06無機(jī)化學(xué)術(shù)語(I)課件

信息檢索與文獻(xiàn)閱讀（化學(xué)0701-0702）2009年10月10日信息檢索與文獻(xiàn)閱讀2009年10月10日第一部分化學(xué)專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)英語閱讀（20學(xué)時）第二部分英文閱讀材料（12學(xué)時）第三部分信息檢索（16學(xué)時）第一部分化學(xué)專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)英語閱讀第一章作為定量科學(xué)和物質(zhì)科學(xué)的化學(xué)第二章原子、分子和離子第三章氣態(tài)第四章熱化學(xué)第五章有機(jī)化合物和基團(tuán)的命名第六章無機(jī)化學(xué)、有機(jī)化學(xué)、物理化學(xué)、分析化學(xué)化學(xué)術(shù)語

第一部分化學(xué)專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)英語閱讀（20學(xué)時）第一章作為定量科學(xué)和物質(zhì)科學(xué)的化學(xué)第一部分化學(xué)專業(yè)第二部分英文閱讀材料（12學(xué)時）

第一章松香酸度的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)測試方法

第二章Ⅲ－Ⅴ族半導(dǎo)體制備的新方法：InP納米晶的超聲化學(xué)合成

第三章分子離子材料的計算機(jī)模擬

第四章透射Laue法的X射線衍射

第五章銷售合同

第六章專利說明書

第二部分英文閱讀材料（12學(xué)時）

第一章松香酸度第三部分信息檢索（16學(xué)時）

第一章信息檢索基礎(chǔ)

第二章超星圖書館

第三章中國期刊網(wǎng)

第四章維普

第五章工程索引（Ei）

第六章美國化學(xué)文摘（CA）

第七章專利

第三部分信息檢索（16學(xué)時）

第一章信息檢索基礎(chǔ)教材和參考書：

1、魏高原，

化學(xué)專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)英語知識（I）（IntroductoryChemistrySpecialityEnglish），

北京大學(xué)出版社，2004。

2、

ReadingMaterials(自編講義)。3、

陳英，科技信息檢索（第二版），科學(xué)出版社，2005。4、

萬錫仁，InformationRetrievalandRelatedReadingMaterials，（待出版）。5、

[美]PhilipBall著，魏高原等注釋，

化學(xué)專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)英語（II），

北京大學(xué)出版社，2001。

教材和參考書：課堂教學(xué)內(nèi)容安排第一節(jié)課教學(xué)要求說明詞匯預(yù)習(xí)課文閱讀理解第二節(jié)課課文閱讀理解（續(xù)）答疑布置課后作業(yè)課堂書面練習(xí)課堂教學(xué)內(nèi)容安排第一節(jié)課第二節(jié)課Chapter6Inorganicchemical,organicchemical,physicalchemical,analyticalchemical,andbiochemicalterms

第六章無機(jī)化學(xué)、有機(jī)化學(xué)、物理化學(xué)、分析化學(xué)和生物化學(xué)化學(xué)術(shù)語

1、無機(jī)化學(xué)術(shù)語（I）Chapter6第六章無機(jī)化學(xué)、有機(jī)化學(xué)、物理化學(xué)、分一、教學(xué)要求掌握：常用的無機(jī)化學(xué)的化學(xué)術(shù)語和概念；化學(xué)專業(yè)文獻(xiàn)的閱讀和理解。熟悉：無機(jī)化學(xué)（中文）

了解：不常用的元素的英文名稱

。一、教學(xué)要求二、詞匯（NewWordsandExpressions）periodictable元素周期表electronicstructure電子結(jié)構(gòu)periodicity周期性classical經(jīng)典的wavelength波長frequency頻率wavenumber波數(shù)diffraction衍射二、詞匯（NewWordsandExpressionobstacle障礙物quantum量子quantized量子化quantumtheory量子理論photoelectriceffect光電效應(yīng)photon光子whole-numbermultiple整數(shù)倍Einstein愛因斯坦obstacle障礙物shineon照到...上device器件automaticdooropener自動開門器radiantenergy輻射能量quantummechanics量子力學(xué)Heisenberguncertaintyprinciple海森堡測不準(zhǔn)原理momentum動量shineon照到...上simultaneously同時地

directional方向的maintain保持angularmomentum角動量groundstate基態(tài)excitedstate激發(fā)態(tài)quantumnumber量子數(shù)radius（radii）半徑simultaneously同時地lowestenergyorbital最低能量軌道m(xù)ultiplier乘數(shù)atomicorbital原子軌道thefourquantumnumber四個量子數(shù)specificenergy特定能量

Schr?dinger

equation薛定諤方程spinquantumnumber自旋量子數(shù)principalquantumnumber主量子數(shù)lowestenergyorbital最低能量軌道angularmomentumquantumnumber

角量子數(shù)magneticquantumnumber磁量子數(shù)pindown使…約束electronconfiguration電子組態(tài)Pauliexclusionprinciple不相容原理

Hund'sprinciple洪特規(guī)則subshell亞層angularmomentumquantumnumbeparamagnetism順磁性diamagnetism反磁性magneticfield磁場unpairedelectron未成對電子group族period周期noblegas惰性氣體paramagnetism順磁性representativeelement主族元素

transitionelement

過渡元素alkalimetal堿金屬alkalineearthmetal堿土金屬transuranium超鈾的metal金屬nonmetal非金屬semiconductingelement半導(dǎo)體元素representativeelement主族元素三、課文的閱讀理解

學(xué)生閱讀課文5~10分鐘，教師指定學(xué)生逐段朗讀課文，并翻譯成中文，教師及時評講。三、課文的閱讀理解學(xué)生閱讀課文5~10分鐘，教periodictable,electronicstructure（元素周期表，電子結(jié)構(gòu)）

Theperiodictablegroupstheelementsinorderofincreasingatomicnumberinsuchawaythatelementswithsimilarpropertiesfallneareachother.Astheatomicnumberincreases,thenumberofelectronsineachatomalsoincreases.periodictable,electronicstr

Afullappreciation正確評價ofelectronicstructure--howtheelectronsarearrangedinatoms--isessential必要的forunderstandingthesimilaritiesandperiodicitiesoftheelements.Understandingelectronicstructure,inturn,requiresabriefexcursionintoclassicalandmodernphysics.(Theword"classical"isgenerallyusedforanythingthatwasestablishedandimportantinthepast.)

Afullappreciation正確評價ofel

2.wavelength,frequency,wavenumber,diffraction

（波長、頻率、波數(shù)和衍射）

Wavelength(,Greeklambda)isthedistancebetweenanytwosimilarpointsonadjacentwaves.Thefrequency(,Greeknu)oflightisthenumberofcompletewaves,alsoknownasthenumberofcycles,passingagivenpointinaunitoftime.

(Noticethatthespeedoflightisequaltotheproductand,i.e.,c=.)2.wavelength,frequency,wThewavenumberisthenumberofwavelengthsperunitoflengthcovered,i.e.=1/.Diffractionisthespreadingofwavesastheypassobstaclesoropenings，小孔comparableinsizetotheirwavelength.Thewavenumberisthenumber

3.quantum,quantized,quantumtheory,photoelectriceffect,photon（量子、量子化、量子理論、光電效應(yīng)和光子）

Lightcanberegardedasmadeupofparticleseachofwhichcarriesadefiniteamountofenergy,referredtoasaquantum.Something(物理量)thatisquantized使量子化isrestrictedtoamountsthatarewhole-numbermultiplesofthebasicunit,orquantum,fortheparticularsystem.

3.quantum,quantized,Quantumtheoryisageneraltermfortheidea

thatenergyisquantizedandtheconsequencesofthatidea.Quantumtheoryisagen

Byassumingthatlightisquantized,Einsteinwasabletoexplainthephotoelectriceffect,inwhichelectronsarereleasedbycertainmetals(particularlyCsandtheotheralkalimetals,Li,Na,K,andRb(Rubidium))whenlightshines照耀on照到...上them.(Thephotoelectriceffectisusedinpracticaldevicessuchasautomaticdooropeners(開門器).)Aquantumofradiantenergyiscalledaphoton.Byassumingtha

4.quantummechanics,Heisenberguncertaintyprinciple,momentum（量子力學(xué)，海森堡測不準(zhǔn)原理，動量）

"Mechanics"isthestudyofmotion,andquantummechanics(is)thatreferstothestudyofthemotionofentities實(shí)體

thataresmallenoughandmovefastenoughtohavebothobservablewavelikeandparticlelikeproperties.

4.quantummechanics,HeisenbeWhatiscalledtheHeisenberguncertaintyprinciplemaybestatedasfollows:Itisimpossibletoknowsimultaneouslyboththeexactmomentumandtheexactpositionofanelectron.WhatiscalledtheHeisenbe(Momentumismasstimesvelocity.Itexpressesnotonlythetendencyofamovingbodytokeepmoving,butalso,sincevelocityisadirectionalquantity,tomaintainthedirectionofitsmotion.)(Momentumismasstimesveloci5.angularmomentum,groundstate,excitedstates,quantumnumber角動量、基態(tài)、激發(fā)態(tài)和量子數(shù)

5.angularmomentum,groundst

Angularmomentum,whichisgivenbymasstimesvelocitytimestheradiusofabody'smotion,isameasureofthetendencyofabodytokeepmovingonacurvedpath.Thelowestenergyorbital,theoneinwhichthesingleelectroninahydrogenatomnormallyresides,isthegroundstateforthatelectron.Angularmomentum,whichis

Thestatesofenergyhigherthanthegroundstateareexcitedstates,reachedbytheelectronwhentheatomhasabsorbedextraenergy.Aquantumnumberisawhole-numbermultiplierthatspecifiesanamountofenergy.Thestatesofenergyhighe

6.atomicorbital,thefourquantumnumbers(原子的軌道和四個量子數(shù))Theregioninwhichanelectronwithaspecificenergywillmostprobablybelocatediscalledanatomicorbital.Thedesignationoftheorbital"location"ofanelectronrequiresfourquantumnumbers.Independentofanyexperiencedevidence,threeofthemarisefromsolutionsofthe

Schrodingerequation.6.atomicorbital,the

Afourthquantumnumber,thespinquantumnumberms(=-1/2,+1/2),isneededtocompletethedesignationofeachindividualelectronwithinanatom(becausetheelectroncanoccupytheorbitalintwodifferentorientations).Thefirstquantumnumber,theprincipalquantumnumbern,identifies確定themainenergylevels(likethebalconies).AfourthquantumnumbThesecond,thesubshell亞層quantumnumberl(=0,1,2,...n-1)(traditionallycalledeithertheangularmomentumorazimuthal方位角的quantumnumber)identifiessublevelsofenergy亞能級withinthemainenergylevel(liketherowsineachbalcony).Thesecond,thesubshell亞層quan

Thethirdquantumnumberistheorbitalquantumnumberml(=-l,...,0,...+l)(traditionallycalledthemagneticquantumnumber)--itpinsdown（使…約束）

thelocationofindividualelectronsinorbitals(liketheseatsineachrow).Thethirdquantumnumbe7.electronconfiguration,Pauliexclusionpriciple,Hund'sprinciple（電子組態(tài)，Pauli不相容原理,Hund's規(guī)則）

Theelectronicconfigurationofanatomisthedistributionamongthesubshellsofalloftheelectronsintheatom.Pauliexclusionprinciple:Notwoelectronscanhavethesame(four)quantumnumbers.Hund'sprinciple：

Orbitalsofequalenergyareeachoccupiedbyasingleelectronbeforeanyofthemacquiresasecondelectron.7.electronconfiguration,Pau

8.paramagnetism,diamagnetism（順磁性,反磁性）

Paramagnetism順磁性isthepropertyofattractiontoamagneticfieldshownbysubstancescontainingunpairedelectrons.Diamagnetism反磁性isthepropertyofrepulsionbyamagneticfieldandshowstheabsenceofunpairedelectrons.8.paramagnetism,diamagnet

9.group(family),period,noblegas（族(家族的)，周期,惰性氣體）

Theelementsinasingleverticalcolumnintheperiodictablearereferredtoasmembersofagrouporfamily.Ahorizontalrowintheperiodictableiscalledaperiod.Eachperiodendswithanoblegas--anelementinwhichallenergysublevels（亞層）thatareoccupiedarecompletelyfilled.9.group(family),period,10.representativeelements,transitionelements（主族元素和過渡元素）Theelementsinwhichthesandpsublevelsarefillingarecalledtherepresentativeelements,whichincludealkalimetals(GroupI),alkalineearthmetals(GroupⅡ),chalcogens(GroupVI)andhalogens(GroupVII).Thetransitionelementsincludeallelementsinwhichthedorfsublevelsarefilling.

10.representativeelements,t

Thesearereferredtoasthed-transitionelementsandthef-transitionelements.(Thelanthanidesandtheactinidesaref-transitionelements.)Sometimesthef-transitionelementsarecalledtheinnertransitionelements.Scandium,yttrium,andallofthesixth-periodelementsfromlanthanumtolutetiumarealsoknownastherareearthelements.Followinguranium(Z=92)comethetransuraniumelements.Thesearereferredtoas11.metals,nonmetals,semiconductingelements（

金屬、非金屬、半導(dǎo)體元素）

Bothinpositionintheperiodictableandinproperties,thesemiconductingelementsfallbetweenthemetalsandthenonmetals.11.metals,nonmetals,semicon12.chemicalbond,valenceelectrons,Lewissymbol

Inwritingadefinitionofthechemicalbondwemustdistinguishchemicalbondingfromother,weakerandlesslong-lastingforces.12.chemicalbond,valenceele

Wechoosetodefinethechemicalbondasaforcethatactsstronglyenoughbetweentwoatomsorgroupsofatomstoholdthemtogetherinadifferentspecies

thathasmeasurableproperties.Valenceelectronsaretheelectronsthatareavailabletotakepartinchemicalbonding.Wechoosetodefinethe

(Thenumberofvalenceelectronsinanatomofarepresentativeelementequalstothegroupnumberofthatelement.)InaLewissymboltheouterelectronsareindicatedbydots(orcircles,orx‘s,etc.)arrangedaroundtheatomicsymbol.Thepairingoftwoelectrons（成對電子）inthesameorbitalisrepresentedbytwodotsonthesamesideofthesymbol.(Thenumberofvalenceele13.chemicalstability,octetrule,chemicalreactivity（化學(xué)穩(wěn)定性,八電子規(guī)則,化學(xué)反應(yīng)性）

Thenoble惰性的gasesfallattheendofeachperiodintheperiodictableandasagroup（they）aretheleastreactiveofalltheelements.Thisresistancetochemicalchange,orchemicalstability,iscreditedto,把...歸給thecompletelyfilledoutersandpsubshellsofthenoblegases.13.chemicalstability,octetAccordingtotheoctetrule,atomstendtocombinebygain,loss,orsharingofelectronsothattheouterenergylevelofeachatomholds(擁有)orsharesfourpairsofelectrons.Sodiumisasilverymetalthathashighchemicalreactivity,thatis,atendencytoundergochemicalreactions.Accordingtotheoctetrule,a14.metallicbonding,ionicbonding(金屬鍵、離子鍵）

Metallicbondingistheattractionbetweenpositivemetalionsandsurrounding,freelymobileelectrons.Ionicbondingistheattractionbetweenpositiveandnegativeions.14.metallicbonding,ionicbo四、答疑

一般情況下，爭對學(xué)生提出的問題進(jìn)行個別答疑。四、答疑一般情況下，爭對學(xué)生提出的問題進(jìn)行1．TranslatethetechnicaltermsinthetextintoChinesebyreferringtorelevantdictionaries.2．TranslatethistextintoChinese.

五、課后作業(yè)1．Translatethetechnicalterm

復(fù)習(xí)內(nèi)容：1、復(fù)習(xí)和整理本課文的專業(yè)詞匯；2、本課文的全文翻譯。預(yù)習(xí)內(nèi)容：第六章無機(jī)化學(xué)、有機(jī)化學(xué)、物理化學(xué)、分析化學(xué)和生物化學(xué)化學(xué)術(shù)語

1、無機(jī)化學(xué)術(shù)語（II）復(fù)習(xí)內(nèi)容：預(yù)習(xí)內(nèi)容：六、課堂練習(xí)六、課堂練習(xí)06無機(jī)化學(xué)術(shù)語(I)課件Theacitivityofacatalystisproperlyexpressedastherateperunitarea(usuallyperm2)ofactivesurface,andcomparisonsbetweendifferentcatalystshavetobemadeonthisbasis.

Evenwhentheinertmaterialispresent,measurementofthetotalsurfaceareaisamatterofgreatimportance.Itisnormallydesirableforthecatalysttohaveahighsurfacearea,butthereisalimittowhatcanbeachievedmerelybymakingtheparticlesizeverysmall.Theacitivityofacatalystis07Valuesofmolarmasscalculatedusingtheidealgaslawaregoodonlytotheextentthatthegasbehavesasanidealgas.However,allrealgasesapproachidealgasbehavioratverylowpressures,soacommontechniqueforobtainingveryaccuratemolarmassesistomeasurethedensityofagasatvariouslowpressures,將下題翻譯成中文，并思考有關(guān)問題：07Valuesofmolarmasscalculcalculated/pfromthedata,plotd/pagainstp,extrapolatethecurvetop=0tofindtheintercept,andcalculatethemolarmass,M,usingM--(intercept)RTwhereR=0.0820568L.atm/(K.mol).FindthemolarmassforSO2fromthefollowingdataat0℃:pinatm0.10.0110.0010.0001(d/p)ing/(L.atm)2.8649742.8588002.8581832.858121

Assumethatthetemperatureandpressurevaluesareexact.calculated/pfromthedata,pThankYou!ThankYou!信息檢索與文獻(xiàn)閱讀（化學(xué)0701-0702）2009年10月10日信息檢索與文獻(xiàn)閱讀2009年10月10日第一部分化學(xué)專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)英語閱讀（20學(xué)時）第二部分英文閱讀材料（12學(xué)時）第三部分信息檢索（16學(xué)時）第一部分化學(xué)專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)英語閱讀第一章作為定量科學(xué)和物質(zhì)科學(xué)的化學(xué)第二章原子、分子和離子第三章氣態(tài)第四章熱化學(xué)第五章有機(jī)化合物和基團(tuán)的命名第六章無機(jī)化學(xué)、有機(jī)化學(xué)、物理化學(xué)、分析化學(xué)化學(xué)術(shù)語

第一部分化學(xué)專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)英語閱讀（20學(xué)時）第一章作為定量科學(xué)和物質(zhì)科學(xué)的化學(xué)第一部分化學(xué)專業(yè)第二部分英文閱讀材料（12學(xué)時）

第一章松香酸度的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)測試方法

第二章Ⅲ－Ⅴ族半導(dǎo)體制備的新方法：InP納米晶的超聲化學(xué)合成

第三章分子離子材料的計算機(jī)模擬

第四章透射Laue法的X射線衍射

第五章銷售合同

第六章專利說明書

第二部分英文閱讀材料（12學(xué)時）

第一章松香酸度第三部分信息檢索（16學(xué)時）

第一章信息檢索基礎(chǔ)

第二章超星圖書館

第三章中國期刊網(wǎng)

第四章維普

第五章工程索引（Ei）

第六章美國化學(xué)文摘（CA）

第七章專利

第三部分信息檢索（16學(xué)時）

第一章信息檢索基礎(chǔ)教材和參考書：

1、魏高原，

化學(xué)專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)英語知識（I）（IntroductoryChemistrySpecialityEnglish），

北京大學(xué)出版社，2004。

2、

ReadingMaterials(自編講義)。3、

陳英，科技信息檢索（第二版），科學(xué)出版社，2005。4、

萬錫仁，InformationRetrievalandRelatedReadingMaterials，（待出版）。5、

[美]PhilipBall著，魏高原等注釋，

化學(xué)專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)英語（II），

北京大學(xué)出版社，2001。

教材和參考書：課堂教學(xué)內(nèi)容安排第一節(jié)課教學(xué)要求說明詞匯預(yù)習(xí)課文閱讀理解第二節(jié)課課文閱讀理解（續(xù)）答疑布置課后作業(yè)課堂書面練習(xí)課堂教學(xué)內(nèi)容安排第一節(jié)課第二節(jié)課Chapter6Inorganicchemical,organicchemical,physicalchemical,analyticalchemical,andbiochemicalterms

第六章無機(jī)化學(xué)、有機(jī)化學(xué)、物理化學(xué)、分析化學(xué)和生物化學(xué)化學(xué)術(shù)語

1、無機(jī)化學(xué)術(shù)語（I）Chapter6第六章無機(jī)化學(xué)、有機(jī)化學(xué)、物理化學(xué)、分一、教學(xué)要求掌握：常用的無機(jī)化學(xué)的化學(xué)術(shù)語和概念；化學(xué)專業(yè)文獻(xiàn)的閱讀和理解。熟悉：無機(jī)化學(xué)（中文）

了解：不常用的元素的英文名稱

。一、教學(xué)要求二、詞匯（NewWordsandExpressions）periodictable元素周期表electronicstructure電子結(jié)構(gòu)periodicity周期性classical經(jīng)典的wavelength波長frequency頻率wavenumber波數(shù)diffraction衍射二、詞匯（NewWordsandExpressionobstacle障礙物quantum量子quantized量子化quantumtheory量子理論photoelectriceffect光電效應(yīng)photon光子whole-numbermultiple整數(shù)倍Einstein愛因斯坦obstacle障礙物shineon照到...上device器件automaticdooropener自動開門器radiantenergy輻射能量quantummechanics量子力學(xué)Heisenberguncertaintyprinciple海森堡測不準(zhǔn)原理momentum動量shineon照到...上simultaneously同時地

directional方向的maintain保持angularmomentum角動量groundstate基態(tài)excitedstate激發(fā)態(tài)quantumnumber量子數(shù)radius（radii）半徑simultaneously同時地lowestenergyorbital最低能量軌道m(xù)ultiplier乘數(shù)atomicorbital原子軌道thefourquantumnumber四個量子數(shù)specificenergy特定能量

Schr?dinger

equation薛定諤方程spinquantumnumber自旋量子數(shù)principalquantumnumber主量子數(shù)lowestenergyorbital最低能量軌道angularmomentumquantumnumber

角量子數(shù)magneticquantumnumber磁量子數(shù)pindown使…約束electronconfiguration電子組態(tài)Pauliexclusionprinciple不相容原理

Hund'sprinciple洪特規(guī)則subshell亞層angularmomentumquantumnumbeparamagnetism順磁性diamagnetism反磁性magneticfield磁場unpairedelectron未成對電子group族period周期noblegas惰性氣體paramagnetism順磁性representativeelement主族元素

transitionelement

過渡元素alkalimetal堿金屬alkalineearthmetal堿土金屬transuranium超鈾的metal金屬nonmetal非金屬semiconductingelement半導(dǎo)體元素representativeelement主族元素三、課文的閱讀理解

學(xué)生閱讀課文5~10分鐘，教師指定學(xué)生逐段朗讀課文，并翻譯成中文，教師及時評講。三、課文的閱讀理解學(xué)生閱讀課文5~10分鐘，教periodictable,electronicstructure（元素周期表，電子結(jié)構(gòu)）

Theperiodictablegroupstheelementsinorderofincreasingatomicnumberinsuchawaythatelementswithsimilarpropertiesfallneareachother.Astheatomicnumberincreases,thenumberofelectronsineachatomalsoincreases.periodictable,electronicstr

Afullappreciation正確評價ofelectronicstructure--howtheelectronsarearrangedinatoms--isessential必要的forunderstandingthesimilaritiesandperiodicitiesoftheelements.Understandingelectronicstructure,inturn,requiresabriefexcursionintoclassicalandmodernphysics.(Theword"classical"isgenerallyusedforanythingthatwasestablishedandimportantinthepast.)

Afullappreciation正確評價ofel

2.wavelength,frequency,wavenumber,diffraction

（波長、頻率、波數(shù)和衍射）

Wavelength(,Greeklambda)isthedistancebetweenanytwosimilarpointsonadjacentwaves.Thefrequency(,Greeknu)oflightisthenumberofcompletewaves,alsoknownasthenumberofcycles,passingagivenpointinaunitoftime.

(Noticethatthespeedoflightisequaltotheproductand,i.e.,c=.)2.wavelength,frequency,wThewavenumberisthenumberofwavelengthsperunitoflengthcovered,i.e.=1/.Diffractionisthespreadingofwavesastheypassobstaclesoropenings，小孔comparableinsizetotheirwavelength.Thewavenumberisthenumber

3.quantum,quantized,quantumtheory,photoelectriceffect,photon（量子、量子化、量子理論、光電效應(yīng)和光子）

Lightcanberegardedasmadeupofparticleseachofwhichcarriesadefiniteamountofenergy,referredtoasaquantum.Something(物理量)thatisquantized使量子化isrestrictedtoamountsthatarewhole-numbermultiplesofthebasicunit,orquantum,fortheparticularsystem.

3.quantum,quantized,Quantumtheoryisageneraltermfortheidea

thatenergyisquantizedandtheconsequencesofthatidea.Quantumtheoryisagen

Byassumingthatlightisquantized,Einsteinwasabletoexplainthephotoelectriceffect,inwhichelectronsarereleasedbycertainmetals(particularlyCsandtheotheralkalimetals,Li,Na,K,andRb(Rubidium))whenlightshines照耀on照到...上them.(Thephotoelectriceffectisusedinpracticaldevicessuchasautomaticdooropeners(開門器).)Aquantumofradiantenergyiscalledaphoton.Byassumingtha

4.quantummechanics,Heisenberguncertaintyprinciple,momentum（量子力學(xué)，海森堡測不準(zhǔn)原理，動量）

"Mechanics"isthestudyofmotion,andquantummechanics(is)thatreferstothestudyofthemotionofentities實(shí)體

thataresmallenoughandmovefastenoughtohavebothobservablewavelikeandparticlelikeproperties.

4.quantummechanics,HeisenbeWhatiscalledtheHeisenberguncertaintyprinciplemaybestatedasfollows:Itisimpossibletoknowsimultaneouslyboththeexactmomentumandtheexactpositionofanelectron.WhatiscalledtheHeisenbe(Momentumismasstimesvelocity.Itexpressesnotonlythetendencyofamovingbodytokeepmoving,butalso,sincevelocityisadirectionalquantity,tomaintainthedirectionofitsmotion.)(Momentumismasstimesveloci5.angularmomentum,groundstate,excitedstates,quantumnumber角動量、基態(tài)、激發(fā)態(tài)和量子數(shù)

5.angularmomentum,groundst

Angularmomentum,whichisgivenbymasstimesvelocitytimestheradiusofabody'smotion,isameasureofthetendencyofabodytokeepmovingonacurvedpath.Thelowestenergyorbital,theoneinwhichthesingleelectroninahydrogenatomnormallyresides,isthegroundstateforthatelectron.Angularmomentum,whichis

Thestatesofenergyhigherthanthegroundstateareexcitedstates,reachedbytheelectronwhentheatomhasabsorbedextraenergy.Aquantumnumberisawhole-numbermultiplierthatspecifiesanamountofenergy.Thestatesofenergyhighe

6.atomicorbital,thefourquantumnumbers(原子的軌道和四個量子數(shù))Theregioninwhichanelectronwithaspecificenergywillmostprobablybelocatediscalledanatomicorbital.Thedesignationoftheorbital"location"ofanelectronrequiresfourquantumnumbers.Independentofanyexperiencedevidence,threeofthemarisefromsolutionsofthe

Schrodingerequation.6.atomicorbital,the

Afourthquantumnumber,thespinquantumnumberms(=-1/2,+1/2),isneededtocompletethedesignationofeachindividualelectronwithinanatom(becausetheelectroncanoccupytheorbitalintwodifferentorientations).Thefirstquantumnumber,theprincipalquantumnumbern,identifies確定themainenergylevels(likethebalconies).AfourthquantumnumbThesecond,thesubshell亞層quantumnumberl(=0,1,2,...n-1)(traditionallycalledeithertheangularmomentumorazimuthal方位角的quantumnumber)identifiessublevelsofenergy亞能級withinthemainenergylevel(liketherowsineachbalcony).Thesecond,thesubshell亞層quan

Thethirdquantumnumberistheorbitalquantumnumberml(=-l,...,0,...+l)(traditionallycalledthemagneticquantumnumber)--itpinsdown（使…約束）

thelocationofindividualelectronsinorbitals(liketheseatsineachrow).Thethirdquantumnumbe7.electronconfiguration,Pauliexclusionpriciple,Hund'sprinciple（電子組態(tài)，Pauli不相容原理,Hund's規(guī)則）

Theelectronicconfigurationofanatomisthedistributionamongthesubshellsofalloftheelectronsintheatom.Pauliexclusionprinciple:Notwoelectronscanhavethesame(four)quantumnumbers.Hund'sprinciple：

Orbitalsofequalenergyareeachoccupiedbyasingleelectronbeforeanyofthemacquiresasecondelectron.7.electronconfiguration,Pau

8.paramagnetism,diamagnetism（順磁性,反磁性）

Paramagnetism順磁性isthepropertyofattractiontoamagneticfieldshownbysubstancescontainingunpairedelectrons.Diamagnetism反磁性isthepropertyofrepulsionbyamagneticfieldandshowstheabsenceofunpairedelectrons.8.paramagnetism,diamagnet

9.group(family),period,noblegas（族(家族的)，周期,惰性氣體）

Theelementsinasingleverticalcolumnintheperiodictablearereferredtoasmembersofagrouporfamily.Ahorizontalrowintheperiodictableiscalledaperiod.Eachperiodendswithanoblegas--anelementinwhichallenergysublevels（亞層）thatareoccupiedarecompletelyfilled.9.group(family),period,10.representativeelements,transitionelements（主族元素和過渡元素）Theelementsinwhichthesandpsublevelsarefillingarecalledtherepresentativeelements,whichincludealkalimetals(GroupI),alkalineearthmetals(GroupⅡ),chalcogens(GroupVI)andhalogens(GroupVII).Thetransitionelementsincludeallelementsinwhichthedorfsublevelsarefilling.

10.representativeelements,t

Thesearereferredtoasthed-transitionelementsandthef-transitionelements.(Thelanthanidesandtheactinidesaref-transitionelements.)Sometimesthef-transitionelementsarecalledtheinnertransitionelements.Scandium,yttrium,andallofthesixth-periodelementsfromlanthanumtolutetiumarealsoknownastherareearthelements.Followinguranium(Z=92)comethetransuraniumelements.Thesearereferredtoas11.metals,nonmetals,semiconductingelements（

金屬、非金屬、半導(dǎo)體元素）

Bothinpositionintheperiodictableandinproperties,thesemiconductingelementsfallbetweenthemetalsandthenonmetals.11.metals,nonmetals,semicon12.chemicalbond,valenceelectrons,Lewissymbol

Inwritingadefinitionofthechemicalbondwemustdistinguishchemicalbondingfromother,weakerandlesslong-lastingforces.12.chemicalbond,valenceele

Wechoosetodefinethechemicalbondasaforcethatactsstronglyenoughbetweentwoatomsorgroupsofatomstoholdthemtogetherinadifferentspecies

thathasmeasurableproperties.Valenceelectronsaretheelectronsthatareavailabletotakepartinchemicalbonding.Wechoosetodefinethe

(Thenumberofvalenceelectronsinanatomofarepresentativeelementequalstothegroupnumberofthatelement.)InaLewissymboltheouterelectronsareindicatedbydots(orcircles,orx‘s,etc.)arrangedaroundtheatomicsymbol.Thepairingoftwoelectrons（成對電子）inthesameorbita