考研考博-英語(yǔ)-廈門工學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解4

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-廈門工學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買！第I卷一.綜合題庫(kù)-全考點(diǎn)押密(共120題)1.翻譯題

TranslatethefollowingintoChinese

Acomplexadaptivesystem(CAS)isasystemcomprisedofheterogeneousagentsthatinteractlocallywitheachotherbasedonlocalschema,suchthatthebehaviorofthesystemarisesasaresultoffeedbackrelationshipsbetweentheagents,andthesystemevolvesastheschemataoftheagentsadaptbasedonthefeedback.

Theactualnatureofagentswilldependonthekindofsystemunderconsideration.Forexample,inchemicalsystems,theagentsmaybemolecules,whileinthecaseofacolonyofants,theagentsaretheindividualants.Insocialsystems,theagentsareusuallytakentobeindividualhumanbeingsorgroupsofhumanbeings.Sincetheagentsareabletoadapttheirschemataandtheirbehaviorsbasedonfeedbackthroughtheirinteractionswithotheragents,thesystemhasanadaptivecapability.

TheheterogeneityofagentsisimportantasitaccentuatesthediversityandpluralitythatmakeuptherichnessofCAS,andisespeciallyimportantwhenapplyingCAStosocialsystems.Itisimportanttonotethatnoagentcanunderstandthewholesystem,nordoesanysingleagentorsmallgroupofagentsdirectthebehaviorofthesystem.Thebehaviorofthesystememergesfromtheinteractionofagentsthroughmultiple,nonlinearfeedbackrelationships.

【答案】復(fù)雜自適應(yīng)系統(tǒng)(CAS)是一個(gè)包括各種各樣的要素所組成的系統(tǒng)，這些要素局部地基于局部模式相互作用，以致該系統(tǒng)的行為由于要素之間的反饋關(guān)系而出現(xiàn)，并且該系統(tǒng)隨著要素模式基于反饋的改變而演化。

要素的本質(zhì)將取決于在考慮中的系統(tǒng)種類。例如，在化學(xué)系統(tǒng)中，要素可能是分子，而就一群螞蟻來(lái)說(shuō)，要素是單個(gè)的螞蟻。在社會(huì)系統(tǒng)中，要素通常被認(rèn)為是人類個(gè)體或團(tuán)體。由于要素能基于通過(guò)它們與其它要素的相互作用而產(chǎn)生的反饋來(lái)改變它們的基模，因此該系統(tǒng)有一種自適應(yīng)能力。

要素的異質(zhì)性是重要的，因?yàn)樗鼜?qiáng)調(diào)構(gòu)成自適應(yīng)系統(tǒng)豐富性的多樣性和多元性，且當(dāng)將自適應(yīng)系統(tǒng)用到社會(huì)系統(tǒng)上時(shí)，它尤其重要。需要注意的是，沒(méi)有要素能夠理解整個(gè)系統(tǒng)，或沒(méi)有任何單個(gè)的要素或小的要素群體管理該系統(tǒng)的行為。該系統(tǒng)的行為來(lái)自于要素通過(guò)多個(gè)非線性反饋關(guān)系而進(jìn)行的相互作用。

2.翻譯題

Formanytraditionalistsinbusinessandeconomics,thedeathofold-stylecompetitionasthenumber-oneroutetosuccesswillhardtoswallow.Butinthenewview,Darwiniancompetitionisoflimitedvalueinlongerterm.(1)Themoreimportantchallengesistocreateopportunitiesandadapttochangesinacomplexnetworkofcompaniesthatmaysometimesbecooperatorssometimescompetitors.

Justastheideaofeconomicwebsisforcingcompaniestochangetheirbusinessstrategies,soitisalteringviewsabouteconomics.(2)InplaceofclassictheoryofdecreasingreturnsasresourcesandmarketsareexploitedeconomistArthurseeswhathecallsincreasingreturns.“Increasingreturnsarethetendencyforwhatisaheadtogetfartherahead,”hesays.“ifaproductoracompanyoratechnology—oneofmanycompetinginamarket-getsaheadbychanceorcleverstrategy,increasingreturnscanmagnifythis,andtheproductorcompanycanmakeakillingfromaproductthatisnotasgoodasitscompetitors.”

(3)Ifbusinesssystemsandecosystemshavesomethingbasicincommonthereisworryingnewsforbosses.Thefirstruleofcomplexsystemsisthatitisalmostimpossibletopredictwhoisafriendandwhoisanenemy,”saysPimm.Hedescribesfieldexperimentsinwhichapredatorisremovedfromacommunity.Youmightexpectitsprey,speciesA,tothrive.(4)ButabouthalfthetimespeciesAsuffersbecausethepredatorhasanotherpreyspeciesB,competingwithspeciesA.WiththepopulationofspeciesBnolongerkeptincheckbypredator,itmayevenpushspeciesAtolocalextinction.

Businessecosystemsfaceproblemofdecidingwhoisafriendandwhoisanenemy.Andthebadnewsdoesn’tstophere.“Wheneverythingisconnecteddirectlyorindirectlytoeverythingelse,changesinonepartofthesystemmaybepropagatedthroughout,”saysPimm.(60)“Sometimesspeciesmaygoextinctthoughnofaultoftheirown.”

【答案】1.在復(fù)雜的企業(yè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)中，企業(yè)之間有時(shí)合作有時(shí)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，更重要的挑戰(zhàn)是創(chuàng)造機(jī)會(huì)并適應(yīng)變化。

2.隨著資源和市場(chǎng)的開(kāi)發(fā)，傳統(tǒng)的收益遞減理論被經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家亞瑟提出的收益遞增理論取代。

3.如果商業(yè)系統(tǒng)和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)有一些基本的共同點(diǎn)，那么老板們就會(huì)擔(dān)憂。

4.但物種A總是遭殃，因?yàn)椴妒痴哂辛硪粋€(gè)獵物物種B，而物種B與物種A競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。

5.有時(shí)，盡管不是自身的錯(cuò)，物種也可能會(huì)滅絕。

3.單選題

Psychologiststhinkofattitudesasbeingpredispositiontowardobjectsoreventsthatdeterminethewaypeoplereacttodifferentstimuli.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.priorinclinations

B.prescriptions

C.precautions

D.principalcommitments

【答案】A

【解析】心理學(xué)家認(rèn)為態(tài)度是對(duì)事物或事件的一種傾向，它決定了人們對(duì)不同刺激的反應(yīng)方式。predisposition意為“傾向”。priorinclinations傾向，愛(ài)好；prescriptions醫(yī)藥處方；precautions預(yù)防措施，預(yù)警；principalcommitments主要承諾。選項(xiàng)A與之意思相近。

4.單選題

DespiteDenmark'smanifestvirtues,DanesnevertalkabouthowproudtheyaretobeDanes.ThiswouldsoundweirdinDanish.WhenDanestalktoforeignersaboutDenmark,theyalwaysbeginbycommentingonitstininess,itsunimportance,thedifficultyofitslanguage,thegeneralsmall-mindednessandselfindulgenceoftheircountrymenandthehightaxes.NoDanewouldlookyouintheeyeandsay’’Denmarkisagreatcountry."You’resupposedtofigurethisoutofyourself.

Itisthelandofthesilksafetynet,wherealmosthalfthenationalbudgetgoestowardsmoothingoutlife’sinequalities,andthereisplentyofmoneyforschools,daycare,retrainingprograms,jobseminars—Danesloveseminars:threedaysatastudycenterhearingaboutwastemanagementisalmostasgoodasaskitrip.ItisaculturebombardedbyEnglish,inadvertising,popmusic,theInternet,anddespitealltheEnglishthatDanishabsorbs―thereisnoDanishAcademytodefendagainstit—olddialectspersistinJutlandthatcanbarelybeunderstoodbyCopenhageners.Itisthelandwhere,asthesayinggoes,"Fewhavetoomuchandfewerhavetoolittle,"andaforeignerisstruckbythesweetegalitarianismthatprevails,wherethelowliestclerkgivesyoualevelgaze,whereSirandMadamhavedisappearedfromcommonusage,evenMr.andMrs.It’sanationofrecycles-about55%ofDanishgarbagegetsmadeintosomethingnew―andnonuclearpowerplants.It’sanationoftirelessplanners.Trainsrunontime.Thingsoperatewellingeneral.

Suchanationofoverachievers~abrochurefromtheMinistryofBusinessandIndustrysays,"Denmarkisoneoftheworld’scleanestandmostorganizedcountries,withvirtuallynopollution,crime,orpoverty.Denmarkisthemostcorruption-freesocietyintheNorthernHemisphere."So,ofcourse,one'sheartliftsatanysightingofDanishsleaze:skinheadgraffitionbuildings("ForeignersOutofDenmark!")，brokenbeerbottlesinthegutters,drunkenteenagersslumpedinthepark.

Nonetheless,itisanorderlyland.YoudrivethroughaDanishtown,itcomestoanendatastonewall,andontheothersideisafieldofbarley,anicecleanline:townhere,countrythere.Itisnotanationofjaywalkers.Peoplestandonthecurbandwaitfortheredlighttochange,evenifit’s2a.m.andthere’snotacarinsight.However,Danesdon'tthinkofthemselvesasawaiting-at-a-a.m.-for-the-green-lightpeople—that’showtheyseeSwedesandGermans.Danesseethemselvesasjazzypeople,improvisers,morefreespiritedthanSwedes,butthetruthis(thoughoneshouldnotsayit)thatDanesareverymuchlikeGermansandSwedes.Orderlinessisamainsellingpoint.Denmarkhasfewnaturalresources，limitedmanufacturingcapability;itsfutureinEuropewillbeasabroker,banker,anddistributorofgoods.YousendyourgoodsbycontainershiptoCopenhagen,andthesebright,young,English-speaking,utterlyhonest,highlydisciplinedpeoplewillgetyourgoodsaroundtoScandinavia,theBalticStates,andRussia.Airports,seaports,highways,andraillinesareultramodernandwell-maintained.

Theorderlinessofthesocietydoesn’tmeanthatDanishlivesarelessmessyorlonelythanyoursormines,andnoDanewouldtellyouso.Youcanhearplentyaboutbitterfamilyfeudsandthesorrowsofalcoholismandaboutperfectlysensiblepeoplewhowentoffonedayandkilledthemselves.Anorderlysocietycannotexemptitsmembersfromthehazardsoflife.

ButthereisasenseofentitlementandsecuritythatDanesgrowupwith.Certainthingsareyoursbyvirtueofcitizenship,andyoushouldn’tfeelbadfortakingwhatyou'reentitledto,you'reasgoodasanyoneelse.Therulesofthewelfaresystemarecleartoeveryone,thebenefitsyougetifyouloseyourjob,thestepsyoutaketogetanewone;andtheorderlinessofthesystemmakesitpossibleforthecountrytowhetherhighunemploymentandsocialunrestwithoutasenseofcrisis.

1.TheauthorthinksthatDanesadoptaattitudetowardstheircountry（

）.

2.WhichofthefollowingisNOTaDanishcharacteristiccitedinthepassage?

3.Theauthor'sreactiontothestatementbytheMinistryofBusinessandIndustryis（

）

4.Accordingtothepassage,Danishorderliness（

）.

5.AttheendofthepassagetheauthorstatesallthefollowingEXCEPTthat（

）

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.boastful

B.modest

C.deprecating

D.mysterious

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Fondnessofforeign.

B.Equalityinsociety.

C.Linguistictolerance.

D.Persistentplanning.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.disapproving

B.approving

C.noncommittal

D.doubtful

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.setsthepeopleapartfromGermanandSwedes

B.sparesDanessocialtroublesbesettingotherpeople

C.isconsideredeconomicallyessentialtothecountry

D.preventsDanesfromacknowledgingexistingtroubles

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.Danesareclearlyinformedoftheirsocialbenefits

B.Danestakeforgrantedwhatisgiventothem

C.theopensystemhelpstotidethecountryover

D.orderlinesshasalleviatedunemployment

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:C

【解析】1.文章第一段第一句DespiteDenmark'smanifestvirtues,DanesnevertalkabouthowproudtheyaretobeDanes，theyalwaysbeginbycommentingonitstininess,itsunimportance,thedifficultyofitslanguage,thegeneralsmall-mindednessandselfindulgenceoftheircountrymenandthehightaxes.提到盡管在外人看來(lái)丹麥有著非常多的有點(diǎn)，但是丹麥人自己并沒(méi)有引以為傲，反而他們經(jīng)常會(huì)談?wù)撟约簢?guó)家面積小、語(yǔ)言難懂等缺點(diǎn)，可以看出他們是非常謙虛的，選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

2.文章第三段skinheadgraffitionbuildings("ForeignersOutofDenmark!")提到在某些建筑物上寫著“外國(guó)人滾出丹麥”可知部分丹麥人對(duì)外國(guó)人并不友好，選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

3.文章第三段abrochurefromtheMinistryofBusinessandIndustrysays,"Denmarkisoneoftheworld’scleanestandmostorganizedcountries,withvirtuallynopollution,crime,orpoverty.Denmarkisthemostcorruption-freesocietyintheNorthernHemisphere.”提到丹麥工商部印發(fā)的宣傳冊(cè)上宣傳丹麥?zhǔn)鞘澜缟献罡蓛?，最有秩序的?guó)家，然而作者緊接著提出丹麥街頭的一些不好的現(xiàn)象，比如有些大樓上寫著“外國(guó)人滾出丹麥”、破碎的啤酒瓶，還有喝醉了的青少年等，由此看出作者對(duì)工商局的宣傳持不同意的態(tài)度。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

4.文章第四段提到得益于做事有序，丹麥在歐洲的未來(lái)是作為代理商、銀行和產(chǎn)品分銷商（itsfutureinEuropewillbeasabroker,banker,anddistributorofgoods），選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

5.文章最后一段提到y(tǒng)oushouldn’tfeelbadfortakingwhatyou'reentitledto，排除選項(xiàng)B；由therulesofthewelfaresystemarecleartoeveryone可以排除A；由theorderlinessofthesystemmakesitpossibleforthecountrytowhetherhighunemploymentandsocialunrestwithoutasenseofcrisis可以排除選項(xiàng)D。所以選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

5.單選題

Thelaughterathisjokesisneverforced,butalways（

）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.homogeneous

B.simultaneous

C.spontaneous

D.instantaneous

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。homogeneous意為“同性質(zhì)的，同類的”；simultaneous意為“同時(shí)發(fā)生的，同時(shí)存在的”；spontaneous意為“自發(fā)的”；instantaneous意為“瞬間的”。

句意：他講笑話時(shí)人們從來(lái)不是被迫笑的，而是自發(fā)的笑。

6.單選題

（）shouldanymoneybegiventoasmallchild.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Onnoaccount

B.Fromallaccount

C.Ofnoaccount

D.Byallaccount

【答案】A

【解析】句意:絕不能給小孩錢。

語(yǔ)法題?？疾榈寡b。onnoaccount絕不；fromallaccount綜上所述;ofnoaccount不重要的，無(wú)價(jià)值的（形容詞）;byallaccount據(jù)說(shuō)。題干中用到了部分倒裝，因此A項(xiàng)符合句意跟語(yǔ)法搭配。

7.單選題

Agoodleadermusthavecharactertraitsthatinspireotherstoaccepthisleadership.Hemustdisplaycourage,intelligence,and（

）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.wisdom

B.bravery

C.shrewdness

D.integrity

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞辨析。wisdom“智慧”；bravery“勇敢，勇氣”；shrewdness“精明，機(jī)靈”；integrity“完整，正直”。句意：一個(gè)好領(lǐng)導(dǎo)必須有激勵(lì)他人接受自己領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的特質(zhì)。他必須表現(xiàn)出自己的勇氣，智慧和正直。由courage,intelligence可排除A、B項(xiàng)。C項(xiàng)不符合題意，故D項(xiàng)正確。

8.單選題

Heanticipated______muchpleasurefromthereadingofthatwell-soldbook.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.toget

B.getting

C.tohavegot

D.havinggot

【答案】B

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞的用法。anticipate作動(dòng)詞，表示“預(yù)期，預(yù)料，預(yù)見(jiàn)”，后面跟的賓語(yǔ)通常是名詞或者動(dòng)名詞，一般不接不定式作賓語(yǔ)，A、C兩項(xiàng)可排除；D項(xiàng)為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，anticipate是一般過(guò)去時(shí)，D項(xiàng)不符合句子時(shí)態(tài)。句意：他期待著能從那本暢銷書中得到樂(lè)趣。因此，該題選擇B項(xiàng)正確。

9.翻譯題

一九七八年，我們黨召開(kāi)具有重大歷史意義的十一屆三中全會(huì)，開(kāi)啟了改革開(kāi)放歷史新時(shí)期。從那時(shí)以來(lái)，中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨人和中國(guó)人民以一往無(wú)前的進(jìn)取精神和波瀾壯闊的創(chuàng)新實(shí)踐，譜寫了中華民族自強(qiáng)不息、頑強(qiáng)奮進(jìn)新的壯麗史詩(shī)，中國(guó)人民的面貌、社會(huì)主義中國(guó)的面貌、中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨的面貌發(fā)生了歷史性變化。改革開(kāi)放是黨在新的時(shí)代條件下帶領(lǐng)人民進(jìn)行的新的偉大革命，目的就是要解放和發(fā)展社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力，實(shí)現(xiàn)國(guó)家現(xiàn)代化，讓中國(guó)人民富裕起來(lái)，振興偉大的中華民族。

【答案】In1978,ourPartyconvenedthethirdPlenarySessionofthe11thCentralCommitteeoftheCPCwithgreathistoricalsignificance,openinganewhistoricalperiodofreformandopeningup.Sincethen,theChineseCommunistsandtheChinesepeople,withtheirindomitablespiritofenterpriseandgreatinnovationandpractice,havewrittenanewepicofperseveranceandfortitudefortheChinesenation.HistoricchangeshavetakenplaceinthefaceoftheChinesepeople,socialistChinaandtheCommunistPartyofChina.ReformandopeningupisagreatnewrevolutionthatthePartyisleadingthepeopletocarryoutinthenewera.Itspurposeistoliberateanddeveloptheproductiveforces,modernizethecountry,enrichtheChinesepeopleandrevitalizethegreatChinesenation.

10.單選題

Beforehestartedthework,Iaskedthebuildertogivemean______ofthecostofrepairingtheroof.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.assessment

B.estimate

C.announcement

D.evaluation

【答案】B

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A項(xiàng)assessment“估計(jì)、評(píng)定”；B項(xiàng)estimate“估價(jià)、判斷”；C項(xiàng)announcement“公告、宣告”；D項(xiàng)evaluation“評(píng)價(jià)”；句意：在他開(kāi)始工作之前，我請(qǐng)建筑工人給我估計(jì)一下修理屋頂?shù)馁M(fèi)用。因此該題B項(xiàng)正確。

11.單選題

Nothingcanbemoreabsurdthantosaythathumanbeingsaredoomed.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.compelling

B.rational

C.ridiculous

D.ambiguous

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。absurd表示“荒謬的”；A項(xiàng)compelling“引人注目的，令人信服的”，B項(xiàng)rational“合理的，理性的”，C項(xiàng)ridiculous“可笑的，荒謬的”，D項(xiàng)ambiguous“模糊不清的，模棱兩可的”。句意：沒(méi)有什么比說(shuō)人類命中注定更荒謬的了。根據(jù)句意可知C項(xiàng)正確。

12.單選題

Scientistsaresearchingfortheoldesttree_______becauseitcanleachthemagreatdealaboutmanyissuesrelatedwithclimatechange.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.lively

B.alive

C.living

D.live

【答案】B

【解析】lively活潑的,生動(dòng)的;alive活著的,現(xiàn)存的,可作后置定語(yǔ);living活的,活躍的,只作前置定語(yǔ);live活的,生動(dòng)的;實(shí)況轉(zhuǎn)播的。句意：科學(xué)家們正在尋找現(xiàn)存的最古老的樹(shù),因?yàn)樗梢宰屗麄兞私庠S多與氣候變化有關(guān)的問(wèn)題。選項(xiàng)B符合句意。

13.單選題

ThestatusofwomenincolonialNorthAmericahasbeenwellstudiedanddescribedandcanbebrieflysummarized.Throughoutthecolonialperiodtherewasamarkedshortageofwomen,whichvariedwiththeregionsandwasalwaysgreatestinthefrontierareas.Thisfavorableratioenhancedwomen’sstatusandpositionandallowedthemtopursuedifferentcareers.ThePuritans,thereligioussectthatdominatedtheearlyBritishcoloniesinNorthAmerica,regardedidlenessasasin,andbelievedthatlifeinanunderdevelopedcountrymadeitabsolutelynecessarythateachmemberofthecommunityperformaneconomicfunction.Thusworkforwomen,marriedorsingle,wasnotonlyapproved,itwasregardedasacivicduty.Puritantowncouncilsexpectedwidowsandunattachedwomentobeself-supportingandforalongtimeprovidedneedyspinsterswithparcelsofland.Therewasnosocialsanctionagainstmarriedwomenworking；onthecontrary,wiveswereexpectedtohelptheirhusbandsintheirtradeandwonsocialapprovalfordoingextraworkinoroutofthehome.Needychildren,girlsaswellasboys,wereindenturedorapprenticedandwereexpectedtoworkfortheirkeep.

Thevastmajorityo￡womenworkedwithintheirhomes,wheretheirlaborproducedmostarticlesneededforthefamily.Theentirecolonialproductionofclothandclothingandpartiallythatofshoeswasinthehandsofwomen.Inadditiontotheseoccupations,womenwerefoundinmanydifferentkindsofemployment.Theywerebutchers,silversmiths,gunsmiths,upholsterers.Theytanmills,plantations,tanyards,shipyards,andeverykindofshop,tavern,andboardinghouse.Theyweregatekeepers,jailkeepers,sextons,journalists,printers,apothecaries,midwives,nurses,andteachers.

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

2.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthePuritanwere（）.

3.Accordingtothepassage,whatdidthePuritansexpectfrommarriedwomen?

4.Accordingtothepassage,whichproductsweremadeentirelybywomen?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Colonialmarriages.

B.ThePuritanreligion.

C.Colonialwomen’semployment.

D.Educationinthecolonies.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.uneducated

B.hardworking

C.generous

D.wealthy

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Theyshouldadoptneedychildren.

B.Theyshouldassistintheirhusbands’tradeorbusiness.

C.Theyshouldworkonlywithintheirownhomes.

D.Theyshouldbeapprenticed.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Gunpowderandbullets.

B.Cupsandplates.

C.Clothandclothing.

D.Paperandbooks

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:B

第4題:C

【解析】1.主旨題。根據(jù)文章第一段，殖民時(shí)期因?yàn)榕匀藬?shù)很少，所以對(duì)她們的社會(huì)地位和就業(yè)產(chǎn)生了有利影響，女性可以有自己的職業(yè)選擇。所以文章主要是討論女性的就業(yè)。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

2.推斷題。根據(jù)文章第一段，“ThePuritans,thereligioussectthatdominatedtheearlyBritishcoloniesinNorthAmerica,regardedidlenessasasin,”，他們認(rèn)為懶惰是一種罪惡，可是清教徒是勤勞的。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

3.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段，“wiveswereexpectedtohelptheirhusbandsintheirtradeandwonsocialapprovalfordoingextraworkinoroutofthehome.”丈夫期待妻子可以在他們的領(lǐng)域內(nèi)幫助他們，并且可以從事額外的行業(yè)。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

4.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段，“Theentirecolonialproductionofclothandclothingandpartiallythatofshoeswasinthehandsofwomen.”可知，布料和服裝都是女性親手做的。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

14.單選題

ItisaquestionthathasvexedphilosopherssincetheGreeks.Butitseemswemaynowhavetheanswertothebeguilinglysimplequestion:“Whichcamefirst?”It’stheegg.

Thisreassuringconclusionwastheworkofanexpertpanel（1）aphilosopher,geneticistandchickenfarmer.

“Whetherchickeneggs（2）chickenshingesonthenatureofchickeneggs,”saidpanelmemberandphilosopherofscienceDavidPapineauatKing’sCollegeLondon.

“Iwould（3）it’sachickeneggifithasachickeninit.Ifakangaroolaidanegg（4）whichanostrichhatched,thatwouldsurelybeanostrichegg,notakangarooegg.Bythisreasoning,thefirstchickendidindeedcomefromachickenegg,（5）thateggdidn’tcomefromchickens.”

Theoldestrecorded（6）tothechildishconundrumgoes（7）toacollectionofessaysanddiscussionsbytheGreekhistorianMestriusPlutarchus,bornin46AD.Inasection（8）“WhethertheHenortheEggCameFirst”,hesuggestedthatthequestionwasalreadywell（9）:“Theproblemabouttheeggandthehen,whichofthemcamefirst,wasdraggedintoourtalk,adifficultproblemwhichgivesinvestigatorsmuchtrouble.”

Plutarchusalso（10）atthepuzzle’sgreatersignificance:“Sullamycomradesaidthatwithasmallproblem,aswithatool,wewererockinglooseagreatandheavyone,thatofthe（11）oftheworld.”

Whetherthepanel（12）thatdebateisnotclear,buttheywere（13）onthecorrectchicken/eggpeckingorder.JohnBrookfield,anevolutionarygeneticistattheUniversityofNottinghamsaidthe（14）involvespiecingtogetherthespeciationeventinwhichchickensfirst（15）.

Heimaginestwonon-chickenparentsgettingtogetherandgiving（16）tothefirstindividualofanew（17）becauseofageneticmutation.“Thefirstchickenmusthavedifferedfromits（18）bysomegeneticchange,perhapsavery（19）one,butonewhichcausedthisbirdtobethefirsteverto（20）ourcriteriafortrulybeingachicken,”saidProfessorBrookfield.

“ThusthelivingorganisminsidetheeggshellwouldhavehadthesameDNAasthechickenthatitwoulddevelopinto,andthuswoulditselfbeamemberofthespeciesofchicken,”headded.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.including

B.depicting

C.debriefing

D.inspiring

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.proceeded

B.preceded

C.preferred

D.procured

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.explain

B.protest

C.argue

D.suspect

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.at

B.over

C.to

D.from

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.exceptthat

B.incase

C.sothat

D.eventhough

問(wèn)題6選項(xiàng)

A.conference

B.deference

C.reference

D.inference

問(wèn)題7選項(xiàng)

A.away

B.back

C.forth

D.astray

問(wèn)題8選項(xiàng)

A.entitled

B.knighted

C.documented

D.granted

問(wèn)題9選項(xiàng)

A.established

B.questioned

C.forced

D.grounded

問(wèn)題10選項(xiàng)

A.cued

B.hinted

C.pronounced

D.pointed

問(wèn)題11選項(xiàng)

A.invention

B.innovation

C.creation

D.revolution

問(wèn)題12選項(xiàng)

A.obscured

B.arranged

C.resettled

D.solved

問(wèn)題13選項(xiàng)

A.disunited

B.unsteady

C.disagreeable

D.unanimous

問(wèn)題14選項(xiàng)

A.salutation

B.resolution

C.solution

D.renovation

問(wèn)題15選項(xiàng)

A.drifted

B.evolved

C.perched

D.dwelled

問(wèn)題16選項(xiàng)

A.rise

B.clue

C.permission

D.way

問(wèn)題17選項(xiàng)

A.species

B.flock

C.population

D.statistics

問(wèn)題18選項(xiàng)

A.eggs

B.parents

C.individuals

D.groups

問(wèn)題19選項(xiàng)

A.arbitrary

B.radical

C.subtle

D.negligible

問(wèn)題20選項(xiàng)

A.produce

B.furnish

C.change

D.fulfill

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:D

第5題:D

第6題:C

第7題:B

第8題:A

第9題:A

第10題:A

第11題:C

第12題:D

第13題:D

第14題:C

第15題:B

第16題:A

第17題:A

第18題:B

第19題:C

第20題:D

【解析】第1題:（1）根據(jù)下文可推測(cè)，填空處前后為包含關(guān)系，所以選項(xiàng)A正確。

（2）根據(jù)句意：雞蛋是否在雞之前存在取決于雞蛋的本質(zhì)。在...之前用precede，所以選項(xiàng)B正確。proceed開(kāi)始，繼續(xù)行進(jìn)；prefer更喜歡；procure獲得。

（3）根據(jù)句意可知，填空處后面為某人的觀點(diǎn)，而且與上一段的觀點(diǎn)不一致，所以選項(xiàng)C符合語(yǔ)境。

（4）根據(jù)句意：如果袋鼠下的蛋孵化出鴕鳥(niǎo)，那肯定是鴕鳥(niǎo)蛋，而不是袋鼠蛋。from在這里表示鴕鳥(niǎo)由袋鼠下的蛋孵化而來(lái)。所以選項(xiàng)D正確。

（5）句意：根據(jù)這個(gè)推理,第一只小雞的確來(lái)自雞蛋，盡管這個(gè)蛋不是由雞下的。eventhough表轉(zhuǎn)折，符合原文語(yǔ)境。選項(xiàng)D正確。

（6）referenceto表示關(guān)于，提及，涉及。這里指：關(guān)于這個(gè)幼稚的難題。

（7）gobackto為固定搭配，意為“追溯到”。選項(xiàng)B正確。

（8）句意：在一個(gè)標(biāo)題為《是先有母雞還是先有雞蛋》的章節(jié)中。entitle標(biāo)題為……，稱做...；knighted授予爵位；documented用文件證明；granted保證，擔(dān)保。選項(xiàng)A符合句意。

（9）句意：他暗示這個(gè)問(wèn)題已經(jīng)很好地確立了。選項(xiàng)A符合原文語(yǔ)境。

（10）cued暗示，給出線索；hinted暗示，示意，后面一般接that從句；pronounced宣告；pointed指出，一般與out搭配。句意：Plutarchus也暗示了這個(gè)難解之謎更大的意義。選項(xiàng)A正確。

（11）根據(jù)上一句提到的利用工具可推測(cè)，這里指創(chuàng)造和改變世界。選項(xiàng)C符合原文語(yǔ)境。

（12）根據(jù)句意：專家組是否解決了這一爭(zhēng)議尚不清楚。選項(xiàng)中只有D選項(xiàng)符合句意。

（13）根據(jù)but可知前后形成轉(zhuǎn)折，上一句提到爭(zhēng)議是否解決尚不清楚，但是他們?cè)陔u和蛋的正確順序上達(dá)成了一致。選項(xiàng)D與其他選項(xiàng)意義相反，符合原文句意,所以正確。

（14）句意：諾丁漢大學(xué)的進(jìn)化遺傳學(xué)家JohnBrookfield說(shuō)，解決辦法是...。選項(xiàng)中只有選項(xiàng)C與原文相關(guān),符合原文語(yǔ)境。

（15）根據(jù)上文可知,JohnBrookfield是一名進(jìn)化遺傳學(xué)教授，由此可以推測(cè),這里指evolved。選項(xiàng)B正確。

（16）giveriseto為固定搭配，意為“使發(fā)生,引起”。

（17）根據(jù)下文“geneticmutation”基因突變可推測(cè)，產(chǎn)生的是一個(gè)新的物種。所以選項(xiàng)A符合原文語(yǔ)境。

（18）句意:第一只雞肯定和它的父母相比有一些基因變化。選項(xiàng)B符合原文句意。

（19）arbitrary任意的，武斷的；radical根本的，徹底的；subtle微妙的；negligible微不足道的。根據(jù)原文語(yǔ)境可知，這里指微妙的變化。

（20）fulfillcriteria指滿足條件，符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。句意：但正是這種變化使這只雞成為有史以來(lái)第一只符合我們標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的真正的雞。選項(xiàng)D符合原文句意。

第2題:

第3題:

第4題:

第5題:

第6題:

第7題:

第8題:

第9題:

第10題:

第11題:

第12題:

第13題:

第14題:

第15題:

第16題:

第17題:

第18題:

第19題:

第20題:

15.單選題

Whengivinganygeneraloverviewofthedevelopmentanduseofmachinetranslationsystemsandtranslationtools,itisimportanttodistinguishfourbasictypesoftranslationdemands.

Thefirst,andtraditionaltypeofdemandisfortranslationsofaqualitynormallyexpectedfromhumans,i.e.，translationsofpublishablequality.ThisillustratestheuseofMTfordissemination.Ithasbeensatisfied,tosomeextent,bymachinetranslationsystemseversincetheywerefirstdevelopedinthe1960s.However,MTsystemsproduceoutputwhichmustinvariablyberevisedor“post-edited”byhumantranslatorsifitistoreachthequalityrequired.Sometimessuchrevisionmaybesubstantial,sothatineffecttheMTsystemisproducinga“draft”translation.Asanalternative,theinputtextmayberegularized(or“controlled”invocabularyandsentencestructure)sothattheMTsystemproducesfewerrorswhichhavetobecorrected.SomeMTsystemshave,however,beendevelopedtodealwithaverynarrowrangeoftextcontentandlanguagestyle,andthesemayrequirelittleornopreparationorrevisionoftexts.

Thesecondbasicdemandisfortranslationsatasomewhatlowerlevelofquality,whichareintendedforuserswhowanttofindouttheessentialcontentofaparticulardocument—andgenerally,asquicklyaspossible.Thisdemand—theuseofMTforassimilation—hasbeenmetinthepastas,ineffect,aby-productofsystemsdesignedoriginallyforthedisseminationapplication.SinceMTsystemsdidnot(andstillcannot)producehighqualitytranslations,someusershavefoundthattheycanextractwhattheyneedtoknowfromtheuneditedoutput.Theywouldratherhavesometranslation,howeverpoor,thannotranslationatall.WiththecomingofcheaperPC-basedsystemsonthemarket,thistypeofusehasgrownrapidlyandsubstantially.

Thethirdtypeofdemand—MTforinterchange—comesfromtheneedforimmediatetranslationinordertoconveythebasiccontentofmessages.MTsystemsarefindinga“natural”role,sincetheycanoperatevirtuallyorinfactinreal-timeandon-lineandtherehasbeenlittleobjectiontotheinevitablepoorquality,andareusefulinproducingspokenlanguagetranslations,e.g.fortelephoneconversationsandbusinessnegotiations.Theproblemsofintegratingspeechrecognitionandautomatictranslationareobviouslyhardtotackle,butprogressisneverthelessbeingmade.Inthefuture—stilldistant,perhaps—wemayexpecton-lineMTsystemsforthetranslationofspeechinhighlyrestricteddomains.

Thefourthareaofapplicationisfortranslationwithinmultilingualsystemsofinformationretrieval,informationextraction,databaseaccess,etc.ThisfieldisthefocusofanumberofprojectsinEuropeatthepresenttime,whichhavetheaimofwideningaccessforallmembersoftheEuropeanUniontosourcesofdataandinformationwhateverthesourcelanguage.

1.Itcanbeinferredfromthesecondparagraphthatinrenderingpublishabletranslationsofliteraryworks,（

）.

2.Accordingtothethirdparagraph,usersofMTforassimilation

（

）.

3.Itcanbeinferredfromthefourthparagraphthatwiththeprogressivesophisticationsystems,

（

）.

4.Translationwithinmultilingualsystemsofinformationretrieval,etc,isnowthefocusofanumberofprojectsinEuropebecause（

）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.MTsystems’performanceissatisfactorytoasubstantialdegree

B.littlecouldbedonebyMTsystemsdevelopedsofar

C.MTsystemscandomuchbetterthanhumantranslators

D.considerablerevisiononMTproducedtextsisneeded

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.aregrowingfastinnumber

B.complainalotaboutitspoorquality

C.cangetlittlefromtheuneditedoutput

D.wouldratherhavenotranslationatall

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.onecancommunicateonthetelephonewithanotherwhospeaksadifferentlanguage

B.interpreterswillnolongerbeusefulininternationalnegotiationsorconferences

C.itwillbeonlynaturalthatpeoplewillfindlittleneedtolearnaforeignlanguage

D.peoplewillfindnocausetocomplainaboutthequalityoftextsturnedoutbyMTsystem

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Europeanshavelittledifficultyinoralcommunication

B.therearemorelanguagesspokeninEuropethaninanyotherregionsoftheworld

C.thereisneedforallmembersoftheEuropeanUniontoaccessdataindifferentlanguages

D.thereislessdifficultyindevelopingMTsystemshandlinglanguagessimilartoeachother

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:A

第4題:C

【解析】1.判斷推理題。由第二段中“However，MTsystemsproduceoutputwhichmustinvariablyberevisedor“post-edited”byhumantranslatorsifitistoreachthequalityrequired.Sometimessuchrevisionmaybesubstantial,sothatineffecttheMTsystemisproducinga“draft”translation.”“然而，MT系統(tǒng)生成輸出總是必須修正或“后編”，翻譯人員是否達(dá)到質(zhì)量要求。有時(shí)這種修訂可能是實(shí)質(zhì)性的，因此MT系統(tǒng)實(shí)際上正在產(chǎn)生一個(gè)“草稿”“翻譯”可知D項(xiàng)正確。A項(xiàng)“MT系統(tǒng)的性能在很大程度上是令人滿意的”；B項(xiàng)“到目前為止，MT系統(tǒng)所能做的很少”；C項(xiàng)“MT系統(tǒng)可以比人工翻譯做得更好”；D項(xiàng)“需要對(duì)MT產(chǎn)生的文本進(jìn)行大量修訂”

2.判斷推理題。A項(xiàng)“數(shù)量迅速增長(zhǎng)”；B項(xiàng)“抱怨質(zhì)量太差”；C項(xiàng)“從未編輯的輸出中可以得到很少的東西”；D項(xiàng)“寧愿不要翻譯”。由題干定位到第三段中“WiththecomingofcheaperPC-basedsystemsonthemarket,thistypeofusehasgrownrapidlyandsu