考研考博-英語(yǔ)-東營(yíng)職業(yè)學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解篇

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-東營(yíng)職業(yè)學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買！第I卷一.綜合題庫(kù)-全考點(diǎn)押密(共120題)1.單選題

Governmentreports,examinationcompositions,legaldocumentsandmostbusinesslettersarethemainsituations______formallanguageisused.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.inwhich

B.onwhich

C.inthat

D.atwhat

【答案】A

【解析】考查定語(yǔ)從句。formallanguageisused是用來(lái)修飾situations的定語(yǔ)從句，并且是一個(gè)完整的句子，可知橫線上的部分充當(dāng)關(guān)系副詞，根據(jù)短語(yǔ)inthesituation可知橫線部分表示地點(diǎn)，所以答案選A選項(xiàng)inwhich，B選項(xiàng)onwhich錯(cuò)誤。inwhat用法錯(cuò)誤，故C選項(xiàng)inwhat錯(cuò)誤。atwhat用法錯(cuò)誤，D選項(xiàng)atwhat錯(cuò)誤。句意：政府報(bào)告、考試作文、法律文件和大多數(shù)商務(wù)信函是使用正式語(yǔ)言的主要情況。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

2.單選題

Thereisnotthewomanbornwhodesirestoeatthebreadofdependence,nomatter(

)fromthehandoffather,husband,orbrother;foranyonewhodoessoeatherbreadplacesherselfinthepoweroftheperson（）shetakesit.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.whethertheybe....fromwhich

B.whetheritbe...fromwhom

C.wouldtheybe....fromwhom

D.woulditbe…fromwhich

【答案】B

【解析】考查語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)。句意：世上沒有生來(lái)就想靠別人吃飯的女人，無(wú)論是靠父親、丈夫還是兄弟；因?yàn)槿魏我粋€(gè)人這樣做的話，就是將自己置于施舍之人的權(quán)利之下。根據(jù)句意可知，第一空主要是需要明確from的主語(yǔ)應(yīng)該是“thebread”，所以應(yīng)該用單數(shù)形式的it來(lái)指代，由此可排除選項(xiàng)A和選項(xiàng)C；其次第二空的先行詞是theperson，關(guān)系代詞應(yīng)該用whom，所以選項(xiàng)B正確。

3.單選題

Don’tthisnewstothepublicuntilwegiveyouthego-ahead.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.relieve

B.release

C.relate

D.inform

【答案】B

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。A選項(xiàng)relieve表示“解除，減輕”；B選項(xiàng)release表示“釋放，發(fā)布”；C選項(xiàng)relate表示“涉及，關(guān)聯(lián)，認(rèn)同”；D選項(xiàng)inform表示“通知，告訴”。根據(jù)句意可知，在得到許可前切勿向大眾發(fā)布消息。故本題正確答案為B選項(xiàng)。

4.單選題

Changingfromsolidtoliquid,watertakesinheatfromallsubstancesnearit,andthis（）producesartificialcoldsurroundingit.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.absorption

B.transition

C.consumption

D.interaction

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。A:absorption“吸收”；B:transition“過(guò)渡，轉(zhuǎn)變”；C:consumption“消費(fèi)”；D:interaction“相互作用”。句意：水從固體轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橐后w，吸收了周圍所有物質(zhì)的熱量，這種吸收產(chǎn)生了周圍的人工寒冷。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境和句意，這里所指的是吸熱，因此A最合適。

5.單選題

Thedecreaseofhisfeverwasabenignsign.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.unfavorable

B.favorable

C.harsh

D.unharsh

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A項(xiàng)unfavorable“不宜的，令人不快的”，B項(xiàng)favorable“有利的，良好的”，C項(xiàng)harsh“嚴(yán)厲的，嚴(yán)酷的”，D項(xiàng)unharsh“不苛刻的”。句意：他退燒了是一個(gè)好兆頭。根據(jù)句意可知，benign在句中表示“好的”。因此，該題選擇B項(xiàng)。

6.填空題

Pesticides,themostcost-effective（1）ofpestandweedcontrol,allowthemaintenanceofcurrentyieldsandsocontribute（2）economicviability.Concernabouttheenvironmentalimpactofrepeatedpesticideusehaspromptedresearchintotheenvironmentalfateoftheseagents,which（3）emigratefromtreatedfieldstoair,otherlandandwaterbodies.How（4）thepesticideremainsinthesoildependsonhowstronglyitisboundbysoilcomponentsandhowreadilyitisdegraded.It（5）dependsontheenvironmentalconditionsatthetimeofapplication,e.g.oilwatercontent.Pesticideusemustensurepublicsafetyandenvironmentalprotectionwith（6）toboththechemicalitselfandtheirpotentiallyharmfulmetabolites.Thispaperreviewswhatisknownofthe（7）ofthephysicalandchemicalcharacteristicsofthesoilsystem,suchasmoisturecontent,organicmatterandclaycontents,andpH,onthesorption/desorptionanddegradationofpesticidesandtheiraccesstogroundwaterandsurfacewaters.Anunderstandingofthefateofpesticidesisessentialforrationaldecision-takingregardingtheirauthorization.Toreachanadequateunderstandingwillrequiretheconcourse（8）soilscience,claymineralogy,physicalchemistry,surfacechemistry,environmentalmicrobiology,plantphysiologyand,nodoubt,otherdisciplines.

（9）throughamultidisciplinaryapproachtoenvironmentalresearchwillitbepossibletoplan,manage,pursueandintegratetheresultsofthestudiesthatwillbenecessaryforthedevelopmentoftoolsandtechniquesallowingeffectiveenvironmentaldecision-making.Thereseemstobeagreatpotentialtodevelopmicrobiallyderivedpesticides,whichareeffective,reliableandhavea（10）environmentalrisk.Inaddition,newapplicationtechniques,forexampleprecisionbandspraying,canreducethedose,whichcanbeaveryeffectivewaytominimizetransportandemissionbutalsotoavoidabuild-upofresistanceintargetorganisms.Improvedformulationswillalsobeneededtoreduceoff-targetdeposition,improveretentionontarget,andenhanceuptakeandtranslocation.

【答案】（1）Means。

（2）to。

（3）can。

（4）long。

（5）also。

（6）regards。

（7）influence。

（8）of。

（9）Only。

（10）low。

【解析】1.語(yǔ)義連接。句意：農(nóng)藥是除害蟲和雜草的最有效的（）。means：方式，手段。

2.固定搭配。contributeto：有助于。

3.語(yǔ)義連接。句意：農(nóng)藥重復(fù)使用對(duì)環(huán)境造成污染，此現(xiàn)象已經(jīng)引起了研究機(jī)構(gòu)的注意，污染治理的范圍將不僅僅局限于土壤本身，可能轉(zhuǎn)向其他領(lǐng)域。

4.語(yǔ)義連接。howlong：多久，表示時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度。句意：農(nóng)藥在土壤中殘留多久，取決于它的強(qiáng)度。

5.語(yǔ)義連接。前句提到農(nóng)藥在土壤中殘留程度取決于多方面因素，接著講述也取決于……

6.固定搭配。Withregardsto：關(guān)于，考慮到。

7.語(yǔ)義連接。句意：本文綜述了土壤系統(tǒng)的物理和化學(xué)特性（如含水量、有機(jī)質(zhì)和粘土含量、pH值）對(duì)農(nóng)藥的吸附/解吸和降解及其進(jìn)入地下水和地表水的影響。influence：影響。

8.語(yǔ)義題。concourse：綜合。空格處填介詞of，此處表示各學(xué)科的綜合。

9.固定搭配。句子是部分倒裝句，狀語(yǔ)提前放到句首，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞放在主語(yǔ)前面。表示：只有通過(guò)……才……。

10.邏輯分析。微生物源農(nóng)藥更effective，reliable（有效，可靠），應(yīng)該對(duì)應(yīng)alowenvironmentalrisk（低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)）。

7.單選題

Thetwodelegateshadanin-depthexchangeofviewsonhowtoenhancetheir（）cooperation.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.ethical

B.bilateral

C.mandatory

D.subsidiary

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。ethical“倫理的，道德的”；bilateral“雙邊的”；mandatory“強(qiáng)制的”；subsidiary“附屬的”，由delegate“代表團(tuán)”與cooperation“合作”一詞可知此處應(yīng)該選擇形容詞bilateral，表示兩國(guó)之間的合作。句意：這兩個(gè)代表團(tuán)就如何加強(qiáng)……合作進(jìn)行了深入的交流。故正確答案為選項(xiàng)B。

8.翻譯題

人類是一個(gè)不斷自然進(jìn)化過(guò)程的產(chǎn)物，其中包括無(wú)數(shù)次的遺傳轉(zhuǎn)化：這一不可阻擋的進(jìn)程自45億年前地球形成以來(lái)就一直未曾間斷過(guò)。這一進(jìn)化過(guò)程，受環(huán)境因素的影響，經(jīng)過(guò)隨機(jī)突變，形成了更具適應(yīng)性的系統(tǒng)，從而保證了其連續(xù)性。在動(dòng)物世界，這導(dǎo)致了更高級(jí)物種的進(jìn)化，并在人類身上達(dá)到了極致，因?yàn)槿祟愐呀?jīng)獲得了創(chuàng)新思維的能力。我認(rèn)為這標(biāo)志著進(jìn)化進(jìn)入了一個(gè)非常重要的階段，使一個(gè)物種首次有能力掌握了自身命運(yùn)。

Directions:InthispartyouarerequiredtotranslatethefollowingparagraphfromChineseintoEnglish.PleasewriteitontheAnswerSheet.

【答案】Humanbeingsaretheproductofacontinuousprocessofnaturalevolution,includingnumerousgenetictransformations:aninexorableprocessthathasbeengoingonuninterruptedsincetheearthformed4.5billionyearsago.Thisevolutionaryprocess,influencedbyenvironmentalfactors,throughrandommutation,formedamoreadaptablesystem,thusensuringitscontinuity.Intheanimalworld,thishasledtotheevolutionofhigherspecies,culminatinginhumans,whohaveacquiredtheabilitytothinkcreatively,thinkthismarksaveryimportantstageinevolution,thefirsttimeaspecieshasbeenabletocontrolitsowndestiny.

9.單選題

“Oh,I’mtoosleepytostudy.”“Well,ifyou（）thatlatemovielastnight,youwouldn'thavebeensosleepy.”

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.didn’twatch

B.haven’twatched

C.haven’twatched

D.hadn’twatched

【答案】D

【解析】語(yǔ)法題?？疾樘摂M語(yǔ)氣。分析題干可知ifyou（）thatlatemovielastnight是if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句，從主句部分的wouldn’thavebeen可知此句是對(duì)過(guò)去事實(shí)的虛擬，因此從句部分應(yīng)用had+過(guò)去分詞形式，故選D項(xiàng)。句意：“哦，我太困了不能學(xué)習(xí)?！??！班?，如果你昨晚沒有觀看那個(gè)晚場(chǎng)的電影的話，你不會(huì)如此困?！?/p>

10.單選題

Theabilitytofocusattentiononimportantthingsisa（）characteristicofintelligence.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.declining

B.defining

C.deceiving

D.defending

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)declining“下滑的；衰退的；傾斜的”；B選項(xiàng)defining“最典型的；起決定性作用的”；C選項(xiàng)deceiving“欺騙性的”；D選項(xiàng)defending“防守型的”。句意：把注意力集中在重要事情上的能力是智慧的一個(gè)（）特征。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境，defining“最典型的”和intelligence“智慧”搭配比較合理。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

11.單選題

Thehistoryoffilmreflectsthe（

）inherentinthemediumitself:filmcombinesstillphotographstorepresentcontinuousmotionand,whileseemingtopresentlifeitself,canalsoofferimpossibleanddreamlikeunrealities.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.trivialities

B.biases

C.constraints

D.paradoxes

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。triviality“淺薄，輕浮，瑣事”；bias“偏見，偏愛”；constraint“約束，局促”；paradox“悖論，反論，似非而是的論點(diǎn)，自相矛盾的人或事”。句意：電影的歷史反映了這種媒體本身具備的矛盾：電影將靜止的照片結(jié)合在一起區(qū)別表現(xiàn)連續(xù)的動(dòng)作，而當(dāng)呈現(xiàn)生活時(shí)，也經(jīng)常提供一些不可能的和不真實(shí)的東西。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

12.單選題

SomepeoplewouldliketodoshoppingonSundayssincetheyexpectto_____wonderfulbargainsinthemarket.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.pickup

B.bumpinto

C.pileup

D.bringback

【答案】A

【解析】pickup撿起,獲得,買到;bumpinto偶然碰上,猛撞,猛擊;pileup堆集,相撞;bringback拿回來(lái),使...恢復(fù);使...回憶起。句意：有些人喜歡在星期天購(gòu)物,因?yàn)樗麄兿Ｍ茉谑袌?chǎng)上買到物美價(jià)廉的東西。選項(xiàng)A符合句意。

13.單選題

Ifsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonwork-forceskills,Americanfirmshaveaproblem.Human-resourcemanagementisnottraditionallyseenascentraltothecompetitivesurvivalofthefirmintheUnitedStates.Skillacquisitionisconsideredanindividualresponsibility.Laborissimplyanotherfactorofproductiontobehired——rentedatthelowestpossiblecost---muchasonebuysrawmaterialsorequipment.

Thelackofimportanceattachedtohuman-resourcemanagementcanbeseeninthecorporationhierarchy.InanAmericanfirmthechieffinancialofficerisalmostalwayssecondincommand.Thepostofheadofhuman-resourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjob,offattheedgeofcorporatehierarchy.Theexecutivewhohold,itisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficer(CEO).Bywayofcontrast,inJapantheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementiscentral---usuallythesecondmostimportantexecutive,aftertheCEO,inthefirm’shierarchy,WhileAmericanfirmsoftentalkaboutthevastamountsspentontrainingtheirworkforces,infacttheyinvestlessintheskillsoftheiremployeesthandoeitherJapaneseorGermanfirm.Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomorehighlyconcentratedonprofessionalandmanagerialemployees.Andthelimitedinvestmentsthataremadeintrainingworkersarealsomuchmorenarrowlyfocusedonthespecificskillsnecessarytodothenextjobratherthanonthebasicbackgroundskillsthatmakeitpossibletoabsorbnewtechnologies.

Asaresult,problemsemergewhenbreakthroughtechnologyarrives.IfAmericanworkers,forexample,lakemuchlongertolearnhowtooperatenewflexiblemanufacturingstationthanworkersinGerman(astheydo),theeffectivecostofthosestationsislowerinGermanthanitisintheunitedStates.Moretimeisrequiredbeforeequipmentisupandrunningatcapacity,andtheneedforextensiveretaininggeneratecostsandcreatedbottlenecksthatlimitthespeedwithwhichnewequipmentcanbeemployed.Theresultisaslowerpaceofthetechnologicalchange.Andintheendtheskillsofthebottomhalfthepopulationaffectthewagesofthetophalf.Ifthebottomhalfcan'teffectivelystafftheprocessesthathavetobeoperated,themanagementandprofessionaljobsthatgowiththeseprocesseswilldisappear.

1.WhichofthefollowingapplytothemanagementofhumanresourcesinAmericancompanies?

2.Whatisthepositionoftheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementinanAmericanfirm?

3.Accordingtothepassage,thedecisivefactorinmaintainingafirm’scompetitiveadvantageis（

）.

4.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Theyhirepeopleatthelowestcostregardlessoftheirskills.

B.Theyonlyhireskilledworkersbecauseofkeencompetition.

C.Theyattachmoreimportancetoworkersthantoequipment.

D.Theyseethegainingofskillsastheiremployees'ownbusiness.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Heisoneofthemostimportantexecutivesinthefirm.

B.Hispostislikelytodisappearwhennewtechnologiesareintroduced.

C.Hehasnosayinmakingimportantdecisionsinthefirm.

D.Heisdirectlyunderthechieffinancialexecutive.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.theintroductionofnewtechnology

B.theimprovementofworkers'basicskills

C.therationalcompositionofprofessionalandmanagerialemployees

D.theattachmentofimportancetothebottomhalfoftheemployees

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.AmericanfirmsaredifferentfromJapaneseandGermanfirmsinhuman-resourcemanagement.

B.Extensiveretrainingisindispensabletoeffectivehuman-resourcemanagement.

C.Theheadofhuman-resourcemanagementmustbeinthecentralpositioninafirm’shierarchy.

D.ThehumanresourcemanagementstrategiesofAmericanfirmsaffecttheircompetitivecapacity.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:D

【解析】第1題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由第一段“Skillacquisitionisconsideredanindividualresponsibility.獲得技能被認(rèn)為是個(gè)人的責(zé)任”可知D項(xiàng)是對(duì)該句的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，答案D

'

第2題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由第二段“Theexecutivewhohold,itisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficer(CEO).人力資源主管這個(gè)職位從不被征求主要決策的意見，也沒有機(jī)會(huì)晉升為CEO?！笨芍诿绹?guó)，人力資源主管在公司沒有太多發(fā)言權(quán)。C項(xiàng)正確，答案C

第3題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由第二段“WhileAmericanfirmsoftentalkaboutthevastamountsspentontrainingtheirworkforces,infacttheyinvestlessintheskillsoftheiremployeesthandoeitherJapaneseorGermanfirm.雖然美國(guó)公司經(jīng)常談?wù)撛趩T工培訓(xùn)上的巨額開支，但事實(shí)上，他們?cè)趩T工技能上的投資比日本或德國(guó)公司都要少?！币约啊癆saresult,problemsemergewhenbreakthroughtechnologyarrives.結(jié)果是，當(dāng)突破性技術(shù)的到來(lái)時(shí)，美國(guó)就出現(xiàn)了問(wèn)題?！蔽恼碌诙沃v了美國(guó)公司與日德公司在勞動(dòng)力培訓(xùn)方面的差異，美國(guó)主要培訓(xùn)那些管理層，而日德重視員工技巧培訓(xùn)。第三段說(shuō)到了結(jié)果，美國(guó)員工學(xué)習(xí)新技術(shù)時(shí)需要花更多時(shí)間。由此可見給員工培訓(xùn)技巧是非常重要的。答案B

第4題:主旨大意題。本文主要通過(guò)對(duì)比美國(guó)公司與日德國(guó)公司的人力資源策略，表明如果美國(guó)公司不培養(yǎng)員工技巧將導(dǎo)致美國(guó)公司在全球競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中失去優(yōu)勢(shì)。答案D不培養(yǎng)員工技巧將導(dǎo)致美國(guó)公司在全球競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中失去優(yōu)勢(shì)。答案D

14.單選題

Oh,whatanuisance!It（）soeasyformetobringthosephotographsIwantedtoshowyou,andIhaveleftthemonthetableathome.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.wouldhavebeen

B.hadbeen

C.wouldbe

D.was

【答案】A

【解析】考查虛擬語(yǔ)氣。句意：真討厭,

我本來(lái)很容易就能把那些我想給你看的照片帯過(guò)來(lái),

我卻把它們落在家里的桌子上了。wouldhavedone為虛擬語(yǔ)氣,

表示本應(yīng)該做的事但卻沒有做。

15.單選題

TheshuttleColumbiawasdoomedinpartbecauseNASAreliedonflawedcomputersimulationsandmathematicalformulasthatfailedtoaccuratelypredictdamagetotheshuttlefromflyingpiecesoffoam,documentsreleasedbythespaceagencyandthegroupinvestigatingtheaccidentshow.

NuclearandaviationindustrysafetyexpertswhoarefamiliarwiththesortsofanalysesNASAusedsayspaceagencyofficialswerewrongtorelyonthesimulationstogaugerisks.Instead,theexpertssay,theyshouldhaveperformedtestsonshuttlecomponentstodeterminethedamagethatfoamfromthefueltankmightdotoitswing.

Thesesimulationsandformulassomedonebeforethelaunch,othersdoneduringthemissionoftenwerebasedonerroneousassumptionsabouttheabilityoftheshuttletowithstanddamage.NASAmanagersassumeditwassafeforColumbiatoreturntoEartheventhoughfoamhadstruckthewing.

Thefoamhittheleftwing82secondsafterliftoffandbrokethroughoneofthecarbonpanelsdesignedtoprotectthewingsfromtheintenseheatofre-entry.Columbiabrokeapartasitre-enteredEarth’satmosphereonFeb.1.Allsevenastronautswerekilled.

Today,theColumbiaAccidentInvestigationBoardWillissueitsfindingsonwhatcausedtheaccident.Inadditiontodetailinghowtheblowfromthefoamledtothebreak-up,theboardwilldocumenthowdecisionsbyNASAmanagersunderestimatedtheperilColumbiafacedandhowtheyignoredwarnings,accordingtopreviouspublicstatementsfromboardmembers.

Theindependentboard’sreportalsoisexpectedtofindthattheNASAsafetyofficewasineffectiveandunderfunded.

AmongtheareastobediscussedisNASA’srelianceoncomputersimulationsandmathematicalmodels.Beforethemission—andagainafterfuzzyphotosshowedthefoamhadhitColumbia’swing-simulationsandotheranalysesledtopoordecisionsbyNASAmanagers,documentsshow.ThesimulationsappeartohaveblindedthemtodangersignalsaboutfoamonearlierflightsandledthemtodramaticallyunderestimatethethreattoColumbia.Theindependentboard’sreportalsoisexpectedtofindthattheNASAsafetyofficewasineffectiveandunderfunded.

Inonecase,duringtheColumbiamission,atleast75shuttleexpertswithNASAanditscontractorsweresoconcernedaboutthepoorqualityofdatainananalysistheywerepreparingthattheyrecommendedtakingphotosoftheshuttleinspace,sourcessay.Thosephotoscouldhaveshownwhetherfoamhaddamagedtheleftwing.

Instead,NASAmanagerstrustedtheanalysisthattheexpertssaidwassoflawed.Theanalysiswronglyestimatedwherethefoamhitandconcludedthattheshuttlehadnotsustainedsignificantdamage.HadNASAknowntheextentofthedamage,theagencymighthavelaunchedarescuemissiontotrytosaveColumbia’screw.

EngineersconnectedtotheanalysissaytheyareangryandpuzzledthatNASAwouldnotseekphotosfromsatellitesortelescopes.NASAmanagerssaytheywerenottoldofthelimitationsoncomputersimulationsandanalyses.

Bynecessity,NASAreliesheavilyoncomputermodelsandotheranalysistoolstoprovidecluesaboutwhathappenstotheshuttlefromlaunchuntilre-entry.Itcannoteasilyrecreatetheextremetemperaturesofspaceinalab.Usedproperly,suchanalysescanimprovesafety.Indeed,analysistechniquesroutinelyhelpdesignsaferjetwingsandnuclearplants.

Butsafetyexpertsinhigh-riskindustriessaythey’velearnedthehardwaymathematicalformulasandcomputersimulationscannotfullymimicnature.SeveralmajoraviationcrashesandtheThreeMileIslandnuclearaccidentwerecausedbypooranalyses,expertssay.

“Youneedtotakeintoaccounttheuncertainties”saysElizabethPate-Cornell,chairmanofthemanagementsciencesandengineeringdepartmentatStanfordUniversity.“It’stheoldstory:garbagein,garbageout.”

AsColumbiaorbited,engineerserroneouslyconcludedthefoamcouldnotdamagethewing’scarbonpanels.Theanalysiswasbasedonearliertestsofsmallicepelletshittingthepanels.Butthosetestscouldnotpredictwhetheralargechunkoffoamwouldcausedamage.

AcomputerprogramknownasCrater,whichengineersusedtopredictwhetherthefoamdamagedtheceramictilesbeneathColumbia’swing,hadnotbeendesignedtoaccountforimpactsfromlargepiecesoffoam.

1.Nuclearandaviationsafetyexperts（）.

2.Intheauthorsopinion,NASAmanagers（）.

3.TheColumbiaAccidentInvestigationBoardwillissueitsfindingswithregardtothefollowingEXCEPT（）.

4.NASAmanagersmadepoordecisionsbecausetheydidNOT（）.

5.Safetyexpertsinhigh-riskindustriesindicatethatcomputersimulations（）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.knowverywellthesortsofanalysesmadebyNASAmanagers

B.indicatethatspaceagencyofficialsreliedonthewronganalyses

C.believethatspaceagencyofficialsshouldhavemademoresimulations

D.stronglycriticizespaceagencyofficialsforbeingunscrupulous

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.madewronghypothesisconclusionsaboutthesafetyofColumbia

B.infactknewclearlywhatkindofdangerColumbiawouldface

C.feltitdifficulttopredictwhatmighthappentoColumbiaasitreturnedtoEarth

D.didnotrealizethattheleftwingofColumbiawashitbythefoamafterliftoff

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.whytheshuttlebrokeapartasitreturnedtoEarth

B.howthefoamhittingtheleftwingcausedtheaccident

C.howdecisionsbyNASAmanagersweremade

D.howNASAmanagersmisunderstooddangersignals

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.getallthefindingsofdataanalyses

B.knowtheshuttlehadsignificantdamage

C.getalongwellwithshuttleexpert

D.trusttheanalysisproducedbysimulation

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.arenotreliableatall

B.yieldedpooranalyses

C.haveseverelimitations

D.shouldbeabandoned

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:D

第5題:C

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由題干可定位到文章第二段第一句話“NuclearandaviationindustrysafetyexpertswhoarefamiliarwiththesortsofanalysesNASAusedsayspaceagencyofficialswerewrongtorelyonthesimulationstogaugerisks.（熟悉NASA使用的分析的核能和航空安全專家說(shuō)，航天局官員錯(cuò)誤地依賴模擬來(lái)衡量風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。）”。A選項(xiàng)“非常了解NASA管理人員所做的各種分析”文中沒有提到；B選項(xiàng)“指出太空總署官員依賴錯(cuò)誤的分析”正確；C選項(xiàng)“認(rèn)為太空總署的官員應(yīng)該做更多的模擬”沒有直接在文中明說(shuō)；D選項(xiàng)“強(qiáng)烈批評(píng)航天局官員的肆無(wú)忌憚”文中沒有提到，因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

2.作者意圖題。由題干可定位到第三段第一句話“Thesesimulationsandformulassomedonebeforethelaunch,othersdoneduringthemissionoftenwerebasedonerroneousassumptionsabouttheabilityoftheshuttletowithstanddamage.（這些模擬和公式，有些是在發(fā)射前完成的，而在任務(wù)期間所做的其他模擬和公式往往是基于對(duì)航天飛機(jī)承受損害能力的錯(cuò)誤假設(shè)。）”。A選項(xiàng)“對(duì)哥倫比亞號(hào)的安全性做出錯(cuò)誤的假設(shè)結(jié)論”正確；B選項(xiàng)“事實(shí)上很清楚哥倫比亞將面臨什么樣的危險(xiǎn)”說(shuō)法錯(cuò)誤，管理人員低估了自己的錯(cuò)誤對(duì)哥倫比亞號(hào)造成的危險(xiǎn)；C選項(xiàng)“覺得很難預(yù)測(cè)哥倫比亞號(hào)返回地球時(shí)會(huì)發(fā)生什么”說(shuō)法錯(cuò)誤，管理人員覺得哥倫比亞號(hào)能安全返回地球；D選項(xiàng)“沒有意識(shí)到哥倫比亞號(hào)的左翼在升空后被泡沫擊中”說(shuō)法錯(cuò)誤，管理人員預(yù)測(cè)到了，只是他們錯(cuò)誤地評(píng)估了航天飛機(jī)的承傷能力，因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由題干定位到文中第五段“Today,theColumbiaAccidentInvestigationBoardWillissueitsfindingsonwhatcausedtheaccident.Inadditiontodetailinghowtheblowfromthefoamledtothebreak-up,theboardwilldocumenthowdecisionsbyNASAmanagersunderestimatedtheperilColumbiafacedandhowtheyignoredwarnings,accordingtopreviouspublicstatementsfromboardmembers.（今天，哥倫比亞事故調(diào)查委員會(huì)將發(fā)布事故原因的調(diào)查結(jié)果。根據(jù)此前董事會(huì)成員公開聲明，除了詳細(xì)說(shuō)明泡沫的打擊如何導(dǎo)致分解外，委員會(huì)還將記錄NASA管理人員如何低估哥倫比亞面臨的危險(xiǎn)以及他們?nèi)绾魏鲆暰?。）”。A選項(xiàng)“為什么航天飛機(jī)在返回地球時(shí)分裂了”；B選項(xiàng)“泡沫是如何撞擊左翼造成事故的”；C選項(xiàng)“NASA管理者是如何做出決定的”都在文中提到過(guò)，只有D選項(xiàng)“NASA管理者如何誤解危險(xiǎn)信號(hào)”沒有提到，因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

4.判斷推理題。由題干可定位到文中第八、九段。文中說(shuō)到安全專家非常擔(dān)心他們準(zhǔn)備的分析數(shù)據(jù)的質(zhì)量太低，他們建議在太空中給航天飛機(jī)拍照，然而管理人員相信自己的實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)，所以引發(fā)了事故。A選項(xiàng)“得到所有數(shù)據(jù)分析的結(jié)果”；B選項(xiàng)“知道航天飛機(jī)有嚴(yán)重的損壞”；C選項(xiàng)“與航天飛機(jī)專家相處融洽”都不符合原文，D選項(xiàng)“相信模擬產(chǎn)生的分析”正確，因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

5.判斷推理題。由題干可定位到文中第十段“NASAmanagerssaytheywerenottoldofthelimitationsoncomputersimulationsandanalyses.（美國(guó)宇航局的管理人員說(shuō)，他們沒有被告知計(jì)算機(jī)模擬和分析的局限性。）”和第十二段“Butsafetyexpertsinhigh-riskindustriessaythey’velearnedthehardwaymathematicalformulasandcomputersimulationscannotfullymimicnature.（但高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)行業(yè)的安全專家說(shuō)，他們已經(jīng)學(xué)到了數(shù)學(xué)公式和計(jì)算機(jī)模擬無(wú)法完全模擬自然的艱難方法。）”。由此可知計(jì)算機(jī)模擬無(wú)法完全模擬自然危險(xiǎn)，因此具有局限性。A選項(xiàng)“完全不可靠”；B選項(xiàng)“產(chǎn)生不良分析”和D選項(xiàng)“應(yīng)該被廢棄”都不正確，C選項(xiàng)“有嚴(yán)重的局限性”符合題意，因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

16.單選題

Hardlyadaygoesby（

）Iwritetomyfamily.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.when

B.since

C.but

D.before

【答案】C

【解析】句意:我?guī)缀趺刻於几胰藢懶拧?/p>

語(yǔ)法題。But在這里為關(guān)系詞,相當(dāng)于that+not。

17.單選題

Modernmanufacturers,whoneedreliablesourcesofmaterialsandtechnologicallyadvancedcomponentstooperateprofitably,faceanincreasinglydifficultchoicebetweenowningtheproducersoftheseitems(apracticeknownasbackwardintegration)andbuyingfromindependentproducers.Manufacturerswhointegratemayreapshort-termrewards,buttheyoftenrestricttheirfuturecapacityforinnovativeproductdevelopment.

Backwardintegrationremovestheneedforsomepurchasingandmarketingfunctions,centralizesoverhead,andpermitsmanufacturerstoeliminateduplicatedeffortsinresearchanddevelopment.Wherecomponentsarecommodities(ferrousmetalsorpetroleum,forexample),backwardintegrationalmostcertainlyprofits.Nevertheless,becauseproductinnovationmeansadoptingthemosttechnologicallyadvancedandcost-effectivewaysofmakingcomponents,backwardintegrationmayentailaseriousriskforatechnologicallyactivecompany—forexample,aproducerofsophisticatedconsumerelectronics.

Acompanythatdecidestomakeratherthanbuyimportantpartscanlockitselfintoanoutdatedtechnology.Independentsuppliersmaybeunwillingtoshareinnovationswithassemblerswithwhomtheyarecompeting.Moreover,whenanassemblersetsouttomasterthetechnologyofproducingadvancedcomponents,theresultingdemandsonitsresourcesmaycompromiseitsabilitytoassemblethesecomponentssuccessfullyintoendproducts.Long-termcontractswithsupplierscanachievemanyofthesamecostbenefitsasbackwardintegrationwithoutcompromisingacompany’sabilitytoinnovate.

However,movingawayfrombackwardintegrationisnotacompletesolutioneither.Developinginnovativetechnologiesrequiresindependentsuppliersofcomponentstoinvesthugesumsinresearchanddevelopment.Theresultinglowprofitmarginsonthesaleofcomponentsthreatenthelong-termfinancialstabilityofthesefirms.Becausetheabilityofend-productassemblerstorespondtomarketopportunitiesdependsheavilyonsuppliersofcomponents,assemblersareoftenforcedtointegratebypurchasingthesuppliersofcomponentsjusttokeeptheirsuppliersinbusiness.

1.Accordingtothepassage,allofthefollowingarebenefitsassociatedwithbackwardintegrationEXCEPT（）.

2.Accordingtopassage,whenanassemblerbuysafirmthatmakessomeimportantcomponentoftheendproductthattheassemblerproduces,independentsuppliersofthesamecomponentmay（）.

3.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthewaythelastparagraphfunctionsinthecontextofthepassage?

4.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingrelationshipsbetweenprofitsandinvestmentsinresearchanddevelopmentholdstrueforproducersoftechnologicallyadvancedcomponents?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.improvementinthemanagementofoverheadexpenses

B.enhancementofprofitmarginsonsalesofcomponents

C.simplificationofpurchasingandmarketingoperations

D.reliabilityofasourceofnecessarycomponents

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.withholdtechnologicalinnovationsfromtheassembler

B.experienceimprovedprofitmarginsonsalesoftheirproducts

C.lowertheirpricestoprotectthemselvesfromcompetition

D.sufferfinancialdifficultiesandgooutofbusiness

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Thelastinaseriesofargumentssupportingthecentralargumentofthepassageispresented.

B.Aviewpointispresentedwhichqualifiesonepresentedearlierinthepassage.

C.Evidenceispresentedinsupportoftheargumentdevelopedintheprecedingparagraph.

D.Questionsarisingfromtheearlierdiscussionareidentifiedaspointsofdepartureforfurtherstudyofthetopic.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Modestinvestmentsarerequiredandtheprofitmarginsoncomponentsalesarelow.

B.Modestinvestmentsarerequiredbuttheprofitmarginsoncomponentsalesarequitehigh.

C.Despitethehugeinvestmentsthatarerequired,theprofitmarginsoncomponentssalesarehigh.

D.Becausehugeinvestmentsarerequired,theprofitmarginsoncomponentsalesarelow.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:B

第4題:D

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)文章第二段第一句“Backwardintegrationremovestheneedforsomepurchasingandmarketingfunctions,centralizesoverhead,andpermitsmanufacturerstoeliminateduplicatedeffortsinresearchanddevelopment.”，可知“向后一體化”消除了一些采購(gòu)和營(yíng)銷工作的需要，集中了運(yùn)營(yíng)費(fèi)用，并允許制造商消除研究和開發(fā)中的重復(fù)工作。所以A項(xiàng)“改進(jìn)運(yùn)營(yíng)費(fèi)用的管理”屬于“向后一體化”帶來(lái)的好處，排除A；C項(xiàng)“簡(jiǎn)化采購(gòu)和運(yùn)營(yíng)工作”屬于好處之一，排除C；又根據(jù)文章第一段“Modernmanufacturers,whoneedreliablesourcesofmaterialsandtechnologicallyadvancedcomponentstooperateprofitably,faceanincreasinglydifficultchoicebetweenowningtheproducersoftheseitems(apracticeknownasbackwardintegration)andbuyingfromindependentproducers.”，可知當(dāng)代制造商需要可靠的材料來(lái)源和先進(jìn)的技術(shù)零件才能盈利，他們面臨著一個(gè)艱難的抉擇：是選擇擁有屬于自己的原材料生產(chǎn)者，也就是所謂的“向后一體化”，還是向獨(dú)立的生產(chǎn)商購(gòu)買原材料。所以“向后一體化”可以保證必要元件的可靠來(lái)源，排除D；綜上，選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

2.推斷題。根據(jù)文章第三段第二句“Independentsuppliersmaybeunwillingtoshareinnovationswithassemblerswithwhomtheyarecompeting.”，獨(dú)立的供應(yīng)商可能不愿意與他們競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的裝配商分享創(chuàng)新成果?？赏茢喑霎?dāng)裝配商買下給他們提供生產(chǎn)最終產(chǎn)品的一些重要元件的公司時(shí)，此元件獨(dú)立的供應(yīng)商不會(huì)與裝配商分享創(chuàng)新成果，從而抑制了裝配商的創(chuàng)新，所以選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

3.推斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段第一句“However,movingawayfrombackwardintegrationisnotacompletesolutioneither.”，可知文章最后一段主要提到摒棄向后一體化的策略也不會(huì)是一個(gè)完整的解決方案，下文對(duì)這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)的說(shuō)明。而作者在上文也反復(fù)提到了向后一體化的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，比如改進(jìn)運(yùn)營(yíng)費(fèi)用的管理、簡(jiǎn)化采購(gòu)和運(yùn)營(yíng)工作等，所以上下文形成對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系。最后一段提出的觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)一步證明了上文提出的某些觀點(diǎn)，所以選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

4.推斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段第二句和第三句“Developinginnovativetechnologiesrequiresindependentsuppliersofcomponentstoinvesthugesumsinresearchanddevelopment.Theresultinglowprofitmarginsonthesaleofcomponentsthreatenthelong-termfinancialstabilityofthesefirms.”，開發(fā)創(chuàng)新技術(shù)需要獨(dú)立的零部件供應(yīng)商投入巨額資金進(jìn)行研發(fā)。由此導(dǎo)致的零部件銷售的低利潤(rùn)率威脅著這些公司的長(zhǎng)期財(cái)務(wù)穩(wěn)定?？赏茢喑鰧?duì)于高科技元件生產(chǎn)商來(lái)說(shuō)，由于需要大量的投資，所以零部件銷售的利潤(rùn)會(huì)降低。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

18.翻譯題

Familyis,ifanything,thelinkbetweengenerations,thefocalpointofsocialreproduction,andculturaltransmission.Thewholepointofmarriageisthatitimposesclearobligations,notjusttherighttopursueyourownhappiness.Andthemainobligationistoprovidebothemotionalandpracticalnurtureforchildren.Theglowofburningpassionmaywellhavefaded,yourloveforyourspousemaynotbeasexcitingorsatisfyingasitoncewas,butgoingoffinsearchofan