考研考博-英語(yǔ)-華北水利水電大學(xué)考試押題三合一+答案詳解3

書(shū)山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-華北水利水電大學(xué)考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買(mǎi)！第I卷一.綜合題庫(kù)-全考點(diǎn)押密(共120題)1.單選題

Importantpeopledon’toftenhavemuchfreetimeastheirwork（）alltheirtime.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.takesover

B.takesaway

C.takesin

D.takesup

【答案】D

【解析】考查詞組辨析。A選項(xiàng)takeover“接管，借用”；B選項(xiàng)takeaway“拿走，帶走”；C選項(xiàng)takein“吸收，接受”；D選項(xiàng)takesup“開(kāi)始從事，占據(jù)”。句意：重要人物往往沒(méi)有太多的空閑時(shí)間，因?yàn)樗麄兊墓ぷ髡紦?jù)了他們所有的時(shí)間。根據(jù)選項(xiàng)和句意可知，D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

2.單選題

MurovyovkaNaturePark,aprivatenaturereserve,istheresultofthevisionanddeterminationofoneman,SergeiSmirenski.TheMoscowUniversityProfessorhasgainedthesupportofinternationalfundsaswellaslocalofficials,businessmenandCollectivefarms.

Thankstohisefforts,theagriculturalprojectisalsounderwaytocreateanexperimentalfarmtoteachlocalfarmershowtofarmwithoutthetraditionallyheavyuseofpesticidesandchemicalfertilizers.TwoWisconsinfarmers,DonandEllenPadley,spentlastsummerpreparinglandinTanbovkadistrict,wheretheparkislocated，andtheywillreturnthissummertoplantit.

SpecialistsfromtheUniversityofUtahalsocametostudythelocalcattleindustry,lookingtodeveloppossibilitiesforbeefexportstoJapan.

Separately,10NewJerseyschoolteacherswillspendthesummerinthedistrictrunningsummercampsforthelocalchildrenthatwillstressfieldtripsandlecturesonthenaturearoundthem.

Theseprograms,particularlytheagriculturalproject,aregettingsomesupportfromtheUnitedStates,includingfundingfromtheMacArthurFoundation,theRockefellerBrothersFund,andtheUSAgencyforInternationalDevelopment.TheTrustforMutualUnderstandingandtheWeedierFoundationarealsosupportingtheInternationalCraneFoundation'sworkincreatingthepark.

TheWorldBankisfundingasmallprojecttostudythepossibilitiesforecotourismintheAinubasinregion.DeltaDreamVacations,aDeltaAirlinessubsidiary,islookingintoflightstoKhabarovskandVladivostokforecologytours,withsomeofthemoneygoingtosupportthezapovedniks(totallywildpreservesusedonlyforscientificresearch)intheregion.

ButthismoneyhasalsogeneratedajealousattemptbythelocalwildlifeservicetoblocktheMurovyovkaproject.

Theysaid,"Giveustheirmoney,andwe'lldoitbetter,"Smirenskisays.Theywenttothelocalcourttogetacourtordertohaltthecontract.Althoughtheyweresuccessfulatthatlevel,theAtomregionalgovernment,withencouragementfromMoscow,hasalreadymovedtoreversethedecisionasillegal.

"Idon'tpayattentiontothisnegativeside."Smirenskisayscharacteristicoptimisticfashion."Idecidedweshouldcontinuetocreate."

BeyondMurovyovka,thereareevenvastergrasslandsandwetlandsintheAmurbasinthatarevitalnestingareasforrarebirdssuchastheeasternwhitestork,andthered-crowned,white-napped;andhoodedcranes.Acomplexof100,000hectares,forexample,lieslargelyunprotectedinZhuravalini[literally"aplaceforcranes"]downstreamfromMurovyovkA.Creationofanationalpark,alongfortouristuse,hasbeenproposedforthisarea.

Akeypartoftheconservationstrategyistogainthesupportofregionalgovernmentsbygettingthemtoseethatsuchinternationallybackednatureprojectscanleadtobusinessandotherties,particularlytocountrieslikeJapanandChinA.Forexample,thecranesthatnestinRussiahavebeentrackedbysatellitetowinteringgroundsinIzumi,onJapan'ssouthernKyushuIslanD.Thislinkagehasprovedusefulbringingregionalofficialsfrombothcountriestogether.

Lastsummer,100JapaneseschoolchildrenfromtheTamaregionoutsideofTokyocametoKhabarovskontheAmentoexperiencethekindofuntouchednaturethathasdisappearedfromJapan.Aspartoftheexchange,theMayorofTamadonated26secondhandfiretruckstohiscounterpart.

"AfterthisthemayorofKhabarovsksaid,NowIwilllistentoyou,aboutyourbirdsandallyourproblems.'"RecountsSmirenski.Nowtheofficialsunderstandwhatcranesmeantothem."

1.Aprobablegoaloftheagriculturalprojectisto（）.

2.Summercampsintheareawill（）.

3.Projectsconnectedwiththedevelopmentofthenatureparkare（）.

4.Thezapovedniksappear（）.

5.ThepassageimpliesthatprojectslikeMurovyovka（）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.reducepollutioninreservefarmlands

B.induceUnitedNationscooperation

C.learnhowlocalfarmsareoperated

D.importnewbreedsoffarmanimals

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.bedesignedforforeignvisitors

B.beeducational

C.attractscientistsandecologists

D.housefieldlaborersandtheirfamiliesNormal07.8磅02falsefalsefalseEN-USZH-CNX-NONE

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.selfsustaining

B.narrowinscopeandvision

C.attractingworld-wideattention

D.amassingscientificdata

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.eagertosupporttheNaturePark

B.opposedtooutsidefunding

C.enviousofthePark'ssuccess

D.tohavelegaljurisdictionofthearea

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.faceinsurmountablefinancialproblems

B.taketoomuchfromlocalresidents

C.increasetheneedforfireengines

D.canpromoteinternationalcooperation

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:C

第5題:D

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。通過(guò)題干關(guān)鍵詞agriculturalproject定位到原文第二段“Thankstohisefforts,theagriculturalprojectisalsounderwaytocreateanexperimentalfarmtoteachlocalfarmershowtofarmwithoutthetraditionallyheavyuseofpesticidesandchemicalfertilizers.”，中文翻譯：由于他的努力，農(nóng)業(yè)項(xiàng)目也在進(jìn)行中，是為了建立一個(gè)試驗(yàn)性農(nóng)場(chǎng)，教當(dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)民在不使用大量殺蟲(chóng)劑和化肥這一傳統(tǒng)方法的情況下如何耕作。綜合考慮，選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞summercamps定位到原文“Separately,10NewJerseyschoolteacherswillspendthesummerinthedistrictrunningsummercampsforthelocalchildrenthatwillstressfieldtripsandlecturesonthenaturearoundthem.”，中文翻譯：另外，10名新澤西學(xué)校的教師將在該地區(qū)為當(dāng)?shù)貎和e辦夏令營(yíng)，這些夏令營(yíng)將強(qiáng)調(diào)實(shí)地考察和關(guān)于周?chē)笞匀坏闹v座。因此最佳答案為B選項(xiàng)。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到原文“Theseprograms,particularlytheagriculturalproject,aregettingsomesupportfrom...”，中文翻譯：“這些項(xiàng)目，特別是農(nóng)業(yè)項(xiàng)目，正得到多方支持，如……”可以推斷出答案選擇C。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞zapovedniks定位到原文“…withsomeofthemoneygoingtosupportthezapovedniks(totallywildpreservesusedonlyforscientificresearch)intheregion.”中文翻譯為：部分資金將用于支持該地區(qū)的zapovedniks(僅用于科學(xué)研究的野生保護(hù)區(qū))。以及文章中“ButthismoneyhasalsogeneratedajealousattemptbythelocalwildlifeservicetoblocktheMurovyovkaproject.”，中文翻譯為：這筆錢(qián)也引起了當(dāng)?shù)匾吧鷦?dòng)物機(jī)構(gòu)的嫉妒，以阻止穆羅維約夫項(xiàng)目。可知，C項(xiàng)符合題目描述。

5.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干可定位到原文“Akeypartoftheconservationstrategyistogainthesupportofregionalgovernmentsbygettingthemtoseethatsuchinternationallybackednatureprojectscanleadtobusinessandotherties,particularlytocountrieslikeJapanandChina.”，中文翻譯為：保護(hù)戰(zhàn)略的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)是通過(guò)讓地方政府認(rèn)識(shí)到這種國(guó)際支持的自然項(xiàng)目能夠建立商業(yè)和其他聯(lián)系，特別是與日本和中國(guó)這樣的國(guó)家建立聯(lián)系，從而獲得區(qū)域政府的支持?？芍?。D選項(xiàng)正確。

3.單選題

DuringtheinitialstagesofinstructedL2acquisitionstudentslearnacouplethousand,mainlyhighfrequencywords.Functionallanguageproficiency,however,requiresmasteryofaconsiderablylargernumberofwords.Itisthereforenecessaryattheintermediateandadvancedstagesoflanguageacquisitiontolearnalargevocabularyinashortperiodoftime.Thereisnotenoughtimetocopythenatural(largelyincidental)L1wordacquisitionprocess.Incidentalacquisitionofthewordsisonlypossibleuptoapoint,because,onaccountoftheirlowfrequency,theydonotoccuroftenenoughintheL2learningmaterial.

AcquisitionofnewwordsfromauthenticL2readingtextsbymeansofstrategiessuchascontextualdeductionisalsonotasolutionforanumberofreasons.Thereappearstobenoalternativetointentionallearningofagreatmanynewwordsinarelativelyshortperiodoftime.Thewordstobelearnedmaybepresentedinisolationorincontext.Presentationinbilingualwordlistsseemsanattractiveshortcutbecauseittakeslesstimethancontextualpresentationandyieldsexcellentshorttermresults.Longtermretention,however,isoftendisappointingsocontextualpresentationseemsadvisable.

AnysuggestionsonhowtoimplementthisinpedagogiccontextsshouldbebasedonasystematicanalysisofthetwomostimportantaspectsoftheL2wordlearningproblem,thatistosay,selectingtherelevantvocabulary(whichandhowmanywords)andcreatingoptimalconditionsfortheacquisitionprocess.Thisarticlesetsouttodescribeacomputerassistedwordacquisitionprogramme(CAVOCA)whichtriestodopreciselythis:theprogrammeoperationalizescurrenttheoreticalthinkingaboutwordacquisition,anditscontentsarebasedonasystematicinventoryofthevocabularyrelevantforthetargetgroup.Toestablishitsefficiency,theprogrammewascontrastedinanumberofexperimentalsettingswithapairedassociatedmethodoflearningnewwords.Theexperimentalresultssuggestthatanapproachcombiningthetwomethodsismostadvisable.

36.FromwhattheauthorsaidinParagraph1,wecaninferthat______.

37.Oneofthemosteffectivewaystomasteralargernumberofvocabularyforacomparativelylonglimemayfallon______.

38.Whatdoestheword“pedagogic”inParagraph3mean?

39.Accordingtothethirdparagraph,theCAVOCAprogrammeaimsto______.

40.Thebesttitleofthispassageshouldbe______.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.L2studentsshouldmakefulluseofincidentalacquisitionofthewordstoenlargetheirvocabulary

B.advancedstudentsshouldmasteratleastacouplethousandhighfrequencywords

C.advancedstudentsshouldacquirealargernumberofwordssoastoimprovetheirfunctionallanguagecompetence

D.itisimpossibleforL2studentstomasteralargernumberofwordsinashorttime

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.presentationinbilingualwordlists

B.contextualpresentation

C.presentationinisolation

D.attractivepresentation

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.ofteaching

B.practical

C.following

D.difficult

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.selecttherelevantvocabulary

B.createoptimalconditions

C.bringcurrenttheoreticalthinkingaboutwordacquisitiontoabetteruse

D.findoutthebestapproachtoenlargeL2students’vocabulary

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.ComputerAssistedSecondLanguageVocabularyAcquisition

B.AnAbstractofComputerAssistedSecondLanguageVocabularyAcquisition

C.ASystematicApproachtoImproveVocabularyAcquisition

D.AnAbstractofSystematicApproachtoImproveVocabularyAcquisition

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:D

【解析】36.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

36.FromwhattheauthorsaidinParagraph1,wecaninferthat______.36.從作者在第一段所說(shuō)的，我們可以推斷______。

A.L2studentsshouldmakefulluseofincidentalacquisitionofthewordstoenlargetheirvocabularyA.第二語(yǔ)言學(xué)生應(yīng)充分利用詞匯的偶然習(xí)得來(lái)擴(kuò)大詞匯量

B.advancedstudentsshouldmasteratleastacouplethousandhighfrequencywordsB.高級(jí)學(xué)生應(yīng)該掌握至少兩千個(gè)高頻詞匯

C.advancedstudentsshouldacquirealargernumberofwordssoastoimprovetheirfunctionallanguagecompetenceC.高級(jí)學(xué)生應(yīng)掌握大量的詞匯，以提高其功能語(yǔ)言能力

D.itisimpossibleforL2studentstomasteralargernumberofwordsinashorttimeD.第二語(yǔ)言的學(xué)生不可能在短時(shí)間內(nèi)掌握大量的單詞

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】定位至文章第一段，從第二句“功能語(yǔ)言熟練需要掌握大量的單詞”，以及第三句“因此，在語(yǔ)言習(xí)得的中高級(jí)階段，有必要在短時(shí)間內(nèi)學(xué)習(xí)大量的詞匯”，可知，中高級(jí)學(xué)生在語(yǔ)言習(xí)得階段，必須掌握大量的詞匯，而功能語(yǔ)言也需要掌握大量單詞；綜合理解可推斷，中高級(jí)學(xué)生應(yīng)該掌握大量的詞匯來(lái)提高功能語(yǔ)言能力。因此，該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)定位第一段最后一句“偶然習(xí)得這些單詞只有在一定程度上是可能的，因?yàn)樗鼈兂霈F(xiàn)的頻率很低”，可推斷A項(xiàng)“第二語(yǔ)言學(xué)生應(yīng)充分利用詞匯的偶然習(xí)得來(lái)擴(kuò)大詞匯量”是錯(cuò)誤的，反向干擾；

B選項(xiàng)在文中只是提到“學(xué)習(xí)大量詞匯”，“高級(jí)學(xué)生應(yīng)該掌握至少兩千個(gè)高頻詞匯”中的具體數(shù)字無(wú)法從文中推斷，無(wú)中生有；

D選項(xiàng)“第二語(yǔ)言的學(xué)生不可能在短時(shí)間內(nèi)掌握大量的單詞”中的impossible使用太絕對(duì)，而且也與原文相反，反向干擾。

37.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

37.Oneofthemosteffectivewaystomasteralargernumberofvocabularyforacomparativelylonglimemayfallon______.37.在較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間內(nèi)掌握大量詞匯最有效的方法之一可能是______。

A.presentationinbilingualwordlistsA.使用雙語(yǔ)單詞表

B.contextualpresentationB.情境呈現(xiàn)

C.presentationinisolationC.孤立地呈現(xiàn)

D.attractivepresentationD.吸引人的表達(dá)方式

【考查點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。

【解題思路】第二段主要描述的是學(xué)習(xí)詞匯的各種方法及其可行性，根據(jù)第二段最后一句“……情境呈現(xiàn)似乎是可取的（contextualpresentationseemsadvisable）”，綜合理解可知，contextualpresentation（情境呈現(xiàn)）在掌握大量詞匯上是可行的。因此，該題選擇B項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)定位至第二段最后兩句“用雙語(yǔ)單詞列表展示似乎是一個(gè)很有吸引力的捷徑，因?yàn)樗惹榫吵尸F(xiàn)花費(fèi)的時(shí)間更少，而且能產(chǎn)生優(yōu)秀的短期效果。然而，長(zhǎng)期留存率往往令人失望……”，從最后一句的however轉(zhuǎn)折可知，“使用雙語(yǔ)單詞表”不是一個(gè)有效的辦法，該項(xiàng)反向干擾；

C選項(xiàng)“孤立地呈現(xiàn)”雖然在第二段有提到，但是并沒(méi)有講述它是否是一個(gè)有效的辦法，該項(xiàng)曲解原文；

D選項(xiàng)“吸引人的表達(dá)方式”沒(méi)有提及，無(wú)中生有。

38.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

38.Whatdoestheword“pedagogic”inParagraph3mean?38.第三段中的“pedagogic”是什么意思？

A.ofteachingA.教學(xué)的

B.practicalB.實(shí)際的

C.followingC.接著的

D.difficultD.困難的

【考查點(diǎn)】詞義推測(cè)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞pedagogic定位至第三段第一句“任何關(guān)于如何在pedagogic情境中（inpedagogiccontexts）實(shí)施這一方法的建議，都應(yīng)以第二語(yǔ)言詞匯學(xué)習(xí)問(wèn)題的兩個(gè)極其重要的方面進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)性地分析為基礎(chǔ)”，其中pedagogic是修飾contexts（情境）；這一句是對(duì)上一段的銜接，上一段是討論了各種單詞習(xí)得的方法，最后得出“情境呈現(xiàn)（contextualpresentation）似乎是可取的”，而與情境呈現(xiàn)相關(guān)的是教學(xué)，所以推測(cè)pedagogic指“教學(xué)的”的意思。故該題選擇A項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】B選項(xiàng)“實(shí)際的”、C選項(xiàng)“接著的”和D選項(xiàng)“困難的”屬于曲解原文。

39.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

39.Accordingtothethirdparagraph,theCAVOCAprogrammeaimsto______.39.根據(jù)第三段，CAVOCA計(jì)劃的目標(biāo)是______。

A.selecttherelevantvocabularyA.選擇適中的詞匯量

B.createoptimalconditionsB.創(chuàng)造最佳條件

C.bringcurrenttheoreticalthinkingaboutwordacquisitiontoabetteruseC.使當(dāng)前關(guān)于詞匯習(xí)得的理論思維得到更好的應(yīng)用

D.findoutthebestapproachtoenlargeL2students’vocabularyD.找出擴(kuò)大第二語(yǔ)言學(xué)生詞匯量的最佳方法

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】首先定位至文章第三段，第二句對(duì)CAVOCA有描述“本文主要介紹一種努力實(shí)現(xiàn)這一想法的計(jì)算機(jī)輔助單詞學(xué)習(xí)軟件（CAVOCA），其操作原理就是單詞學(xué)習(xí)的現(xiàn)行理論，內(nèi)容就是一個(gè)系統(tǒng)的目錄，涵蓋了那些學(xué)習(xí)對(duì)象需要的詞匯”，其中“這一想法”指的是第一句提到的“確定較為適中的詞匯量（哪些以及有多少單詞）并制定學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中的最優(yōu)條件”，綜合理解可知，CAVOCA的目的就是實(shí)現(xiàn)“選擇適中的詞匯量”和“創(chuàng)造最佳條件”這兩種方法，而這兩種屬于單詞習(xí)得的現(xiàn)行理論。綜上所述，可以推斷出CAVOCA計(jì)劃的目標(biāo)是使當(dāng)前這兩種詞匯習(xí)得理論思維得以應(yīng)用。故該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)“選擇適中的詞匯量”和B選項(xiàng)“創(chuàng)造最佳條件”都不全面，以偏概全；

D選項(xiàng)“找出擴(kuò)大第二語(yǔ)言學(xué)生詞匯量的最佳方法”表述不正確，CAVOCA計(jì)劃是使詞匯習(xí)得的兩種理論辦法成為可行，而不是“找出辦法”，該項(xiàng)曲解原文。

40.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

40.Thebesttitleofthispassageshouldbe______.40.這篇文章最好的標(biāo)題應(yīng)該是______。

A.ComputerAssistedSecondLanguageVocabularyAcquisitionA.計(jì)算機(jī)輔助第二語(yǔ)言詞匯習(xí)得

B.AnAbstractofComputerAssistedSecondLanguageVocabularyAcquisitionB.計(jì)算機(jī)輔助第二語(yǔ)言詞匯習(xí)得研究摘要

C.ASystematicApproachtoImproveVocabularyAcquisitionC.提高詞匯習(xí)得的系統(tǒng)方法

D.AnAbstractofSystematicApproachtoImproveVocabularyAcquisitionD.提高詞匯習(xí)得的系統(tǒng)方法摘要

【考查點(diǎn)】主旨大意題。

【解題思路】首先，定位首段和末段的核心句，首段第三句“在語(yǔ)言習(xí)得的中高級(jí)階段，有必要在短時(shí)間內(nèi)學(xué)習(xí)大量的詞匯”，以及末段最后一句“實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明，兩種方法相結(jié)合的方法是最合適的”，可知該篇文章講述的是提高詞匯習(xí)得的方法；另外第二段對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)詞匯的有效辦法進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)的描述，所以文章的主旨就是“提高詞匯習(xí)得的方法”。根據(jù)第三段第二句“本文（Thisarticlesetsoutto）描述了一個(gè)計(jì)算機(jī)輔助詞匯習(xí)得程序……”，可知，這篇文章是在介紹另外一篇文章，所以推斷這是一篇文章的摘要。綜合理解可知，D選項(xiàng)“提高詞匯習(xí)得的系統(tǒng)方法摘要”最適合文章標(biāo)題。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)“計(jì)算機(jī)輔助第二語(yǔ)言詞匯習(xí)得”和B選項(xiàng)“計(jì)算機(jī)輔助第二語(yǔ)言詞匯習(xí)得研究摘要”概括不全面，以偏概全；

C選項(xiàng)“提高詞匯習(xí)得的系統(tǒng)方法”對(duì)文章體裁表述不正確，曲解原文。

4.單選題

RichardSatava,programmanagerforadvancedmedicaltechnologies,hasbeenadrivingforceinbringingvirtualrealitytomedicine,wherecomputerscreatea“virtual”orsimulatedenvironmentforsurgeonsandothermedicalpractitioners.

“Withvirtualrealitywewillbeabletoputasurgeonineverytrench,”saidSatava.Heenvisagedatimewhensoldierswhoarewoundedfightingoverseasareputinmobilesurgicalunitsequippedwithcomputers.

ThecomputerswouldtransmitimagesofthesoldierstosurgeonsbackintheU.S.Thesurgeonswouldlookatthesoldierthroughvirtualrealityhelmets(頭盔)thatcontainasmallscreendisplayingtheimageofthewound.Thedoctorswouldguideroboticinstrumentsinthebattlefieldmobilesurgicalunitthatoperateonthesoldier.

AlthoughSatava’svisionmaybeyearsawayfromstandardoperatingprocedure,scientistsareprogressingtowardvirtualrealitysurgery.EngineersataninternationalorganizationinCaliforniaaredevelopingatele-operatingdevice.Assurgeonswatchathree-dimensionalimageofthesurgery,theymoveinstrumentsthatareconnectedtoacomputer,whichpassestheirmovementstoroboticinstrumentsthatperformthesurgery.Thecomputerprovidesfeedbacktothesurgeononforce,textures,andsound.

Thesetechnologicalwondersmaynotyetbepartofthecommunityhospitalsettingbutincreasinglysomeofthemachineryisfindingitswayintocivilianmedicine.AtWayneStateUniversityMedicalSchool,surgeonLuciaZamoranotakesimagesofthebrainfromcomputerizedscansandusesacomputerprogramtoproducea3-Dimage.Shecanthenmaneuverthe3-Dimageonthecomputerscreentomaptheshortest,leastinvasivesurgicalpathtothetumor.Zamoranoisalsousingtechnologythatattachesaprobetosurgicalinstrumentssothatshecantracktheirpositions.Whilecuttingawayatumordeepinthebrain,shewatchesthemovementofhersurgicaltoolsinacomputergraphicsimageofthepatient’sbraintakenbeforesurgery.

Duringtheseprocedures-operationsthataredonethroughsmallcutsinthebodyinwhichaminiaturecameraandsurgicaltoolsaremaneuvered-surgeonsarewearing3-Dglassesforabetterview.Andtheyarecommandingrobotsurgeonstocutawaytissuemoreaccuratelythanhumansurgeonscan.

Satavasays,“Weareinthemidstofafundamentalchangeinthefieldofmedicine.”

1.AccordingtoRichardSatava,theapplicationofvirtualrealitytomedicine（）.

2.Howisvirtualrealitysurgeryperformed?

3.RichardSatavahasvisionsof（）.

4.Duringvirtualrealityoperations,thesurgeoncanhaveabetterviewofthecutsinthebodybecause（）.

5.Virtualrealityoperationsareanimprovementonconventionalsurgeryinthatthey____.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.willenablesurgeonstobephysicallypresentoneverybattlefieldt

B.canraisethespiritsofsoldierswoundedonthebattlefieldt

C.willgreatlyimprovemedicalconditionsonthebattlefieldt

D.canshortenthetimeforoperationsonsoldierswoundedonthebattlefieldt

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Itisperformedbyacomputer-designedhighprecisiondevice.t

B.Surgeonswearvirtualrealityhelmetstoreceivefeedbackprovidedbyacomputer.t

C.Surgeonsmoveroboticinstrumentsbymeansofacomputerlinedtothem.t

D.A3-Dimagerecordsthemovementsofthesurgeonsduringtheoperation.t

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.usingaremote-controltechniquetotreatwoundedsoldiersfightingoverseast

B.woundedsoldiersbeingsavedbydoctorswearingvirtualrealityhelmetsonthebattlefieldt

C.woundedsoldiersbeingoperatedonbyspeciallytrainedsurgeonst

D.settingupmobilesurgicalunitsoverseast

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.heislookingatthecutsonacomputerscreent

B.thecutscanbeexaminedfromdifferentanglest

C.thecutshavebeenhighlymagnifiedt

D.heiswearing3-Dglassest

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.causelesspaintothewoundedt

B.allowthepatienttorecovermorequicklyt

C.willmakehumansurgeons’worklesstedioust

D.aredonebyrobotsurgeonswithgreaterprecision

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:D

第5題:D

【解析】第1題:細(xì)節(jié)推理題。題干意思是“根據(jù)薩塔瓦，虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)在醫(yī)學(xué)上的應(yīng)用……”。第二段提到“Withvirtualrealitywewillbeabletoputasurgeonineverytrench,”saidSatava.Heenvisagedatimewhensoldierswhoarewoundedfightingoverseasareputinmobilesurgicalunitsequippedwithcomputers.（薩塔瓦說(shuō)：“有了虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)技術(shù)，我們將能夠在每條戰(zhàn)壕里都安置一名外科醫(yī)生?！彼O(shè)想有一天，在海外戰(zhàn)斗中受傷的士兵可以被安置在配備電腦的移動(dòng)手術(shù)室），由此可以推理，虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)在醫(yī)學(xué)上的應(yīng)用可以改善戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上的醫(yī)療條件，故C項(xiàng)“將大大改善戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上的醫(yī)療條件”正確。A項(xiàng)“將使外科醫(yī)生能夠親臨每一個(gè)戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)”，表述與原文不符；B項(xiàng)“可以鼓舞在戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上受傷的士兵的精神”和D項(xiàng)“可以縮短在戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上受傷的士兵的行動(dòng)時(shí)間”文章沒(méi)有提到。因此，該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。

第2題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意思是“如何進(jìn)行虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)手術(shù)？”。根據(jù)文章第四段第三句Assurgeonswatchathree-dimensionalimageofthesurgery,theymoveinstrumentsthatareconnectedtoacomputer,whichpassestheirmovementstoroboticinstrumentsthatperformthesurgery.（當(dāng)外科醫(yī)生觀(guān)察手術(shù)的三維圖像時(shí)，他們移動(dòng)與計(jì)算機(jī)相連的儀器，計(jì)算機(jī)將他們的動(dòng)作傳遞給實(shí)施手術(shù)的機(jī)器人儀器）可知，C項(xiàng)“外科醫(yī)生通過(guò)排列在機(jī)器上的計(jì)算機(jī)移動(dòng)機(jī)器器械”正確。A項(xiàng)“它是由計(jì)算機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)的高精度設(shè)備執(zhí)行的”沒(méi)有提到；B項(xiàng)“外科醫(yī)生戴著虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)頭盔接受電腦提供的反饋”，第三段提到Thesurgeonswouldlookatthesoldierthroughvirtualrealityhelmetsthatcontainasmallscreendisplayingtheimageofthewound.（外科醫(yī)生將通過(guò)虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)頭盔觀(guān)察士兵，頭盔上有一個(gè)顯示傷口圖像的小屏幕），可知醫(yī)生是通過(guò)頭盔親自觀(guān)察士兵的傷情，而不是通過(guò)接收機(jī)器人的反饋；D項(xiàng)“一幅3d圖像記錄了外科醫(yī)生在手術(shù)過(guò)程中的動(dòng)作”，第五段最后一句提到Whilecuttingawayatumordeepinthebrain,shewatchesthemovementofhersurgicaltoolsinacomputergraphicsimageofthepatient’sbraintakenbeforesurgery.（在切除大腦深處的腫瘤時(shí)，她在術(shù)前拍攝的病人大腦計(jì)算機(jī)圖形圖像中觀(guān)察手術(shù)工具的動(dòng)作）可知，3d圖像是醫(yī)生用來(lái)觀(guān)察手術(shù)工具的動(dòng)作，而不是記錄外科醫(yī)生的動(dòng)作，D項(xiàng)表述不正確。因此，該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。

第3題:細(xì)節(jié)推理題。題干意思是“薩塔瓦幻想……”。根據(jù)文章第二段第二句Heenvisagedatimewhensoldierswhoarewoundedfightingoverseasareputinmobilesurgicalunitsequippedwithcomputers.（他設(shè)想有一天，在海外戰(zhàn)斗中受傷的士兵可以被安置在配備電腦的移動(dòng)手術(shù)室）可推理，理查德?薩塔瓦設(shè)想受傷的戰(zhàn)士可以在移動(dòng)的手術(shù)室通過(guò)遠(yuǎn)程控制電腦實(shí)現(xiàn)被遠(yuǎn)程救治，故A項(xiàng)“用遙控技術(shù)治療海外作戰(zhàn)的受傷士兵”符合題意。B項(xiàng)“傷兵在戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上被醫(yī)生戴著虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)頭盔拯救”，表述不準(zhǔn)確，頭盔是醫(yī)生用來(lái)觀(guān)察傷情而非實(shí)行救治的；C項(xiàng)“受過(guò)專(zhuān)門(mén)訓(xùn)練的外科醫(yī)生對(duì)受傷士兵進(jìn)行手術(shù)”，第三段最后一句提到Thedoctorswouldguideroboticinstrumentsinthebattlefieldmobilesurgicalunitthatoperateonthesoldier.（醫(yī)生們將指導(dǎo)戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上的移動(dòng)手術(shù)室內(nèi)的機(jī)器人設(shè)備為士兵進(jìn)行手術(shù)），可知是通過(guò)機(jī)器人為士兵進(jìn)行手術(shù)，C項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤；D項(xiàng)“在海外設(shè)立流動(dòng)手術(shù)室”是以偏概全。因此，該題選擇A項(xiàng)正確。

第4題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意思是“在虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)手術(shù)中，外科醫(yī)生可以更好地看到身體的切口，因?yàn)椤薄５箶?shù)第二段第一句提到Duringtheseprocedures-operationsthataredonethroughsmallcutsinthebodyinwhichaminiaturecameraandsurgicaltoolsaremaneuvered-surgeonsarewearing3-Dglassesforabetterview.（在這些手術(shù)過(guò)程中，通過(guò)身體的小切口進(jìn)行的手術(shù)中，操作微型相機(jī)和手術(shù)工具的外科醫(yī)生戴著3D眼鏡，以便更好地觀(guān)察），由此可知外科醫(yī)生可以更好地看到身體的切口是因?yàn)?d眼鏡提供的更好的視野，故D項(xiàng)“他戴著3d眼鏡”正確。A項(xiàng)“他正在看電腦屏幕上的切口”，表述不夠準(zhǔn)確；B項(xiàng)“切口可以從不同的角度檢查”和C項(xiàng)“切口被高度放大”文中未提及。因此，該題選擇D項(xiàng)正確。

第5題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意思是“虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)手術(shù)是傳統(tǒng)手術(shù)的改進(jìn)，因?yàn)樗鼈儭?。根?jù)文章倒數(shù)第二段最后一句Andtheyarecommandingrobotsurgeonstocutawaytissuemoreaccuratelythanhumansurgeonscan（他們還命令機(jī)器人外科醫(yī)生比人類(lèi)外科醫(yī)生更精確地切除組織）可知，機(jī)器人外科醫(yī)生比人類(lèi)外科醫(yī)生更能精確的實(shí)行組織切除，這是虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)手術(shù)是傳統(tǒng)手術(shù)的改進(jìn)的原因；故D項(xiàng)“由機(jī)器人外科醫(yī)生更精確地完成”正確。A項(xiàng)“對(duì)受傷的人造成較少的痛苦”、B項(xiàng)“讓病人恢復(fù)得更快”和C項(xiàng)“將使人類(lèi)外科醫(yī)生的工作不那么乏味”文中均未提及。因此，該題選擇D項(xiàng)正確。

5.單選題

Thefamousinventorwasawardedan（）_doctoratebytheuniversity.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.honorary

B.honorable

C.honored

D.honorific

【答案】A

【解析】形近異義詞辨析。honorary“榮譽(yù)的”；honorable“可敬的”；honored“受尊敬的”；honorific“表示敬意的”。句意：這位著名的發(fā)明家被這個(gè)大學(xué)授予了榮譽(yù)的博士學(xué)位。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

6.單選題

Weallhaveoffensivebreathatonetimeoranother.Inmostcases,offensivebreathemanatesfrombacteriainthemouth,althoughthereareothermorecauses.

Untilafewyearsago,themostdoctorscoulddowastocounselpatientswithbadbreathaboutoralcleanliness.Nowtheyarefindingnewwaystotreattheusuallycurablecondition.

Badbreathcanhappenwheneverthenormalflowofsalivaslows.Ourmouthsarefullofbacteriafeedingonproteininbitsoffoodandshedtissue.Thebacteriaemitevilsmellinggases,theworstofwhichishydrogensulfide.

Mouthbacteriathriveinairlessconditions.Oxygenrichsalivakeepstheirnumbersdown.Whenwesleep,forexample,thesalivastreamslows,andsulfurproducingbacteriagaintheupperhand,producingclassic“morningbreath”.

Alcoholhunger,toomuchtalking,breathingthroughthemouthduringexerciseanythingthatdriesthemouthproducesbadbreath.Socanstress,thoughit’snotunderstoodwhy.Somepeople’sbreathturnssoureverytimetheygoonajobinterview.

Salivaflowgraduallyslowswithage,whichexplainswhytheelderlyhavemorebadbreathtroublethanyoungerpeopledo.Babies,however,whomakeplentyofsalivaandwhosemouthscontainrelativelyfewbacteriahavecharacteristicallysweetbreath.

Formostofus,thesimple,drymouthvarietyofbadbreathiseasilycured.Eatingordrinkingstartssalivaandsweepsawaymanyofthebacteria.Breakfastoftenstopsmorningbreath.

Thosewithchronicdrymouthfindthatithelpstokeepgum,hardcandy,orabottleofwaterorjuicearound.Brushingtheteethwipesoutdrymouthbadbreathbecauseitclearsawaymanyoftheoffendingbacteria.

Surprisingly,onethingthatrarelyworksismouthwash.Theliquidcanmaskbadbreathodorwithitsownsmell,buttheeffectlastsnomorethananhour.Somemouthwashesclaimtokillthebacteriaresponsibleforbadbreath.Thetroubleis,theydon’tnecessarilyreachalloffendinggerms.Mostbacteriaarewellprotectedfrommouthwashunderthicklayersofmucus.Ifthemouthwashcontainsalcohol—asmostdo—itcanintensifytheproblembydryingoutthemouth.

6.Thephrase“emanatefrom”inParagraph1mostprobablymeans“____”.

7.Whichofthefollowingismentionedasoneofthecausesofbadbreath?

8.Accordingtothepassage,alcoholhassomethingtodowithbadbreathmainlybecause____.

9.Mouthwashesarenotaneffectivecureforbadbreathmainlybecause____.

10.Wecaninferfromthispassagethat____.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.thriveon

B.accountfor

C.originatefrom

D.descendfrom

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Toothtrouble.

B.Sulfurrichfood.

C.Toomuchexercise.

D.Mentalstrain.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.itkeepsoffendingbacteriafromreproducing

B.itssmelladdstobadbreath

C.itkillssomehelpfulbacteria

D.itaffectsthenormalflowofsaliva

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.theycan’tmaskthebadodorlongenough

B.theycan’tgettoalltheoffendingbacteria

C.theirstrongsmellmixeswithbadbreathandmakesitworse

D.theycan’tcoverthethicklayersofmucus

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.offensivebreathcan’teasilybecured

B.elderlypeoplearelessoffendedbybadbreath

C.heavydrinkersarelessaffectedbybadbreath

D.offensivebreathislessaffectedbyalcohol

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:D

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:A

【解析】6.語(yǔ)義推測(cè)題。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞emanatefrom定位到原文第1段第2句Inmostcases,offensivebreathemanatesfrombacteriainthemouth,althoughthereareothermorecauses.（大多數(shù)情況下，難聞的口氣____口腔中的細(xì)菌，盡管還有其他原因。）從后半句“其他原因”推斷，前半句也是講的難聞的口氣產(chǎn)生的原因即口腔中的細(xì)菌。A選項(xiàng)“以某事為樂(lè)，因某事而有所成就（尤指別人不喜歡的事物）”，與語(yǔ)境不符，排除；B選項(xiàng)“導(dǎo)致”因果顛倒，排除；C選項(xiàng)“源自；來(lái)源于”，與原文相符；D選項(xiàng)“由……傳下來(lái)，起源于”，側(cè)重于介紹發(fā)展傳承，不符合語(yǔ)境，排除。因此，本題最佳選項(xiàng)為C。

7.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。題干“下列哪項(xiàng)被認(rèn)為是引起口臭的原因之一”可定位到原文中介紹口氣成因的第5段第1、2句Alcoholhunger,toomuchtalking,breathingthroughthemouthduringexerciseanythingthatdriesthemouthproducesbadbreath.Socanstress,thoughit’snotunderstoodwhy.（嗜酒、說(shuō)話(huà)過(guò)多、運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)用嘴呼吸等任何會(huì)使口腔干燥的事都會(huì)產(chǎn)生口臭。壓力也是如此，盡管原因不明。）由此可知，D選項(xiàng)“精神緊張”（即壓力）是原因之一。A選項(xiàng)“口腔疾病”、B選項(xiàng)“含硫豐富的食物”、C選項(xiàng)“太多的鍛煉”（不是鍛煉太多，而是鍛煉是用嘴呼吸）都不是原文提及的原因。干擾選項(xiàng)B可定位到原文第4段最后一句Whenwesleep,forexample,thesalivastreamslows,andsulfurproducingbacteriagaintheupperhand,producingclassic“morningbreath”.（例如，當(dāng)我們睡覺(jué)時(shí)，唾液流變慢，產(chǎn)生硫的細(xì)菌占了上風(fēng)，產(chǎn)生了經(jīng)典的“早晨口氣”。）原文是說(shuō)細(xì)菌產(chǎn)生硫，造成口氣，而不是食物中含硫豐富。因此，本題最佳選項(xiàng)為D。

8.推理判斷題。題干“根據(jù)文章，酒精與口臭有關(guān)，主要是因?yàn)開(kāi)___”可定位到原文最后一句Ifthemouthwashcontainsalcohol—asmostdo—itcanintensifytheproblembydryingoutthemouth.（如果漱口水中含有酒精——大多數(shù)情況下都是如此——它會(huì)使口腔干燥，從而加劇問(wèn)題。）由此可知，因?yàn)榫凭珪?huì)使口腔干燥，從而加劇口臭。原文第3段第1句Badbreathcanhappenwheneverthenormalflowofsalivaslows.（當(dāng)唾液正常流動(dòng)減慢時(shí)，口臭就會(huì)發(fā)生。）由此可知，口臭產(chǎn)生的原因是“唾液的正常流動(dòng)減慢”。綜合來(lái)看，酒精使口腔干燥，使唾液的正常流動(dòng)減慢，加劇了口臭，所以D選項(xiàng)“它會(huì)影響唾液的正常流動(dòng)”符合原文表述。A選項(xiàng)“它阻止了有害細(xì)菌的繁殖”，與酒精加劇了口臭的事實(shí)相左，如果酒精阻止了有害細(xì)菌的繁殖的話(huà)，應(yīng)該會(huì)緩解口臭，排除；B選項(xiàng)“它的氣味增加了口臭”，原文并未提及，排除；C選項(xiàng)“它殺死一些有益的細(xì)菌”，原文并未提及，排除。因此，本題最佳選項(xiàng)為D。

9.題干“漱口水并不是治療口臭的有效方法，主要是因?yàn)開(kāi)___”可定位到原文最后一段第3、4、5句Somemouthwashes…underthicklayersofmucus.（一些漱口水聲稱(chēng)可以殺死導(dǎo)致口臭的細(xì)菌。問(wèn)題是，它們不一定能接觸到所有有害的細(xì)菌。在厚厚的黏液層下，大多數(shù)細(xì)菌都能很好地抵御漱口水。）由此可知，黏液層保護(hù)了細(xì)菌，導(dǎo)致漱口水不能接觸并殺死所有的有害細(xì)菌，從而不能有效的治療口臭，B選項(xiàng)“它們無(wú)法接觸到所有有害的細(xì)菌”，表述符合原文。干擾選項(xiàng)A“他們無(wú)法掩蓋這難聞的氣味足夠長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間”可定位到最后一段第2句Theliquidcanmaskbadbreathodorwithitsownsmell,buttheeffectlastsnomorethananhour.（這種液體可以用自身的氣味掩蓋口臭，但效果不會(huì)超過(guò)一個(gè)小時(shí)。）由此可知，漱口水用自身的氣味掩蓋口臭，但這并不能治療口臭，所以這一點(diǎn)并非漱口水不是治療口臭的有效方法的原因，與B選項(xiàng)相比，更不是主要原因，排除；C選項(xiàng)“它們強(qiáng)烈的氣味和口臭混合在一起，使情況更糟”表述與原文相反，漱口水的氣味可以掩蓋口臭，排除；D選項(xiàng)“酒精對(duì)難聞的口氣的影響較小”，可定位到原文最后一句Ifthemouthwashcontainsalcohol-asmostdo-itcanintensifytheproblembydryingoutthemouth.（如果漱口水中含有酒精——大多數(shù)情況下都是如此——它會(huì)使口腔干燥，從而加劇問(wèn)題。）由此可知，酒精會(huì)加重口臭，選項(xiàng)表述與原文不符，且并不是所有的漱口水都含有酒精，排除；因此，本題最佳選項(xiàng)為B。

10.推理判斷題。題干“我們可以從文章中推斷____”。A選項(xiàng)“口臭不容易治好”，可定位到原文第2段Untilafewyearsago,themostdoctorscoulddowastocounselpatientswithbadbreathaboutoralcleanliness.Nowtheyarefindingnewwaystotreattheusuallycurablecondition.（直到幾年前，大多數(shù)醫(yī)生能做的就是勸告有口臭的病人注意口腔清潔?，F(xiàn)在他們正在尋找新方法治療這種通常來(lái)說(shuō)可以治愈的疾病。）由此可知，能治療口臭的方法很少，還有待研究。A選項(xiàng)符合原文，注意不能被后文第7段Formostofus,thesimple,drymouth