高三英語語法專題(二)名詞性從句

高三英語語法專題(二)名詞性從句高三英語語法專題(二)名詞性從句高三英語語法專題(二)名詞性從句V:1.0精細整理，僅供參考高三英語語法專題(二)名詞性從句日期：20xx年X月高三英語語法專題（二）名詞性從句在英語中，通常把主語從句、表語從句、同位語從句和賓語從句統(tǒng)稱為名詞性從句。名詞性從句在句中相當于一個名詞或名詞詞組，在句中充當主語、表語、賓語或同位語等。引導名詞性從句的詞通常分為三類:①連接詞有that/whether/if等;②連接代詞有what/who/which/whatever/whoever/whichever/whom/whomever等;③連接副詞有when/where/why/how等，名詞性從句中缺少什么成分就找什么引導詞，如果不缺少成分通常用that來引導。一．主語從句

主語從句是在復合句中充當主語的從句，通常放在主句謂語動詞之前或由形式主語it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。1.It作形式主語和it引導強調(diào)句的比較

It作形式主語代替主語從句，主要是為了平衡句子結(jié)構，主語從句的連接詞沒有變化。而it引導的強調(diào)句則是對句子某一部分進行強調(diào)，無論強調(diào)的是什么成分，都可用連詞that。被強調(diào)部分指人時也可用who/whom。例如：

Itisapitythatyoudidn’tgotoseethefilm.

Itdoesn’tinterestmewhetheryousucceedornot.

Itisinthemorningthatthemurdertookplace.

ItisJohnthatbrokethewindow.

2.用it作形式主語的結(jié)構

(1)Itis＋名詞＋從句

Itisafactthat…事實是……

Itisanhonorthat………非常榮幸

Itiscommonknowledgethat………是常識

Itisapitythat…可惜的是……(2)Itis＋形容詞＋從句

Itisnaturalthat…很自然……

Itisstrangethat…奇怪的是……

Itiscertainthat…很肯定(3)It＋連系動詞或不及物動詞＋從句

Itseemsthat…似乎……

Ithappenedthat…碰巧……

(4)Itis＋過去分詞＋從句

Itisreportedthat…據(jù)報道……

Ithasbeenprovedthat…已證實……

3.主語從句不可位于句首的五種情況

(1)if引導的主語從句不可居于復合句句首。

(2)Itissaid,(reported)…結(jié)構中的主語從句不可提前。例如：

ItissaidthatPresidentJingowillvisitourschoolnextweek.(right)

ThatPresidentJiangwillvisitourschoolnextweekissaid.(wrong)

(3)Ithappens…,Itoccurs…結(jié)構中的主語從句不可提前。例如：

Itoccurredtohimthathefailedintheexamination.(right)

Thathefailedintheexaminationoccurredtohim.(wrong)

(4)Itdoesn’tmatterhow/whether…結(jié)構中的主語從句不可提前。例如：

Itdoesn’tmatterwhetherheiswrongornot.(right)

Whetherheiswrongornotdoesn’tmatter.(wrong)

(5)含主語從句的復合句是疑問句時，主語從句不可提前。例如：

Isitlikelythatitwillrainintheevening(right)

Isthatwillrainintheeveninglikely(wrong)

4.what與that在引導主語從句時的區(qū)別

What引導主語從句時在從句中充當句子成分，如主語,賓語,表語，而that則不然。1)Whatyousaidyesterdayisright.2)Thatsheisstillaliveisasurprisetoallofus.二．賓語從句

賓語從句就是在復合句中作賓語的名詞性從句，通常放在主句謂語動詞（及物動詞）或介詞之后。

1.作動詞的賓語

由that引導的賓語從句（that通?？梢允÷裕?例如：

Iheardthathejoinedthearmy.注意：在insist,order,demand,require,suggest,advise等表示堅持、命令、要求、建議等意義的動詞后，that從句常用“（should）+動詞原形”的結(jié)構（虛擬語氣）。2.作介詞的賓語

Oursuccessdependsuponhowwellwecancooperatewithoneanother.

3.作形容詞的賓語

Iamafraid(that)I’vemadeamistake.IamconfidentthatIcangetthejob.

that引導的從句常跟在下列形容詞后作賓語：anxious,aware,certain,confident,convinced,determined,glad,proud,surprised,worried,sorry,thankful,ashamed,disappointed,annoyed,pleased,hurt,satisfied,content等;也可以將此類詞后的that從句看作原因狀語從句。4.It可以作為形式賓語It不僅可以作為形式主語，還可以作為形式賓語而真正的賓語that從句則放在句尾，特別是在帶復合賓語的句子中。IthinkitnecessarythatwereadEnglisheveryday.用于此句型常見的動詞和短語:appreciate,like,dislike,hate,love,counton/upon(期待),dependon/upon(依靠),relyon(指望),seeto(確保),insiston,take…forgranted（相當然）,bring…toone’sattention等Pleaseseetoitthatthedoorislockedbeforeyouleave.Idon’tlikeitthatpeoplespeakwiththeirmouthesfull.YoumayrelyonitthateverythingwillbereadybyMonday.5.否定的轉(zhuǎn)移

若主語為I/wethink/consider/suppose/believe/expect/guess/imagine等，其后的賓語從句若含有否定意義，一般要把否定詞轉(zhuǎn)移到主句謂語上，從句謂語用肯定式。例如：Idon’tthinkthisdressfitsyouwell.（我認為這件衣服不適合你穿。）

三．表語從句

表語從句是在復合句中作表語的名詞性從句，放在系動詞之后，一般結(jié)構是“主語＋連系動詞＋表語從句”。可以接表語從句的連系動詞有be,look,remain,seem等。1)Thequestioniswhetherwecanmakegoodpreparationsinsuchashorttime.

2)Thisiswhywecan’tgetthesupportofthepeople.

3)Thefactremainsthatwearebehindtheotherclasses.

4)Thereasonwhyheislateforschoolisthathemissedtheearlybus.四．同位語從句

同位語從句就是在復合句中作名詞的同位語的名詞性從句。它對前面的名詞作進一步解釋，說明名詞的具體內(nèi)容，一般由that引導，例如：

1)Theking’sdecisionthattheprisonerwouldbesetfreesurprisedallthepeople.

2)Theorderthatallthesoldiersshouldstaystillisgivenbythegeneral.

同位語從句有時可以不緊跟在它所說明的名詞后面，而是被別的詞隔開。例如：

HegotthenewsfromMarythatthesportsmeetingwasputoff.五、名詞性從句考點掃描：考點一:一些引導詞的使用★that引導主語從句、表語從句、同位語從句時，只起連接主從句的作用而不充當句子的任何成分，此時that不可以省略;that引導賓語從句時，不充當成分，往往可以省略，但以下幾種情況一般不省略:①在句型"主語+謂語+it(形式賓語)+補足語+that從句"中，that不可以省略。如:Themanagerhasmadeitcleartousthathedoesn'tagreewithus.②當由兩個that引導的從句作同一個動詞或介詞的賓語時，第二個從句中的that不能省略。如:MrSmithtoldtheworkers(that)Johnhadworkedveryhardandthathewantedhimtostay.③當賓語從句是由主從復合句充當并且從句在前時，that一般不省略.如:Shesaysthatifherfatherallowshertojoinus，shewillcomehereontime.④有插入語或其它成分把賓語從句和主句分開時。如:Sheexplainedtomethatshewasnotwrong.⑤當that引導的賓語從句的主語是非謂語動詞或主語從句時。如:Heexplainedthatwhatshewaslookingforwasapairofsocks.⑥當從句的主語是that時。如Shesaysthatthatwillbearealtreatforher.★主語從句、表語從句、同位語從句中所缺少的成分如果表示"是否"，則用whether引導，而不用if引導;在賓語從句中，whether與if往往可以換用。但在下列幾種情況不可以互換:①whether與or(not)連用時;②介詞后的賓語從句用whether引導;③discuss后的賓語從句用whether引導表示"是否";④如果if引導有歧義時，通常用whether引導;⑤if可以引導條件句，而whether不可以.[典型考例]1.Wehaven'tsettledthequestionof______itisnecessaryforhimtostudyabroad.(2006江蘇卷) B.whereC.whether D.that[解析]C.of介詞之后的賓語從句要用whether引導，表示"是否"，不可以用if引導。2.Elephantshavetheirownwaytotelltheshapeofanobjectand____itisroughorsmooth.(2005天津卷)A.不填B.whether [解析]B.根據(jù)后面的or可以判斷此處用whether引導賓語從句作tell的賓語。 3._________willconsiderthisopinionornotisnotclear.A.If‘B.That [解析]D。根據(jù)后面的ornot結(jié)構判斷此處應用whether來引導主語從句。4.Youmustanswerthequestion________youhavereceivedherletterornot. A.what B.thatC.whether D.if[解析]C.同位語從句表示"是否"含義且與ornot連用時，通常用whether引導，而不用if引導?！飛hy與because都可以引導表語從句，但用法不同。如果表語從句表述的事情和"結(jié)果"有關，則用why來引導;如果表語從句指的事情和"原因"有關，則用because來引導。主句主語是reason時，表語從句引導詞用that，不用because。如:Thereasonwhyhewaslatewasthathemissedthefirstbus.[典型考例]1.--IdrovetoZhuhaifortheairshowlastweek.--Isthat________youhadafewdaysoff A.why B.whenC.what D.where[解析]A.該表語從句表示"結(jié)果"',所以用why引導。2.Thathehasn'tcomeis________heisbusywritingthepapers.A.that B.whatC.why D.because[解析]D."忙于寫論文是沒有來的原因"，表語從句表示"原因"，所以用because引導。shecouldn'tunderstandwas_______ fewerandfewerstudentsshowedinterestinherlessons.（上海卷)A.What...whyB.That...whatC.What...becauseD.Why...that[解析]A。第一空是what引導的主語從句，what在從句中作understand的賓語,第二空是表語從句表示"結(jié)果"，所以用why來引導?？键c二:名詞性從句的語序在使用名詞性從句時，應該注意的是引導詞加陳述句語序，千萬不可以用疑問句語序。[典型考例]1.Theseshoeslookverygood.Iwonder_________(2006上海春季)A. howmuchcosttheyareB.howmuchdotheycostC. howmuchtheycostD.howmucharetheycost[解析]C。該句是wonder引導的賓語從句，賓語從句用引導詞加陳述句語序。2.Mumiscoming.Whatpresent____________foryourbirthday(2005福建卷)，A.youexpectshehasgotB.youexpecthasshegotC.doyouexpectshehasgotD.doyouexpecthasshegot[解析]C.在doyouexpect(think/suppose/guess等)的賓語從句中，往往疑問詞提前構成雙重疑問句，即:特殊疑問詞+doyouexpect(think/suppose/guess等)+陳述句結(jié)構。3.Ihavealwaysbeenhonestandstraightforward，anditdoesn'tmatter_____I’mtalkingto.(2004廣東卷) A.whoisit B.whoitisC.itiswhoiswhom[解析]B。此句中的第一個it是形式主語，真正的主語是后面的從句。該從句是由強調(diào)句型構成，由于對特殊疑問詞強調(diào)，所以構成從句時應用"特殊疑問詞+陳述句語序"。bossaskedme______________justnow.A. whatwasthematterB. whatthematterwasC. howwasthematterD. howthematterwas[解析]A.what'sthematter在賓語從句中語序不變，因為what在從句中是作主語而不是表語?？键c三:名詞性從句中的語氣★在It+be+adj+that從句結(jié)構中，如果形容詞是necessary、important、natural、strange、urgent、surprising等時，那么that從句應該使用虛擬語氣，即(should)+動詞原形。[典型考例]1.ItwasnecessarythatTom_________tothehospitalatonce. A.wassent B.besentC.wouldbesentD.sends(B)'tyouthinkitnecessarythathe toMiamibuttoNewYork----Iagree，buttheproblemis_hehasrefusedto.(2005江蘇卷)A.willnotbesent;thatB.notbesent;thatC.shouldnotbesent;whatD. shouldnotsend;what(B)★在表示“堅持insist,建議suggest,advise,propose,命令order,要求require,request,demand”等詞后面的名詞性從句中往往要使用虛擬語氣，即(should)+動詞原形。如果是這些詞的名詞或過去分詞形式，它們所接的名詞性從句一樣要用虛擬語氣。.Wu'sadvicewasthatmymother___________smoking. A.givesup B.gaveupC.willgiveup D.giveup(D)’ssuggestedthatthepatientbesenttohospitalatonce.注意:(一)Idon’tthinkhighlyoftheadvicethathegaveonhowtolearnEnglishwell.(二)suggest表示"建議"時，賓語從句要使用虛擬語氣；但表示"暗示，表明"時，要用陳述語氣;insist表示"堅持要求……"時，賓語從句要使用虛擬語氣;但表示"堅持認為……"時，應用陳述語氣。Herpalefacesuggestedthatshewasill,sowesuggestedthatsheshouldbesenttohospital.Tominsistedthathewasrightandthattheteacher(should)apologizetohimatonce.考點四:賓語從句中的時態(tài)賓語從句中動詞的時態(tài)往往受主句動詞時態(tài)的影響。如果主句的謂語動詞是一般過去時，那么從句的謂語動詞時態(tài)通常為過去時態(tài)中的一種；如果主句是祈使句或主句的謂語動詞是一般現(xiàn)在時或一般將來時，那么從句動詞可根據(jù)句意使用任何一種形式；如果賓語從句陳述的是一種客觀事實，那么賓語從句要使用一般現(xiàn)在時。如：（1）Mymothersaidshewouldgotoseemygrandparents.(2)Thegeographyteachersaidthesunrisesintheeast.[典型考例]thinkitisnecessaryformy19-year-oldsontohavehisownmobilephone，forIsometimeswanttomakesureifhe________homefordinner.(2006遼寧卷) A.come B.comesC.hascome D.willcome[解析]D.makesure后是if引導的賓語從句，根據(jù)句意(是否回來吃晚飯)，此處表示將來時間，所以從句動詞用一般將來時。2.Customersareaskedtomakesurethatthey________therightchangebeforeleavingtheshop.(2006重慶卷)givebeengivengivenbegiven[解析]B。根據(jù)beforeleavingtheshop可知give這一動作在之前發(fā)生，由于是被動關系，所以用現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)。up!AliceandSuearewaitingforyouattheschoolgate.---Oh!Ithoughtthey_________withoutme.(2005江西卷) A.went B.aregoingC.havegone D.hadgone[解析]D。答句中的go這一動詞在thought這一動作之前，表示"過去之過去"，因而用過去完成時。Ithought表示"原以為……?？键c五:含干擾因素的名詞性從句命題人為了增加題目的難度，往往對名詞性從句增加干擾因素，常見的有兩種形式:一是將名詞性從句(多為同位語從句)與中心詞分隔開來;二是在從句中增加插入成分。同位語從句與中心詞之間經(jīng)常被謂語或其它修飾語分開，此時應注意分清結(jié)構。[典型考例]1.Awarmthoughtsuddenlycametome_______Imightusethepocketmoneytobuysomeflowersformymother’sbirthday.(2006安徽卷)A．ifB.whenC.that D.which[解析]C.that引導同位語從句，修飾前面的主語Awarmthought。2．-----It'sthirtyyearssincewelastmet.------ButIstillrememberthestory，believeitornot,_________wegotlostonarainynight.(2006四川卷) A.which B.thatC.what D.when[解析]B.that引導同位語從句，修飾前面的thestory，believeitornot(信不信由你)是插入語。3.----Whatdidyourparentsthinkaboutyourdecision--Theyalwaysletmedo_________IthinkIshould.(2006全國卷ll) A.when B.thatC.how D.what[解析]D.在do后面的賓語從句中，Ithink是插入成分，賓語從句中缺少should(do)的賓語，所以用what引導?？键c六:名詞性從句與其它從句的比較名詞性從句與其它從句的比較主要體現(xiàn)在以下三個方面:①主語從句與as引導的非限制性定語從句的比較;②定語從句與同位語從句的比較(定語從句起修飾作用，同位語從句起說明或解釋作用);that引導同位語從句時，在從句中不充當任何成分，只起連接作用，that一般不能省略;而that作為關系代詞引導定語從句時，在從句中可作主語和賓語，作賓語時可省略。如:(l)Thenewsthathepassedtheexamwasagreatsurprise.(同位語從句)(2)Thenews(that)hetoldmewasagreatsurprise.(定語從句)③"疑問詞+ever"引導名詞性從句與引導讓步狀語從句的比較。[典型考例]ourbeliefthatimprovementsinhealthcarewillleadtoastronger，moreprosperouseconomy.(2006浙江卷) A.As C.This D.It [解析]D.該句是主語從句的變形，用it作形式主語，真正的主語是后面的that從句。其句型結(jié)構是:It+be+n.(adj/.)+that從句。reportedinthenewspaper，talksbetweenthetwocountriesaremakingprogress.(2004北京卷) C.That D.What[解析]B。此句是as引導的非限制性定語從句，并不是主語從句。as引導非限制性定語從句時，往往用逗號將句子分開。3、-----Doyouhaveanythingtosayforyourselves-----Yes,there’sonepoint_______wemustinsiston.(2006江西卷)AwhyBwhereChowD/[解析]D。此句是定語從句而不是同位語從句，因為從句中介詞后面缺少賓語，關系代詞作賓語可以省略。4.Nobodybelievedhisreasonforbeingabsentfromtheclass________hehadtomeethisuncleattheairport.(2006重慶卷) A.why B.thatC.where D.because[解析]B.that引導同位語從句(that在此不作成分，只起連接作用)，說明hisreason的具體內(nèi)容，不能把此句看作定語從句.oldtowermustbesaved___________thecost.(2005浙江卷) A.however B.whateverC.whichever D.wherever[解析]B.句意:古塔一定要挽救，不管花費多少錢。該題是whatever引導的讓步狀語從句作is的表語(is省略)，相當于"nomatter+疑問詞"引導的讓步狀語從句。6.Youcaneatfoodfreeinmyrestaurant_________youlike.(2004重慶卷) A.whenever B..whereverC.whatever D.however[解析]A.此處表示"無論何時"，所以用whenever來引導狀語從句。winsonSaturdaywillgothroughtothenationalchampionships.(2006山東卷)A.NomatterwhatB.NomatterwhichC.Whatever D.Whichever[解析]D.whichever引導主語從句,作team的定語，表示"無論哪一個"?！靖呖碱}薈萃】2009年1.Itisnotimmediatelyclear______thefinancialcrisiswillsoonbeover.（上海卷）A.since

B.what

C.whenD.whether2.Sheisverydeartous.Wehavebeenpreparedtodo_____ittakestosaveherlife.（湖南卷）A.whichever B.however C.whateverD.whoever3.Thefacthasworriedmanyscientists______theearthisbecomingwarmerandwarmertheseyears.（江西卷）A.whatB.whichC.thatD.though4.CouldIspeakto______isinchargeofInternationalSalesplease（海南卷）A.who B.whatC.whoever D.whatever5.Thehowtobookcanbeofhelpto_____wantstodothejob.（陜西卷）A.whoB.whomeverC.nomatterwhoD.whoever6.Oneofthemostimportantquestionstheyhadtoconsiderwas____ofpublichealth.（海南卷）A.what B.thisC.that D.which7.Asanewdiplomat,heoftenthinksof______hecanreactmoreappropriatelyonsuchoccasions.（上海卷）A.whatB.whichC.thatD.how8.Newscamefromtheschooloffice________WangLinhadbeenadmittedtoBeijingUniversityA.whichB.whatC.thatD.where9.Itisobvioustothestudents______theyshouldgetwellpreparedfortheirfuture.（天津卷）A.asB.whichC.whetherD.that10.－Isthereanypossibility______youcouldpickmeupattheairport－Noproblem.（浙江卷）A.

When B.that C.whether D.what11Weshouldconsiderthestudents’request___theschoollibraryprovidemorebooksonpopularscience.（重慶卷）A.that

B.whenC.which

D.whereyoungpeopleintheWestareexpectedtoleave_______couldbelife’smostimportantdecision—marriage—almostentirelyuptoluck.（江蘇卷）A.as

B.that

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A.What B.Why C.Where D.Which2.______hereferredtoinhisarticlewasunknowntothegeneralreader.[2007上海卷]A.That B.What C.Whether D.Where3.Thetraditionalviewis______wesleepbecauseourbrainis“programmed”tomakeusdoso.[2007上海卷]A.when B.why C.whether D.that4.CouldIspeakto__________isinchargeofInternationalSales,please[2007山東卷]A．a(chǎn)nyoneB．someoneC．whoeverD．nomatterwho5.Youcanonlybesureof_________youhaveatpresent;youcannotbesureofsomething_____youmightgetinthefuture.[2007安徽卷]A.that;what B.what;/C.which;that D./;that6.—Where’sthatreport—Ibroughtittoyou____youwerein’sofficeyesterday.[2007北京卷]A.ifB.whenC.becauseD.before7.Itisnoneofyourbusinessotherpeoplethinkaboutyou.Believeyourself.[2007福建卷] 8.Havingcheckedthedoorswereclosed,and_________allthelightswereoff,theboyopenedthedoortohisbedroom.[2007湖南卷]A.whyB.thatC.whenD.where9.Choosingtherightdictionarydependson______youwanttouseitfor.[2007江蘇卷]A.what B.why C.how D.whether10.parentssayanddohasalife-longeffectontheirchildren.[2007陜西卷] 11.Byimprovingreadingskills,youcanreadfasterandunderstandmoreofyouread．[2007上海春] A．that B．what C．which D．whether12.Theseasideheredrawsalotoftouristseverysummer.Warmsunshineandsoftsandsmake________itis.[2007天津卷]A.what B.which C.how D.where13.Whynottryyourluckdowntown,BobThat’s______thebestjobsare.[2007浙江卷]A.whereB.whatC.whenD.why2006年1.Withhisworkcompleted,thebusinessmansteppedbacktohisseat,feelingpleased_____hewasamanofaction.(06湖南)A.whichB.thatC.whatD.whether2.Wehaven'tsettledthequestionof_____itisnecessaryforhimtostudyabroad.（06江蘇）A.ifB.whereC.whetherD.that3.makesthisshopdifferentisthatitoffersmorepersonalservices.（06遼寧）A.WhatB.WhoC.WhateverD.Whoever4.SeetheflagsontopofthebuildingThatwaswedidthismorning.（06全國I）A.whenB.whichC.whereD.what5.Pleaseremindme______hesaidhewasgoing.Imaybeintimetoseehimoff.（06全國I）A.whereB.whenC.howD.what6.---Whatdidyou