpeopleinAmericaarenowmorediverseideologically.正確答案:A,2.WhatisamainconcernofthewritersofGenerationO?(A)HowObamaisgoingtoliveuptoyoungpeople'sexpectations.(B)WhetherAmericaisgoingtochangeduringObama'spresidency.(QWhetheryoungpeoplewillcontinuetosupportObama'spolicy.(D)HowObama'sagendaisgoingtoaffectthelifeofAmericans.正確答案C.Whatw川theGenerationObloggerswriteaboutintheirposts?(A)TheirowninterpretationofAmericanpolitics.(B)FblicychangestotakeplaceinObama'sadministration.(C)Obama'spresidencyviewedfromaglobalperspective.(D)TheirlivesinrelationtoObama'spresidency.正確答案:D,.Whataccountsfortheyoungergeneration'spoliticalstrengthaccordingtoProfessorHenryFlores?(A)Theirembraceofradicalideas.(B)TheirdesiretochangeAmerica.(C)TheirutilizationoftheInternet.(D)Theirstrongsenseofresponsibility.正確答案:C,5..WhatcanweinferfromthepassageaboutGenerationX?(A)Theyarepoliticallyconservative.(B)Theyrejectconventionalvalues.(QTheydaretotakeupchallenges.(D)Theyareindifferenttopolitics.正確答案:D,Passage2OnJuly17,1774,theofficialsfromMarylandandVirginiaheldatalkwiththeIndiansoftheSixNations.TheIndianswereinvitedtosendboystoWilliamandMaryCollege.Inaletterthenextdaytheyrefusedtheofferasfollows:**Weknowthatyouhaveahighopinionofthekindoflearningtaughtinyourcolleges,andthatthecostoflivingofouryoungmen,whilewithyou,wouldbeveryexpensivetoyou.Weareconvincedthatyoumeantodogoodbyyourproposal;andwethankyouheartily.Butyoumustknowthatdifferentnationshavedifferentwaysoflookingatthings,andyouwillthereforenotbeoffendedifouropinionsonthiskindofeducationhappennottobethesameasyours.Wehavehadsomeexperienceofit.Severalofouryoungpeoplewereformerlybroughtupatthecollegesofthenorthernstates;theyweretaughtallyoursciences;butwhentheycamebacktoustheywerebadrunners,ignorantofeverymeansoflivinginthewoods,theyweretotallygoodfornothing.“Weare,however,notthelessobligedbyyourkindoffer,thoughwerefusetoacceptit,andtoshowourgratefulsenseofit,ifthegentlemenofVirginiawillsendusadozenoftheirsons,wewilltakecareoftheireducation,teachtheminallweknowandmakemenofthem.^^.Thispassageisabout.(A)thetalkbetweentheIndiansandtheofficials(B)thecollegesofthenorthernstates(QtheeducationalvaluesofIndians(D)theproblemsoftheAmericansinthemid-eighteenthcentury正確答案:C,.TheIndians'chiefpurposeinwritingtheletterisprobablyto.(A)politelyrefuseafriendlyoffer(B)expresstheiropinionsonequaltreatment(C)showtheirpride(D)describeIndiancustoms正確答案:A.Accordingtotheletter,theIndiansbelievedthat.(A)itwouldbebetterfortheirboystoreceivesomeschooling(B)theywerebeinginsultedbytheoffer(Qtheyknewmoreaboutsciencethantheofficials(D)theyhadabetterwayofeducatingyoungmen正確答案:D,.Differentfromtheoffidal'sviewofeducation,theIndiansthought.(A)youngwomenshouldalsobeeducated(B)theyhaddifferentgoalsofeducation(Qtheytaughtdifferentbranchesofscience(D)theyshouldteachthesonsoftheofficialsfirst正確答案:B,.Thetoneoftheletterasawholeisbestdescribedas.(A)angry(B)pleasant(Qpolite(D)positive正確答案:C,Passage1Theearliestmethodofexploitingthispowerwastomakewaterturnawheel.Thissystem,inwhichtheforceofwaterwasuseddirectly,hadonegreatdisadvantage.Factorieswhichusedithadtobebuiltonthebanksoffastflowingstreams,butthesewereoftenlocatedininaccessible,thinlypopulatedareas,whichmadetransportationofgoodsdifficult.Whenthesteamenginewasinventeditsoonreplacedflowingwaterasasourceofpower;newfactoriessprangupinthecoalfields.Coalandoil一reserveofpoweralsoultimatelyderivedfromthesun—arenotalwaysfoundinaccessibleplaces,buttheyhavetheadvantageofbeingportable.Inthe20thcenturythesituationchangedandwateroncemorebecameavitalsourceofpower.Methodsweredevisedforproducingelectricityfromtheenergyofrivers.Oncetheinitialcapitalhasbeenrecovered,electricityfromthissourceisusuallycheaperthanoilandcoal,whichareexpensivetoextract(開采)andtransport.Thegreatadvantageofhydroelectricpoweristhatnatureconstantlyrenewsthewaterthatprovidesthepower.Coalandoilarefuelsthatcanonlybeusedonce.Notallriversareidealforgeneratingelectricity.Asuitablerivermusthaveanadequateflowofwater,andideallythereshouldbeasteepfall.Asteepwaterfallisideal,becauseitconcentratestheenergyofgravityintoashortdistance.Theamountofwaterintheriver,moreover,shouldnotvarytoomuchfromseasontoseason.Thismeansthattheremustbeadequaterainfallthroughouttheyear.Therivermustbefairlyneartheindustrialcenterswhichwillutilizeitspower,forthegreaterthedistancetheelectricityhastotravel,themorepoweriswasted.1.lfyouwanttomakewaterturnawheel,youshouldkeepinmindthedifficultyto.(A)useitdirectly(B)carrygoodsout(C)crossthefastflowingstreams(D)findenoughworkers正確答案:B,你的答案：.Thesteamenginesoonreplacedflowingwaterbecause.(A)coalandoilarederivedfromthesun(B)coalandoilarenotalwaysaccessible(Qcoalandoilareportable(D)coalandoilarefoundinthinly-populatedareas正確答案：G.Afterusingcoalandoilforatime,peoplefindtheadvantagesofwaterovercoalandoilas.(A)itiseasytorecovertheinitialcapital(B)itisascheaptousewaterastousecoalandoil(Qitisnaturethatrenewsthewaterwithoutanycost(D)itisdifficulttoextractandtransportcoalandoil正確答案：G.A1IofthefollowingarerequiredforanidealriverEXCEPTthat.(A)thereshouldbeenergyofgravity(B)thereshouldbeasteepfall(Qtherivershouldbenearindustrialcenters(D)thereshouldbeanadequateflowofwater正確答案:A5.ltcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatifpeoplewanttoestablishawaterpowerstation,theywillmostprobablygoto.(A)themountainousareas(B)theplains(C)thelakeareas(D)therivermouths正確答案:APassage1Somecynicalexpertsfeelthattheautomobileisboundtofallintodisuse.Theyseeadayinthenot-too-distantfuturewhenallautoswillbeabandoned.Otherauthorities,however,thinktheautoisheretostay.Theyholdthatthecarwillremainaleadingmeansofcitytravelintheimmediatefuture.Themotorcarwillundoubtedlychangesignificantlyoverthenext30years.Itshouldbecomesmaller,safer,andmoreeconomical,andshouldnotbepoweredbythegasolineengine.Thecarofthefutureshouldbefarmorepollution-freethanpresentmodels.Regardlessofitspowersource,theautointhefuturewillstillbethemainsourceoftrafficcongestion(擁擠)incities.Oneproposedsolutiontothisproblemisthecomputerizedhighwaysystem.Whentheautoentersthehighwaysystem,aretractable(可伸縮的)armwilldropfromtheautoandmake