考研考博-英語-吉林交通職業(yè)技術學院考試押題三合一+答案詳解4

書山有路勤為徑，學海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-吉林交通職業(yè)技術學院考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共120題)1.單選題

It’sharmfultoone'shealthto（

）smokinganddrinking

問題1選項

A.takeon

B.taketo

C.takein

D.takeoff

【答案】C

【解析】考查動詞辨析。takeon意為“承擔，接受”；taketo意為“喜歡，養(yǎng)成……的習慣”；takein意為“吸收，吸入”；takeoff意為“脫掉，起飛”。

句意：吸煙喝酒有害人的身體健康。

2.單選題

Ican’t___whathashappenedtothevegetables,fortheywerefreshlypickedthismorning.

問題1選項

A.figureout

B.drawout

C.lookout

D.workout

【答案】A

【解析】考查詞組。A選項figureout“了解，弄清楚”；B選項drawout“拉長”；C選項lookout“留神，小心”；D選項workout“解決出，算出”。句意：我不知道這些蔬菜怎么了，因為它們是今天早上剛摘的。結合句意，A選項正確。

3.單選題

For150yearsscientistshavetriedtodeterminethesolarconstant,theamountofsolarenergythatreachestheEarth.Yet,eveninthemostcloud-freeregionsoftheplanet,thesolarconstantcannotbemeasuredprecisely.Gasmoleculesanddustparticlesintheatmosphereabsorbandscattersunlightandpreventsomewavelengthsofthelightfromeverreachingtheground.

Withtheadventofsatellites,however,scientistshavefinallybeenabletomeasuretheSun’soutputwithoutbeingimpededbytheEarth'satmosphere.SolarMax,asatellitefromtheNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration(NASA),hasbeenmeasuringtheSun'soutputsinceFebruary1980.Althoughamalfunctioninthesatellite’scontrolsystemlimiteditsobservationforafewyears,thesatellitewasrepairedinorbitbyastronautsfromthespaceshuttlein1984.max’sobservationsindicatethatsolarconstantisnotreallyconstantafterall.Thesatellite’sinstrumentshavedetectedfrequent,smallvariationintheSun’senergyoutput,generallyamountingtonomorethan0.05percentoftheSun'smeanenergyoutputandlastingfromafewdaystoafewweeks.ScientistsbelievethesefluctuationscoincidewiththeappearanceanddisappearanceoflargegroupsofsunspotsontheSun’sdisk.SunspotsarerelativelydarkregionsontheSun'ssurfacethathavestrongmagneticfieldsandatemperatureabout2,000degreesFahrenheitcoolerthantherestoftheSun'ssurface.Particularlylargefluctuationsinthesolarconstanthavecoincidedwithsightingsoflargesunspotgroups.In1980,forexample,SolarMax’sinstrumentsregistereda0.3percentdropinthesolarenergyreachingtheEarth.Atthattimeasunspotgroupcoveredabout0.6percentofthesolardisk,anarea20timesthantheEarth'ssurface.

Long-termvariationsinthesolarconstantaremoredifficulttodetermine.AlthoughSolarMax'sdatahaveindicatedaslowandsteadydeclineintheSun'soutput,somescientistshavethoughtthatthesatellite'sagingdetectorsmighthavebecomelesssensitiveovertheyears,thusfalselyindicatingadropinthesolarconstant.Thispossibilitywasdismissed,however,bycomparingSolarMax'sobservationswithdatafromasimilarinstrumentoperatingonNASA’sNimbus7weathersatellitesince1978.

1.Whyisitnotpossibletomeasurethesolarconstantaccuratelywithoutasatellite?

2.WhydidscientiststhinkthatSolarMaxmightbegivingunreliableinformation?

3.Theattempttodescribethesolarconstantcanbestbedescribedas（

）.

4.Whatdoesthispassagemainlydiscuss?

問題1選項

A.TheEarthistoofarfromtheSun.

B.SomeareasonEarthreceivemoresolarenergythanothers.

C.Thereisnotenoughsunlightduringtheday.

D.TheEarth’satmosphereinterfereswiththesunlight.

問題2選項

A.SolarMaxdidnotworkforthefirstfewyears.

B.ThespaceshuttlecouldnotfixSolarMax'sinstruments.

C.SolarMax'sinstrumentsweregettingold.

D.Nimbus7interferedwithSolarMax’sdetectors.

問題3選項

A.ongoingresearcheffort

B.anissuethathasbeenresolved

C.aquestionthatcanneverbeanswered

D.historicallyinteresting,butirrelevanttocontemporaryconcerns

問題4選項

A.Thelaunchingofaweathersatellite.

B.ThecomponentsoftheEarth'satmosphere.

C.Themeasurementofvariationsinthesolarconstant.

D.Theinteractionofsunlightandairpollution.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:C

【解析】1.細節(jié)事實題。定位到“Gasmoleculesanddustparticlesintheatmosphereabsorbandscattersunlightandpreventsomewavelengthsofthelightfromeverreachingtheground.大氣中的氣體分子和塵埃粒子吸收和散射陽光，阻止某些波長的光到達地面?！笨芍狣項“地球的大氣層干擾陽光?！狈项}意。

2.細節(jié)事實題。由本文的最后一段，“AlthoughSolarMax'sdatahaveindicatedaslowandsteadydeclineintheSun'soutput,somescientistshavethoughtthatthesatellite'sagingdetectorsmighthavebecomelesssensitiveovertheyears,thusfalselyindicatingadropinthesolarconstant.盡管SolarMax的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，太陽的產(chǎn)出在緩慢而穩(wěn)定地下降，但一些科學家認為，隨著時間的推移，衛(wèi)星上老化的探測器可能變得不那么敏感，從而錯誤地顯示出太陽常數(shù)的下降?！毙l(wèi)星探測器由于歷經(jīng)時間較長，對太陽常數(shù)的敏感度有所下降?？芍狢項“SolarMax的探測器變老舊了”符合題意。

3.推理判斷題。由文章最后一段第一句“Long-termvariationsinthesolarconstantaremoredifficulttodetermine.太陽常數(shù)的長期變化更難確定?！笨芍獙μ柍?shù)測量的嘗試被認為是持續(xù)的一種研究過程，因此科研人員想要測量太陽常數(shù)的努力還需要繼續(xù)。A項符合題意。

4.主旨大意題。本篇文章作者主要闡述的是在科學家研發(fā)出太陽衛(wèi)星后，可以對太陽常數(shù)的恒量測出比較精確的值，但是測量的過程中有其他外界因素的干擾，從而導致測量結果不是那么準確?？芍狢項“測量太陽常數(shù)的變化”正確。

4.單選題

Asmodernsciencemovesfaster,twoforcesare______onprofessor:oneisthetimeneededtokeeponwiththeprofession;theotheristhetimeneededtoteach.

問題1選項

A.exerted

B.expired

C.exiled

D.exempted

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項exerted“外露的”；B選項expired“過期的；失效的”；C選項exiled“被流放的；流亡的”；D選項exempted“被免除的”。句意：隨著現(xiàn)代科學的快速發(fā)展，有兩種力量______教授身上：一是繼續(xù)從事這一職業(yè)所需的時間；另一個是教學所需的時間。根據(jù)語境，這里指教授受兩個方面的因素的影響，這兩個方面同時顯現(xiàn)出來，A選項exerted“外露的”符合題意。因此A選項正確。

5.單選題

Outof（）revenge,hedidhisworsttoblackenhercharacterandruinherreputation.

問題1選項

A.perfect

B.total

C.sheer

D.integral

【答案】C

【解析】句意:純粹出于報復，他拼命詆毀她的人品，敗壞她的名譽。

考查形容詞辨析。perfect完美的，純熟的；total全部的，整個的；sheer全然的，純粹的，十足的；integral完整的，整體的。因此C項符合句意。

6.單選題

Theproblemofwherewewillraisethefundsfortheschemehasnotyetbeen（）.

問題1選項

A.accessed

B.addressed

C.dealt

D.expressed

【答案】B

【解析】考查動詞詞義辨析。access“使用；存??；接近”；address“向……致詞；從事；忙于；處理”；deal“處理”；express“表達”。句意：我們應該從何處來募集這個計劃的資金這個問題還沒有得到處理。deal表示處理后面要接介詞with，所以選項B符合題意。

7.寫作題

Directions:Chooseoneofthetwotopicstodevelopanessayofabout300words.

1.China’sOpportunitiesandChallengeswiththeComingofGlobalization.

2.SomepeoplebelievethattheEarthisbeingdamagedbyhuman,activity.OthersfeelthathumanactivitymakestheEarthabetterplacetolive.Whatisyouropinion?Usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyouranswer.

【答案】略

8.單選題

Doeshehavetherightworkexperienceandskills?（）,canhedothejob?

問題1選項

A.Inanotherway

B.Inotherways

C.Inanotherword

D.Inotherwords

【答案】D

【解析】考查詞組辨析。inanotherway另一方面；inotherways在其他方面；ininotherwords換句話說。inantherword沒有這個搭配?？崭袂昂缶渥右馑枷嗨?，故D項正確。句意：他有相關的工作經(jīng)驗和技能嗎？換言之，他能做這個工作嗎？

9.單選題

IntheChinesehousehold,grandparentsandotherrelativesplay（）rolesin

raisingchildren.

問題1選項

A.incapable

B.indispensable

C.insensible

D.infinite

【答案】B

【解析】句意：在中國家庭里，（外）祖父母和其他親戚在撫養(yǎng)孩子的過程中充當（）的角色。A選項incapable無能力的；B選項indispensable不可缺少的；絕對必要的；C選項insensible無感覺的；D選項infinite無限的，B選項indispensable符合句意。

10.單選題

Whyshouldanyonebuythelatestvolumeintheever-expandingDictionaryofNational

Biography?Idonotmeanthatitisbad,asthereviewerswillagree.Butitwillcostyou65pounds.Andhaveyougottherestofvolumes?Youneedthebasic22plusthelargelydecennialsupplementstobringthetotalto31.Ofcourse,itwillbeanswered,publicandacademiclibrarieswillwantthenewvolume.Afterall,itadds1068livesofpeoplewhoescapedthenetoftheoriginalcompilers.Yetin10years’timearevisedversionofthewholecaboodle,calledtheNewDictionaryofNationalBiography,willbepublished.Itseditor.ProfessorColinMatthew,tellsmethathewillhaveroomforabout50,0001ives，some13,000morethaninthecurrentDNB.Thisratherputsthe1,068inMissingPersonsintheshade.

WhenDr.NichollswrotetoTheSpectatorin1989askingfornamesofpeoplewhomreadershadlookedupintheDNBandbeendisappointednottofind,shesaysthatshereceivedsome1009000suggestions.(Well,shehadwrittento“otherqualitynewspapers”too.)Assoonashercommitteehadwhittledthenumbersdown,theprofessionalproblemsofaneditorbegan.Contributorsdidn’tfilecopyontime;somewhodidsenttoomuch.50,000wordsinsteadof500isarecord,accordingtoDr.Nicholls.

Thereremainsthedinner-partygameofwho’sout.Thatisagamethatthereviewershaveplayedandwillcontinuetoplay.Criminalsweremayinitialworry.Afterall,theoriginaleditionoftheDNBboasted.Malefactorswhosecrimesexciteapermanentinteresthavereceivedhardlylessattentionthanbenefactors.Mr.JohnGrossclearlyhadsimilaranxieties,forhecomplainsthat,whilethemurdererChristieisin.Crippenisout.OnemightsayinreplythattheinjusticeofthehangingofEvansinsteadofChristies(entryinMissingPersons)notes.ButthenCrippenwasreputedasthefirstmurderertobecaughtbytelegraphy(hehadtriedtoescapebyshiptoAmerica).

ItissurprisingtofindMaxMillerexcludedwhenreallynotverymemorablenamesgetin.TherehasbeenaconsciousefforttoputinartistsandarchitectsfromtheMiddleAges.Abouttheirlivesnotmuchisalwaysknown.

OfHugoofBuryStEdmunds,a12th-centuryilluminatorwhosedatesofbirthanddeatharenotrecordedhisbiographercomments.“WhetherornotHugewasawall-painter,therecordsofhisactivitiesascarverandmanuscriptpainterattesttohisversatility”.Thentherehadtobemorewomen,too(12percent,againsttheoriginalDBN’s3),suchasRoyStrong’ssubject,theTudorpainterLevinaTeerlinc,ofwhomheremarks,“Hermostcharacteristicfeatureisaheadattachedtoatoosmall,spindlybody.Hertechniqueremainedawkward,thinandoftencursory.”Doesn’tseemtoqualifyherasamemorableartist.YetitmaybebetterthantherecordoftheoriginalDNB,whichincludedlivesofpeoplewhoneverexisted(suchasMerlin)andevenmanagedtogivethankstoJ.W.Clerkeasacontributor.Though,asalatereditionadmitsinashamefacedfootnote,“exceptfortheentryintheListofcontributorsthereisnotraceofJ.W.Clerke”.

1.Thewritersuggeststhatthereisnosenseinbuyingthelatestvolume（

）.

2.OntheissueofwhoshouldbeincludedintheDNB,thewriterseemstosuggestthat（

）.

3.CrippenwasabsentfromtheDNB（

）.

4.Theauthorquotedafewentriesinthelastparagraphto（

）.

5.Throughoutthepassage,thewriter’stonetowardstheDNBwas（

）.

問題1選項

A.becauseitisnotworththeprice

B.becauseithasfewerentriesthanbefore

C.unlessonehasallthevolumesinhiscollection

D.unlessanexpandedDNBwillcomeoutshortly

問題2選項

A.theeditorshadclearrulestofollow

B.thereweretoomanycriminalsintheentries.

C.theeditorsclearlyfavoredbenefactors.

D.theeditorswereirrationalintheirchoices

問題3選項

A.becauseheescapedtotheU.s

B.becausedeathsentencehadbeenabolished

C.forreasonsnotclarified

D.becauseoftheeditor’smistake

問題4選項

A.illustratesomefeaturesoftheDNB

B.giveemphasistohisargument

C.impressthereaderwithitscontent

D.highlightthepeopleintheMiddleAge

問題5選項

A.complimentary

B.supportive

C.sarcastic

D.bitter

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:C

【解析】1.語義理解題。作者在第一段提到“人們?yōu)槭裁匆徺I不斷增補的《全國名人傳記辭典》的最新一卷？我并不是像那些評論家一樣認為這本辭典不好。但是，它的價格高達65英鎊，而且，你買了其他卷冊了嗎？你需要22卷基礎冊，加上每兩年出版的增訂卷，要買齊整套書就要買31冊?！边@里的含義是，這本辭典每兩年都要出版增補卷，除非你全部都買了，否則購買最新一卷就沒有意思。所以C選項‘除非你收藏了所有的書’正確。A“不值得它的售價”也是原因之一，卻不是主要原因。B“相比之前的版本，它收錄的詞條更少?！迸c文章意思不符。C“除非增訂版名人傳記縮短出版時間”在文章中沒有提及。

2.語義理解題。文章第三段開頭提到了“Thereremainsthedinner-partygameofwho’sout.Thatisagamethatthereviewershaveplayedandwillcontinuetoplay.關于選錄誰的問題，這是讀者提出的問題，并且他們還將提出這樣的問題?！?，“罪犯的入選讓人擔心...”，但是Crippen卻沒有當作值得一提的人物收錄其中；第四段，作者提到‘ItissurprisingtofindMaxMillerexcludedwhenreallynotverymemorablenamesgetin.TherehasbeenaconsciousefforttoputinartistsandarchitectsfromtheMiddleAges.Abouttheirlivesnotmuchisalwaysknown.值得被收入的人選被意外地沒有收錄，卻有很多中世紀生平不詳?shù)乃囆g家和建筑家。‘因此作者想表達的是編輯在選錄人選上沒有合理的根據(jù)，D選項正確。

3.細節(jié)判斷題。作者在第三段舉出Crippen的例子，正是為了說明Crippen應該收錄進名人傳記，然后卻沒有。作者自己也沒有找出原因。所以C選項符合題意。

4.語義理解題。作者在最后一段提到了辭典中包括的幾個生平不詳，而且是他認為被莫名其妙地收錄辭典的人，用以說明他在第四段提到觀點，編輯在收錄人選時沒有合理的根據(jù)。所以B選項符合題意。

5.作者觀點題。作者全文都在批評名人傳記一書，所以A選項“贊美”，B選項“支持”，D選項“充滿仇恨的”排除，選項C“諷刺的”符合題意。

11.翻譯題

“失落之城”馬丘比丘坐落在秘魯熱帶山地森林，直到1911年才被美國探險家海勒姆·賓厄姆發(fā)現(xiàn)。馬丘比丘海拔2430米，為熱帶森林所包圍。它可能是印加帝國全盛時期最輝煌的城市建筑，那巨大的城墻和梯田好像是在連綿的懸崖絕壁上自然形成的一樣。古城矗立在安第斯山脈東邊的斜坡上，環(huán)繞著亞馬孫河上游的盆地。馬丘比丘廢墟是世界上最美最神秘的古代遺址之一。早在15世紀初期，印加人就在那里建起數(shù)百座石建筑，傳說和神話表明馬丘比丘曾是一個圣地。古城廢墟有宮殿、洗浴室、寺廟、貯藏室和大約150間房子，皆保存完好。這些建筑均用山頂?shù)幕疑◢弾r雕筑而成，是建筑學和美學的奇跡。

【答案】MachuPicchu,alostcitylocatedinPeru'stropicalmountainforests,wasn'tdiscoveredbyAmericanexplorerHiramBinghamuntil1911.Itstands2,430mabovesea-level,andsurroundedbytropicalforests.ItwasprobablythemostgloriousurbanbuildinginthezenithofIncaEmpire;itsgiantwallsandterracesseemlikebeencutnaturallyinthecontinuousrockcliffs.Theancientcity,ontheeasternslopesoftheAndes,surroundsthebasininupperAmazonRiver.

TheruinsofMachuPicchuareoneofthemostbeautifulandmysteriousancientsitesintheworld.WhiletheIncapeopleerectedhundredsofstonestructurestherefromtheearly1400's,legendsandmythsindicatethatMachuPicchuwasasacredplace.Theruinshavepalaces,baths,temples,storageroomsandsome150houses,allinaremarkablestateofpreservation.Thesestructures,carvedfromthegraygraniteofthemountaintop,arewondersofbotharchitecturalandaestheticgenius.

12.單選題

Hebuiltalargefencebecauseheheardhisneighborwasgoingto（）onhisproperty.

問題1選項

A.apposite

B.execrable

C.utilitarian

D.impinge

【答案】D

【解析】考查固定搭配。impingeon“影響；撞擊；侵犯”。句意為：因為聽說鄰居將會侵犯自己的財產(chǎn)，所以他修建了一個大的圍欄。根據(jù)句意可知D選項正確。

13.單選題

Agoodleadermusthavecharactertraitsthatinspireotherstoaccepthisleadership.Hemustdisplaycourage,intelligence,and（

）.

問題1選項

A.wisdom

B.bravery

C.shrewdness

D.integrity

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞辨析。wisdom“智慧”；bravery“勇敢，勇氣”；shrewdness“精明，機靈”；integrity“完整，正直”。句意：一個好領導必須有激勵他人接受自己領導的特質(zhì)。他必須表現(xiàn)出自己的勇氣，智慧和正直。由courage,intelligence可排除A、B項。C項不符合題意，故D項正確。

14.單選題

Thewordsofhisoldteacherlefta______impressiononhismind.Heisstillinfluencedbythem.

問題1選項

A.lasting

B.liberal

C.long

D.lively

【答案】A

【解析】【試題解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項lasting“持久的；永恒的”；B選項liberal“開明的；大方的”；C選項long“長時間的”；D選項lively“活躍熱情的；充滿趣味的”。句意：他以前的老師的話給他留下了______印象。他仍然受到他們的影響。根據(jù)語境，很長的時間以后他都受老師言語的影響，lastingimpression為固定短語，A選項lasting“持久的；永恒的”符合題意。因此A選項正確。

15.單選題

Practitionersoflawandmedicineareesteemedinmanycountrieswhichseemstoindicatethat（

）dependsonprofessionortitle.

問題1選項

A.prestige

B.superiority

C.privilege

D.merit

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。prestige“聲望；聲譽”；superiority“優(yōu)越；優(yōu)越性”；privilege“特權；優(yōu)待”；merit“優(yōu)點；價值”。句意：法律和醫(yī)生從業(yè)者在許多國家都受到尊敬，這似乎說明聲望取決于職業(yè)和頭銜。選項A符合題意。

16.單選題

TheNovember17-daycoalstrike,whichwasterminatedDecember7,broughtaboutageneralbusinessandproductionparalysisatthecloseoftheyear.

問題1選項

A.worsened

B.discontinued

C.denounced

D.hindered

【答案】B

【解析】【選項釋義】

A.worsened變得更糟，惡化B.discontinued停止，終止

C.denounced譴責，指責D.hindered阻礙，妨礙

【答案】B

【考查點】動詞辨析。

【解題思路】terminated的意思為“（使）停止，結束”，指的是罷工進行了17天后才結束，discontinued與之詞義相近，因此B選項正確。

【干擾項排除】A、C、D選項詞義與之不符。

【句意】去年12月7日結束的17天煤礦罷工，在年底造成了企業(yè)和生產(chǎn)的全面癱瘓。

17.單選題

Wheninhisrebelliousyears,thatiswhenhewassixteenoreighteen,FrankAnderson（

）goingaroundwithastrangesetofpeopleandstayingoutverylate.

問題1選項

A.tookto

B.tookon

C.tookup

D.tookin

【答案】A

【解析】考查詞組辨析。A選項taketo“（尤指短時間接觸后）喜歡上，喜愛，養(yǎng)成（做……）的習慣”；B選項takeon“承擔，接受，呈現(xiàn)”；C選項takeup“占用，開始從事”；D選項takein“接受，吸收，收留，欺騙”。此句是描寫FrankAnderson叛逆期的行為習慣，因此選A。句意：在他叛逆的歲月里，也就是他十六或十八歲的時候，弗蘭克?安德森喜歡和一群奇怪的人在一起，而且在外面待得很晚。

18.單選題

Thereisnodoubtthatdishonestor（）acquisitionofinformationisusuallyoverwhelmingevidencethatinformationwasconfidentialandnotpartofthedefendant’sskillandknowledge.

問題1選項

A.blatant

B.surreptitious

C.suspicious

D.conspicuous

【答案】B

【解析】形容詞詞義辨析。blatant“喧囂的，炫耀的”；surreptitious“秘密的”；suspicious“可疑的”；conspicuous“顯而易見的”。句意：毫無疑問，不誠實或秘密獲取的信息通常是壓倒性的證據(jù)，表明這種信息是機密的，不屬于辯護人員技能和知識的一部分。選項B符合題意。

19.翻譯題

Directions:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

ThehealthprofilesofmanyracialandethnicminoritiesreflectthesocialinequalityevidentintheUnitedStates.(46)ThepooreconomicandenvironmentalconditionsofgroupssuchasAfricanAmericans,Hispanics,andNativeAmericansaremanifestedinhighmorbidityandmortalityratesforthesegroups.Itistruethatsomeafflictions,suchassingle-cellanemiaamongBlacks,haveacleargenericbasis.Butinmostinstances,environmentalfactorscontributetothedifferentialratesofdiseaseanddeath.

Inmanyrespects,themortalityratesforAfricanAmericansaredistressing.ComparedwithWhites,Blackshavehigherdeathratesfromheartdisease,pneumonia,diabetes,andcancer.ThedeathratefromstrokeistwiceashighamongAfricanAmericans.(47)SuchepidemiologicalfindingsreflectinpartthefactthatahighproportionofBlacksarefoundamongthenation’slowerclass.AccordingtotheNationalCenterofHealthStatistics,Whitescanexpecttolive77.7years.Incontrast,lifeexpectancyforBlacksis72.3years(Arias2004).

Asnotedearlier,infantmortalityisregardedasaprimaryindicatorofhealthcare.ThereisasignificantgapintheUnitedStatesbetweentheinfantmortalityratesofAfricanAmericansandWhites.Generally,therateofinfantdeathismorethantwiceashighamongBlacks.AfricanAmericansaccountfor15percentofalllivebirthsinthenationbut29percentofinfantdeaths.PertoRicansandNativeAmericanshavemortalityratesthatarelowerthanAfricanAmericans’buthigherthanWhites’(MacDormanetal.2005).

Themedicalestablishmentisnotexemptfromracism.(48)Unfortunately,themediaoftenfocusonobviousformsofracism,suchashatecrimes,whileoverlookingmoreinsidiousformsinsocialinstitutionslikethemedicalestablishment.Onereviewofmorethan100studiesconductedoverthelastdecadeconcludedthatminoritiesreceiveinferiorcareevenwhentheyareinsured.(49)Despitehavingaccesstocare,Blacks,Latinos,andAmericanIndiansaretreatedunequallyasaresultofracialprejudiceanddifferencesintheequalityofvarioushealthcareplans.Furthermore,nationalclinicalstudieshaveshownthatevenallowingfordifferencesinincomeandinsurancecoverage,racialandethnicminoritiesarelesslikelythanothergroupstoreceivebothstandardhealthcareandlife-savingtreatmentforconditionssuchasHIVinfection(CaesarandWilliams2002;Smedleyetal.2002;Steyerbergetal.2005).

Drawingontheconflictperspective,sociologistHowardWaitzkin(1986)suggeststhatracialtensionsalsocontributetothemedicalproblemsofBlacks.Inhisview,thestressthatresultsfromracialprejudiceanddiscriminationhelpstoexplainthehigherratesofhypertensionfoundamongAfricanAmericans(andHispanics)comparedtoWhites.(50)Hypertension—twiceascommoninBlacksasinWhites—isbelievedtobeacriticalfactorinBlacks’highmortalityratesfromheartdisease,kidneydisease,andstroke(MorehouseMedicalTreatmentandEffectivenessCenter1999).

SomeMexicanAmericansandmanyotherLatinosadheretoculturalbeliefsthatmakethemlesslikelytousetheestablishedmedicalsystem.TheymayinterprettheirillnessaccordingtotraditionalLatinofolkmedicine,orcuranderismo—aformofholistichealthcareandhealing.

【答案】【參考譯文】

46.非洲裔、西班牙裔和美洲土著等群體的經(jīng)濟和環(huán)境條件惡劣表現(xiàn)在這些群體有很高的發(fā)病率和死亡率。

47.這樣的流行病學調(diào)查結果在一定程度上反映了這樣一個事實，即在美國的底層人群中，黑人比例較高。

48.不幸的是，媒體往往關注的是明顯的種族主義形式，如仇恨犯罪，而忽視了社會機構中存在的更隱蔽的形式，如醫(yī)療機構。

49.盡管有醫(yī)療保障，黑人、拉丁裔和美洲印第安人在不同的醫(yī)療保險計劃的平等程度上受到種族歧視和差異的影響。

50.黑人的高血壓發(fā)病率是白人的兩倍，這被認為是黑人患心臟病、腎病和中風高死亡率的關鍵因素。

20.單選題

InEngland,alongastretchofthenortheastcoastwhichgentlycurvesfromNorthumberlandtotheestuaryoftheriverTees,therewasaspot,typicalofmanyonthatcoast,whereseacoalwascollectedrichlyandeffortlessly.Thiscoalwasacoarsepowder,cleanandbrilliant.Itseemedtobearlittleresemblancetothelarge,filthylumpsputontothefire.Althoughitwascoal,itwasperfectlycleananditwassilentlydepositedathightideinaglitteringcarpetakilometerlongforthelocalcommunitytogatherup.

Thegearneededforsea-coalingexpeditionswasacuriousandtraditionallyprovenassortmentwhichnevervariedfromcommunitytocommunityalongtheentirenortheastcoastline.Sackswereessentialtoputthecoalin,andstringtotietheneckofeachsackwhenitisfull.Awoodenrakewasusedtoscrapethecoalfromthebeach.Theonlyalternativetotherakewasaflatpieceofboardheldinthehand.Aflat,boardshoveltolifttherakedcoalintothebags,completedtheportablehardware.

Butthemostcrucialitemofequipmentwasabicycle,aspecialkindofrustystriped-downmodelwhichwasthesymbolofthesea-coalingcraft.Alady’sbikewasnogoodbecauseitlackedacrossbar,andthatwasanessentialelementintransportingseacoal.Onefullsackcouldbeslungthroughthetriangularframeofaman’sbike,anotheroverthecrossbarand,sometimes,evenathirdontopofthat.Thebeautyofthemetalbaragainstthefull,wetsacksforcedexcesswateroutofthecoalwhileitwasbeingwheeledhome.Onagoodday,thepathtothebeachwasgenerallyadoublesnail-trackofwaterthathadbeenforcedfromeachendofatrailofcoalsacks.

1.Itcanbeinferredthatbetweenthetwotypesofcoal,seacoal（）.

2.Accordingtothepassage,certainequipmentwasusedbecause（）.

3.Tocarrythreesacksofcoalonabicycle,itwasnecessaryto.

4.Byusingthebicycle,（）.

問題1選項

A.couldburnbetter

B.mightbecheaper

C.wasmorefinely-grained

D.cameinbigpieces

問題2選項

A.ithadprovedtobepractical

B.itcouldbemadebycommunities

C.peopletherewereverytraditional

D.thecommunitieshadcurioushabits

問題3選項

A.putoneofthemonthesaddle

B.balancethemallonthecrossbar

C.removetheexcessliquid

D.balancetwoonthecrossbar

問題4選項

A.coalcouldbemovedeasilyoverthesand

B.thecollectorscouldsellmorecoal

C.excessliquidcouldberemoved

D.thecollectorscouldridehome

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:C

【解析】1.根據(jù)第一段二三句“Thiscoalwasacoarsepowder,cleanandbrilliant.Itseemedtobearlittleresemblancetothelarge,filthylumpsputontothefire.”海運煤是一種粗糙的粉末,干凈又有光澤。它似乎與放在火上的又大又臟的塊狀物體沒有什么相似之處。由此可知,選項C符合原文。

2.根據(jù)第二段的第一句“Thegearneededforsea-coalingexpeditionswasacuriousandtraditionallyprovenmixturewhichnevervariedfromcommunitytocommunityalongtheentirenorth-eastcoastline.”可知選項B明顯錯誤;人們用這些設備的原因并不是因為他們很傳統(tǒng)或者有奇怪的習慣,而是因為這些設備很實用。所以選項A正確。

3.根據(jù)第三段的第三句“Onefullsackcouldbeslungthroughthetriangularformatofaman’sbike,anotheroverthecrossbarand,sometimes,evenathirdontopofthat.”一個裝滿了的袋子可以掛在男式自行車的三角形支架上,另一個袋子可以掛在橫梁上,有時甚至可以在上面放上第三個袋子。由此推斷,要想放三個袋子,需要保持其他兩個袋子的平衡。選項D正確。

4.根據(jù)第三段倒數(shù)第二句“Thebeautyofthemetalbaragainstthefull,wetsacksforcedexcesswateroutofthecoalwhileitwasbeingwheeledhome.”在（用自行車）運回海運煤的過程中,那根漂亮的金屬桿上放著裝得很滿的濕袋子,將多余的水份從海運煤中擠了出來。選項C符合原文。

21.單選題

Manygreatinventionsareinitiallygreetedwithridiculeanddisbelief.Theinventionoftheairplanewasnoexception.AlthoughmanypeoplewhoheardaboutthefirstpoweredflightonDecember17,1903wereexcitedandimpressed,othersreactedwithpealsoflaughter.Theideaofflyinganaircraftwasrepulsivetosomepeople.SuchpeoplecalledWilburandOrvilleWright,theinventorsofthefirstflyingmachine,impulsivefools.Negativereactions,however,didnotstoptheWrights.Impelledbytheirdesiretosucceed,theycontinuedtheirexperimentsinaviation.

OrvilleandWilburWrighthadalwayshadacompellinginterestinaeronauticsandmechanics.Asyoungboystheyearnedmoneybymakingandsellingkitesandmechanicaltoys.Later,theydesignedanewspaper-foldingmachine,builtaprintingpress,andoperatedabicycle-repairshop.In1896,whentheyreadaboutthedeathofOttoLilienthal,thebrothers’interestinflightgrewintoacompulsion.

Lilienthal,apioneerinhang-gliding,hadcontrolledhisglidersbyshiftinghisbodyinthedesireddirection.ThisideawasrepellenttotheWrightbrothers,however,andtheysearchedformoreefficientmethodstocontrolthebalanceofairbornevehicles.In1990and1901,theWrightstestednumerousglidersanddevelopedcontroltechniques.Thebrothers’inabilitytoobtainenoughliftpowerfortheglidersalmostledthemtoabandontheirefforts.

Afterfurtherstudy,theWrightbrothersconcludedthatthepublishedtablesofairpressureoncurvedsurfacesmustbewrong.Theysetupawindtunnelandbeganaseriesofexperimentswithmodelwings.Becauseoftheirefforts,theoldtableswererepealedintimeandreplacedbythefirstreliablefiguresforairpressureoncurvedsurfaces.Thiswork,inturn,madeitpossibleforthebrotherstodesignamachinethatwouldfly.In1903theWrightsbuilttheirfirstairplane,whichcostlessthan$1,000.

Theyevendesignedandbuilttheirownsourceofpropulsion―alightweightgasolineengine.WhentheystartedtheengineonDecember17,theairplanepulsatedwildlybeforetakingoff.Theplanemanagedtostayaloftfor12seconds,however,anditflew120feet.

By1905,theWrightshadperfectedthefirstairplanethatcouldturn,circle,andremainairborneforhalfanhouratatime.Othershadflowninballoonsandhanggliders,buttheWrightbrotherswerethefirsttobuildafull-sizemachinethatcouldflyunderitsownpower.Asthecontributorsofoneofthemostoutstandingengineeringachievementsinhistory,theWrightbrothersareaccuratelycalledthefathersofaviation.

1.Theideaofflyinganaircraftwas（

）tosomepeople.

2.SomepeoplethoughtthattheWrightbrothershad（

）.

3.TheWrights’interestinflightgrewintoa（

）.

4.Lilienthal’sideaaboutcontrollingairbornevehicleswas

（

）

theWrights.

5.Theoldtableswere（

）andreplacedbythefirstreliablefiguresforairpressureoncurvedsurfaces.

問題1選項

A.boring

B.distasteful

C.exciting

D.needless

E.answernotavailable

問題2選項

A.actedwithoutthinking

B.beennegativelyinfluenced

C.beentoocautious

D.beenmistaken

E.actedinanegativeway

問題3選項

A.financialempire

B.plan

C.needtoact

D.foolishthought

E.answernotavailable

問題4選項

A.provenwrongby

B.oppositetotheideasof

C.dislikedby

D.acceptedby

E.improvedby

問題5選項

A