考研考博-英語-山東女子學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解4

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-山東女子學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點(diǎn)押密(共120題)1.單選題

StateswillbeabletoforcemorepeopletopaysalestaxwhentheymakeonlinepurchasesunderaSupremeCourtdecisionThursdaythatwillleaveshopperswithlighterwalletsbutisabigfinancialwinforstates.

TheSupremeCourt'sopinionThursdayoverruledapairofdecades-olddecisionsthatstatessaidcostthembillionsofdollarsinlostrevenueannually.Thedecisionsmadeitmoredifficultforstatestocollectsalestaxoncertainonlinepurchases.

Thecasesthecourtoverturnedsaidthatifabusinesswasshippingacustomer'spurchasetoastatewherethebusinessdidn'thaveaphysicalpresencesuchasawarehouseoroffice,thebusinessdidn'thavetocollectsalestaxforthestate.Customersweregenerallyresponsibleforpayingthesalestaxtothestatethemselvesiftheyweren'tchargedit,butmostdidn'trealizetheyoweditandfewpaid.

JusticeAnthonyKennedywrotethatthepreviousdecisionswereflawed.“EachyearphysicalpresencerulebecomesfurtherremovedfromeconomicrealityandresultsinsignificantrevenuelossestotheStates,”hewroteinanopinionjoinedbyfourotherjustices.Kennedywrotethattherule“l(fā)imitedstates'abilitytoseeklong-termprosperityandhaspreventedmarketparticipantsfromcompetingonanevenplayingfield.”

Therulingisavictoryforbigchainswithapresenceinmanystates,sincetheyusuallycollectsalestaxononlinepurchasesalready.Now,rivalswillbechargingsalestaxwheretheyhadn'tbefore.Bigchainshavebeencollectingsalestaxnationwidebecausetheytypicallyhavephysicalstoresinwhateverstateapurchaseisbeingshippedto.A,withitsnetworkofwarehouses,alsocollectssalestaxineverystatethatchargesit,thoughthird-partysellerswhousethesitedon'thaveto.

Untilnow,manysellersthathaveaphysicalpresenceinonlyasinglestateorafewstateshavebeenabletoavoidchargingsalestaxeswhentheyshiptoaddressesoutsidethosestates.SellersthatuseeBayandEtsy,whichprovideplatformsforsmallersellers,alsohavencollectingsalestaxnationwide.UndertherulingThursday,statescanpasslawsrequiringout-of-statesellerstocollectthestate'ssalestaxfromcustomersandsendittothestate.

Retailtradegroupspraisedtheruling,sayingitlevelstheplayingfieldforlocalandonlinebusinesses.Thelosers,saidretailanalystNeilSaunders,areonline-onlyretailers,especiallysmallerones.Thoseretailersmayfaceheadachescomplyingwithvariousstatesalestaxlaws.TheSmallBusiness&EntrepreneurshipCounciladvocacygroupsaidinaastatement,"businessesandinternetentrepreneursarenotwellservedatallbythisdecision.”

1.TheSupremeCourtdecisionThursdaywill（

）.

2.Itcanbelearnedfromparagraphs2and3thattheoverruleddecisions（

）.

3.AccordingtoJusticeAnthonyKennedy,thephysicalpresencerulehas（

）.

4.WhoaremostlikelytowelcometheSupremeCourtruling（

）.

5.IndealingwiththeSupremeCourtdecisionThursday,theauthor（

）.

問題1選項

A.endetterbusiness'revolutionswithstates

B.putmostonlinebusinessinadilemma

C.makemoreonlineshopperspaysalestax

D.forcessomestatestocutsalestax

問題2選項

A.haveledtothedominanceofe-commerce

B.havecostconsumersalotovertheyears

C.werewidelycriticizedbyonlinepurchases

D.wereconsideredupfavorablebystates

問題3選項

A.hinderedeconomicdevelopment

B.broughtprosperitytothecountry

C.harmedfairmarketcompetition

D.boostedgrowthinstatesrevenue

問題4選項

A.Internetentrepreneurs

B.Big-chainowners

C.Third-partysellers

D.Smallretailers

問題5選項

A.givesafactualaccountofitanddiscussesitsconsequences

B.describesthelongandcomplicatedprocessofitsmaking

C.presentsitsmainpointswithconflictingviewsonthem

D.citiessomecasesrelatedtoitandanalyzestheirimplications

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:D

【解析】1.本題為細(xì)節(jié)題，根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵字“theSupremeCourtdecisionThursday”定位到原文第一段“StateswillbeabletoforcemorepeopletopaysalestaxwhentheymakeonlinepurchasesunderaSupremeCourtdecisionThursdaythat...”前半句已經(jīng)明確提出各州的在線購物可能要交稅，對應(yīng)選項C，原詞“online”加“shoppers”是對“purchase”的同義替換。其他三個選項均為提及。

2.根據(jù)題干“l(fā)earned”可知本題為推理題，根據(jù)關(guān)鍵字“theoverruleddecisions”定位到原文第二段的兩句，大意為“州政府抱怨以前的政策使每年稅收損失慘重，因此以前的政策很難再收取網(wǎng)上營業(yè)稅”兩句表示出的意思都是對州政府的不利，對比四個選項，得出答案D，州政府認(rèn)為原政策對州會不利，因此駁回這項決定會對州有利，為正話反說。

3.本題為細(xì)節(jié)題，根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“JusticeAnthonyKennedy”“thephysicalpresencerule”定位到原文第四段的第二句和第三句，大意為實(shí)體店規(guī)定導(dǎo)致州政府稅收虧損，接著下一句Kennedywrotethattherule“l(fā)imitedstates'abilitytoseeklong-termprosperityandhaspreventedmarketparticipantsfromcompetingonanevenplayingfield.”該規(guī)定限制了各州長期繁榮，并妨礙市場參與者參與公平競爭。對比四個選項，C選項為“破壞了公平市場競爭”和原文“competing”“marketparticipants”一一對應(yīng)，為正確答案。

4.根據(jù)題干“l(fā)ikely”得出本題為推理題，利用關(guān)鍵詞“welcometheSupremeCourtruling”定位到原文第五段第一句“Therulingisavictoryforbigchainswithapresenceinmanystates,since...”對于大公司來說這項規(guī)定是一種勝利，因?yàn)椤恍枵业疥P(guān)鍵詞“bigchain”即可選出B選項：大型連鎖公司。

5.本題為主旨題，需找出作者的相應(yīng)觀點(diǎn)與論證，根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“IndealingwiththeSupremeCourtdecisionThursday”回顧每段首尾句，推測每段大意。第一段講述最高法院通過了征收在線營業(yè)稅的決定，第二段介紹之前的裁決及后果是對州政府不利的，第三段介紹了原來裁決涉及到的案例，第四段陳列了法官的觀點(diǎn)，即以前的裁決是有問題的，第五段主要講述新判決會對大型連鎖超市產(chǎn)生有利的影響，第六段講述新裁決對州外賣價的影響，第七段表示新的判決得到零售界的肯定，因此本文的思路為：首段引出新判決，二三四段列舉相關(guān)案例，五六七段對其影響進(jìn)行講述，對比四個選項，得出D：作者在講述這個判決時引用了相關(guān)案例并分析了它們的影響。

2.翻譯題

1924年，第一屆冬季奧運(yùn)會開幕，比賽內(nèi)容涵蓋了多項適合冬季的運(yùn)動項目。最初的奧運(yùn)會所指的是我們所說的夏季奧運(yùn)會。1968年，專門為殘疾人舉辦的第一屆特奧會在美國開幕。特奧會與奧運(yùn)會的概念相似，不同的是，在1993年以前，它一直都是在美國舉辦的。

【答案】ThefirstWinterOlympicGamesisheldin1924,thecontentofwhichincludesvariouskindsofwintersports.TheinitialO1ympicGamesrefertoSummerOlympicGames.In1968,thefirstOlympicsGamesforthedisabled,namedSpecialOlympicsGameswasheldinAmerica,whichhasasimilarconceptwithOlympicGames.However,whatmakestheSpecialOlympicsGamesdifferentisthatithadbeenheldinAmericabefore1993.

3.填空題

Insuchahome,thegrowingboyandgirllearntoacceptthatequalitymoreeasilythandidtheirparentsandtopreparemorefullyforparticipationinaworldcharacterizedbycooperationmorethanbythe“battleofthesexes”.

A

B

C

D

【答案】Dmorethan改為ratherthan

【解析】【考查點(diǎn)】句間邏輯。

【解題思路】bycooperation和bythe“battleofthesexes”相對應(yīng)，形成對立的邏輯關(guān)系，ratherthan符合邏輯。

【句意】在這樣的家庭中，成長中的男孩和女孩比他們的父母更容易接受平等的觀念，并為參與一個以合作為特征的世界做好充分準(zhǔn)備，而不是“性別之戰(zhàn)”。

4.單選題

Iremember（

）thedoorbeforeIwenttobed.

問題1選項

A.locking

B.tolock

C.tohavelocked

D.beinglocked

【答案】A

【解析】考查remember的用法?！皉emembertodosomething”記得要做某事卻沒做；“rememberdoingsomething”記得做過某事。句意：我記得睡之前鎖了門。如果B項正確，那么C項也對。D項是一種被動的表達(dá)，排除。故答案A。

5.單選題

Questions5to8arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.

問題1選項

A.Whenluckplaysarole.

B.Whetherpracticemakesperfect.

C.Whatdeterminessuccess.

D.Howimportantnaturaltalentis.

問題2選項

A.Itknocksatyourdooronlyonceinawhile.

B.Itmeansbeinggoodatseizingopportunities.

C.Itissomethingthatnoonecanpossiblycreate.

D.Itcomesnaturallyoutofone’sself-confidence.

問題3選項

A.Practiceisessentialtobecominggoodatsomething.

B.Oneshouldalwaysbereadytoseizeopportunities.

C.Onemusthavenaturaltalenttobesuccessful.

D.Luckrarelycontributestoaperson’ssuccess.

問題4選項

A.Peoplewholovewhattheydocarelittleaboutmoney.

B.Beingpassionateaboutworkcanmakeonewealthy.

C.Puttingtimeandeffortintofunthingsisprofitable.

D.Peopleinneedofmoneyworkhardautomatically.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:A

第4題:B

【解析】ConversationTwo

W:IhavemanyBusinessEnglishstudents.[5]WhenIteachtheclassroom,weoftenenduptalkingaboutthingslikesuccessandwhatleadstosuccess.Andit’sinterestingthatmanyofthemmentiontheelementofluck.

M:Right.

W:Luckisimportanttosuccess.Butsinceyou’veseenthatfantasticvideoontheTedtalk’swebsitebyRichardSt.John,hedoesn’tmentionluckatall.

M:Well,I’mafirmbelieverthatpeoplecanmaketheirownluck.Imeanwhatpeopleregardasluck,youcanactuallycreatetoadegree.

W:Sure.[6]Ithinkalotofwhatpeopleconsiderluckisattributedtohowyourespondtotheopportunitiesthatcomeyourway.

M:Yes,verygoodpoint.

W:[6]Seizingtheopportunities.Butwasthereanypointinthevideothatyouthoughtwasparticularlyinteresting?

M:Yes,actuallytherewas.Somethingveryimpressivetomeismanypeoplethinkthatluckisimportantandthatnaturaltalentissomethingyoumusthaveinordertobesuccessful.[7]Andinthevideowesaw,thepointaboutgettinggoodatsomethingisnotabouthavingsomenaturaltalent,it’sallaboutpractice,practice,practice...

W:Definitelyyeah.Naturaltalenthelpsinsomeway.Butattheendoftheday,youreallydoneedtoworkhardandgetreally,reallygoodatwhatyoudo.

M:Sure.

W:Ithoughtoneinterestingthinginthevideowastheideaofpassionbeingsoimportantandthatpeoplewhoreallylovewhattheydo.Ofcourseyou’regoingtowanttoworkharderandputthetimeandeffortintoit.[8]Andthefunnythingisthatifyoulovewhatyoudoandarereallypassionateaboutitandworkreallyhard,themoneykindofcomesautomatically.

5.Whatarethespeakersmainlytalkingabout?

【試題答案】C

【試題解析】題目問說話者主要在談?wù)撌裁?？錄音開頭，女士就提到她在教學(xué)課堂上經(jīng)常會討論“成功”這個話題以及什么因素導(dǎo)致了成功。由此可知C選項“什么決定了成功”正確。A選項“幸運(yùn)什么時候發(fā)揮作用”，錄音只是提及幸運(yùn)對于成功的作用，并沒有提及什么時候發(fā)揮作用，因此可排除；B選項“是否熟能生巧”和D選項“個人天賦如何重要”在錄音中雖有提及，但都不是說話人談?wù)摰闹饕獌?nèi)容，因此也可排除。

6.Whatisthewoman’sviewofluck?

【試題答案】B

【試題解析】題目問女士是如何看待運(yùn)氣的？錄音中，女士提到運(yùn)氣對成功來說是很重要，但是否有運(yùn)氣其實(shí)主要是看我們能否把握機(jī)會。B選項“運(yùn)氣意味著善于把握機(jī)會”符合錄音原文，因此正確。A選項“幸運(yùn)有時會自己找上門”和D選項“幸運(yùn)自然來自于一個人的自信”在錄音中均沒有信息提及。C選項“幸運(yùn)是任何人都不可能創(chuàng)造出來的”，錄音中，男士提到一定程度上幸運(yùn)是需要我們自己創(chuàng)造的，女士對此表示認(rèn)同，因此C選項錯誤。

7.WhatisthechiefpointtheTedtalk’svideomakes?

【試題答案】A

【試題解析】題目問Ted演講視頻的要點(diǎn)是什么？錄音中，男士提到，Ted演講視頻里強(qiáng)調(diào)一個人是否擅長做某事并不是取決于其個人天賦，而是要靠不斷地練習(xí)。因此A選項“要想擅長某件事，練習(xí)是必不可少的”正確。B選項“一個人應(yīng)該隨時準(zhǔn)備抓住機(jī)會”在錄音中是女士所提出的觀點(diǎn)，并不是Ted演講視頻的要點(diǎn)，因此不正確；C選項“一個人必須擁有天賦才能獲得成功”與Ted演講視頻里強(qiáng)調(diào)的內(nèi)容不符，因此可排除；D選項“運(yùn)氣很難促進(jìn)一個人的成功”錄音中女士提到，RichardSt.John在Ted演講網(wǎng)站上的精彩視頻，他一點(diǎn)都沒提到運(yùn)氣。因此D選項也不正確。

8.WhatdoesthewomanthinkisthefunnythingintheTedtalk’svideo?

【試題答案】B

【試題解析】題目問女士認(rèn)為Ted演講視頻中最有趣的事情是什么？錄音最后，女士說她認(rèn)為視頻演講內(nèi)容中有一點(diǎn)很有趣：若一個人喜歡他所做的事情，對所從事的工作抱有熱情，并努力做好工作，那金錢自然就會來。B選項中的passionateabout...為錄音原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)，wealthy對應(yīng)錄音中的es。因此B選項“對工作的熱情可以使人富有”正確。A選項“熱愛工作的人不太關(guān)心金錢”；C選項“把時間與精力投放在有趣的事情上是有利可圖的”和D選項“需要錢的人會自動努力工作”均不正確。

6.單選題

Whilefashionisthoughtofusuallyinrelationtoclothing,itisimportanttorealizethatitcoversamuchwiderdomain.Itistobefoundinmanners,thearts,literature,andphilosophy,andmayevenreachintocertainareasofscience.Infact,itmayoperateinanyfieldofgrouplife,apartfromthetechnologicalandutilitarianareaandtheareaofthesacred.Itsoperationrequiresaclasssociety,forinitsessentialcharacteritdoesnotoccureitherinahomogeneoussocietylikeaprimitivegroup,orinacaste(社會等級)society.

Fashionbehavesasamovement,andonthisbasisitisdifferentfromcustomwhich,bycomparison,isstatic.Thisisduetothefactthatfashionisbasedfundamentallyondifferentiationandemulation.Inaclasssociety,theupperclassesorso-calledsocialelitearenotabletodifferentiatethemselvesbyfixedsymbolsorbadges.Hencethemoreexternalfeaturesoftheirlifeandbehaviorarelikelytobeimitatedbyclassesimmediatelybelowthem,who,inturn,areimitatedbygroupsimmediatelybelowtheminthesocialstructure.Thisprocessgivestofashionaverticaldescent.However,theeliteclassfindsthatitisnolongerdistinguishable,byreasonoftheimitationmadebyothers,andhenceisledtoadoptnewdifferentiatingcriteria,onlytodisplacetheseastheyinturnareimitated.Itisprimarilythisfeaturethatmakesfashionintoamovementandwhichhasledonewritertoremarkthatafashion,oncelaunched,movestoitsdoom.

Asamovement,fashionshowlittleresemblancetoanyoftheothermovementswhichwehaveconsidered.Whileitoccursspontaneouslyandmovesalonginacharacteristiccycle,itinvolveslittleinthewayofcrowdbehavioranditisnotdependentuponthediscussionprocessandtheresultingpublicopinion.Itdoesnotdependuponthemechanismsofwhichwehavespoken.Theparticipantsarenotrecruitedthroughagitation.Nomoraleisbuiltupamongthem.Nordoesthefashionmovementhave,orrequired,anideology.Further,sinceitdoesnothavealeadershipimpartingconsciousdirectiontothemovement,itdoesnotbuildupasetoftactics.Peopletakepartinthefashionmovementvoluntarilyandinresponsetotheinterestingandpowerfulkindofcontrolwhichfashionimposesonthem.

1.Itisknownfromthefirstparagraphthat________.

2.Accordingtotheauthor,whichofthefollowingpeopleusuallyleadanewfashion?

3.Whichofthefollowingstatementistrue?

4.Accordingtotheauthor,afashionmovement________.

5.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatafashionmovement________.

問題1選項

A.fashionoriginatesinaclasssociety

B.fashioncanbefoundonlyinafewfieldsofgrouplife

C.fashionoperatesineverysociety

D.peopleliketokeepupwithfashioninaprimitivesociety

問題2選項

A.Philosophers.

B.Artists.

C.Thesocialelite.

D.Writers.

問題3選項

A.Fashion,asamovement,istrue.

B.Theupperclassesplayalittleroleinmakingfashionintoamovement.

C.Afashionwillnevervanishonceitislaunched.

D.Afashionisdestinedtodisappearonceitislaunched.

問題4選項

A.haslittleincommonwithothermovements

B.willeventuallydevelopintoasocialorganization

C.hasapowerfulleadershipguidingit

D.hasasetofsymbolsandvalues

問題5選項

A.functionsinthesamewayasspecificsocialmovements

B.isaformofexpressivebehavior

C.canboostthemoraleofitsparticipants

D.contributesagreatdealtothewayofcrowdbehavior

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:A

第5題:B

【解析】1.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第一段最后一句Itsoperationrequiresaclasssociety,forinitsessentialcharacteritdoesnotoccureitherinahomogeneoussocietylikeaprimitivegroup,orinacastesociety.（它的運(yùn)作需要一個階級社會，因?yàn)閺谋举|(zhì)上講，它既不發(fā)生在原始群體那樣的同質(zhì)社會，也不發(fā)生在種姓社會。），可知A選項“時尚起源于階級社會”正確，B選項“時尚只存在于群體生活的幾個領(lǐng)域”和C選項“時尚存在于每個社會”錯誤，時尚也不會存在于原始社會，D選項“在原始社會，人們喜歡趕時髦”錯誤。因此A選項正確。

2.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段第四句Hencethemoreexternalfeaturesoftheirlifeandbehaviorarelikelytobeimitatedbyclassesimmediatelybelowthem,who,inturn,areimitatedbygroupsimmediatelybelowtheminthesocialstructure.（因此，他們生活和行為的更多外在特征很可能被直接低于他們的階級所模仿，反過來，這些階級又被社會結(jié)構(gòu)中直接低于他們的群體所模仿。），這里指的是社會精英，可知社會精英引領(lǐng)時尚，C選項“社會精英”正確。A選項“哲學(xué)家”，B選項“藝術(shù)家”和D選項“作家”正確。因此C選項正確。

3.語義推測題。根據(jù)第二段最后一句Itisprimarilythisfeaturethatmakesfashionintoamovementandwhichhasledonewritertoremarkthatafashion,oncelaunched,movestoitsdoom.（正是這一特點(diǎn)使時尚成為一種運(yùn)動，也正是這一特點(diǎn)使得一位作家評論道，一種時尚一旦推出，就注定要滅亡。），可知時尚會消亡，也就不是真實(shí)的，D選項“一種時尚一旦推出就注定要消失”正確，A選項“時尚是一種真實(shí)的運(yùn)動”和C選項“一種時尚一旦推出就永遠(yuǎn)不會消失”錯誤。B選項“上層階級在使時尚成為運(yùn)動中發(fā)揮了一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)作用”：上層階級是推動時尚的主要人群，不符合文章內(nèi)容，故錯誤。因此D選項正確。

4.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段第一句Asamovement,fashionshowlittleresemblancetoanyoftheothermovementswhichwehaveconsidered.（作為一種運(yùn)動，時尚與我們考慮過的其他運(yùn)動幾乎沒有相似之處。），所以A選項“與其他運(yùn)動沒有什么共同之處”正確。C選項“有一個強(qiáng)有力的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)引導(dǎo)”：根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第二句itdoesnothavealeadershipimpartingconsciousdirectiontothemovement（沒有領(lǐng)導(dǎo)為運(yùn)動提供有意識的方向），可知不符合文章內(nèi)容。B選項“最終會發(fā)展成一個社會組織”和D選項“有一系列符號和價值”文章沒有提到。因此A選項正確。

5.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一句Peopletakepartinthefashionmovementvoluntarilyandinresponsetotheinterestingandpowerfulkindofcontrolwhichfashionimposesonthem.（人們自愿參加時尚運(yùn)動，是對時尚強(qiáng)加給他們有趣而有力控制的一種響應(yīng)。），可知時尚運(yùn)動是一種對時尚的回應(yīng)，他們通過時尚運(yùn)動這種行為表達(dá)了對時尚的態(tài)度，B選項“是一種表達(dá)行為”正確。A選項“其功能與特定的社會運(yùn)動相同”：根據(jù)第三段第一句Asamovement,fashionshowlittleresemblancetoanyoftheothermovementswhichwehaveconsidered.（作為一種運(yùn)動，時尚與我們考慮過的其他運(yùn)動幾乎沒有相似之處。），可知時尚運(yùn)動和其他社會運(yùn)動沒有相同之處。C選項“可以提高參與者的士氣”：根據(jù)第三段第五句Nomoraleisbuiltupamongthem.（他們沒有樹立起士氣。），可知時尚運(yùn)動不能提高士氣。D選項“對人群行為的方式有很大的貢獻(xiàn)”文章沒有提到。因此B選項正確。

7.單選題

Onescientificdiscipline,duringitsearlystagesofdevelopment,isoftenrelatedtoanotherasanantithesistoitsthesis.Thethesisdisciplinetendtoconcernitselfwithdiscoveryandclassificationofphenomena,toofferholisticexplanationsemphasizingpatternandform,andtouseexistingtheorytoexplainthewidestpossiblerangeofphenomena.Thepairedorantidiscipline,ontheotherhand,canbecharacterizedbyamorefocusedapproach,concentratingontheunitsofconstruction,andbyabeliefthatthedisciplinecanbereformulatedintermsoftheissuesandexplanationsoftheantidiscipline.

Therelationshipofcytology(cellbiology)tobiochemistryinthelatenineteenthcentury,whenbothdisciplinesweregrowingatarapidpace,exemplifiessuchapattern.Researchersincellbiologyfoundmountingevidenceofanintricatecellarchitecture.Theyalsodeducedthemysteriouschoreographyofthechromosomesduringcelldivision.Manybiochemists,ontheotherhand,remainedskepticaloftheideathatsomuchstructureexisted,arguingthatthechemicalreactionsthatoccurincytologicalpreparationsmightcreatetheappearanceofsuchstructures.Also,theystoodapartfromthedebatethenragingoverwhetherprotoplasm,thecomplexoflivingmaterialwithinacell,ishomogeneous,networklike,granular,orfoamlike.Theirinterestlayinthecore“fundamental”issuesofthechemicalnatureofprotoplasm,especiallythenewlyformulatedenzymetheoryoflife.

Ingeneral,biochemistsjudgedcytologiststobetooignorantofchemistrytograspthebasicprocesses,whereascytologistsconsideredthemethodsofbiochemistsinadequatetocharacterizethestructuresofthelivingcell.TherenewalofMendeliangeneticsand,later,progressinchromosomemappingdidlittleatfirsttoeffectasynthesis.

Bothsideswereessentiallycorrect.Biochemistryhasmorethanjustifieditsextravagantearlyclaimsbyexplainingsomuchofthecellularmachinery.Butinachievingthisfeat(mostlysince1950)ithasbeenpartiallytransformedintothehewdisciplineofmolecularbiology—biochemistiythatdealswithspatialarrangementsandmovementsoflargemolecules.Atthesametimecytologyhasmetamorphosedintomodemcellularbiology.Aidedbyelectronmicroscopy,ithasbecomemoresimilarinlanguageandoutlooktomolecularbiology.Theinteractionofadisciplineanditsantidisciplinehasmovedbothsciencestowardasynthesis,namelymoleculargenetics.

Thisinteractionbetweenpaireddisciplinescanhaveimportantresults.Inthecaseoflatenineteenth-centurycellresearch,progresswasfueledbycompetitionamongthevariousattitudesandissuesderivedfromcellbiologyandbiochemistiyJosephFuton,abiochemist,hassuggestedthatsuchcompetitionandtheresultingtensionsamongresearchersareaprincipalsourceofvitalityand“arelikelytoleadtounexpectedandexcitingnoveltiesinthefuture,astheyhaveinthepast.”

1.Whichoneofthefollowingbeststatesthecentralideaofthepassage?

2.Thepassagestatesthatinthelatenineteenthcenturycytologistsdeducedthe（

）.

3.Accordingtothepassage,cytologistsinthelatenineteenthcenturywerecriticalofthecellresearchofbiochemistsbecausecytologistsbelievedthat（

）.

4.Whichoneofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthematerialpresentedinthepassage?

問題1選項

A.Antitheticalscientificdisciplinescanbothstimulateandhinderoneanother’sresearchincomplexways.

B.Antitheticalscientificdisciplinesofteninteractwithoneanotherinwaysthatcanbehighlyuseful.

C.Asdisciplinessuchascytologyandbiochemistryadvance,theirinteractionnecessarilyleadstoasynthesisoftheirapproaches.

D.Cellresearchinthelatenineteenthcenturywasplaguedbydisagreementsbetweencytologistsandbiochemists.

問題2選項

A.mapsofchromosomes

B.sequenceofthemovementofchromosomesduringcelldivision

C.spatialrelationshipofmoleculeswithinthecell

D.roleofenzymesinbiologicalprocesses

問題3選項

A.themethodsofbiochemistrycouldnotadequatelydiscoverandexplainthestructuresoflivingcells

B.themethodsofbiochemistrywereinadequatetoaccountforallofthechemicalreactionsthatoccurredincytologicalpreparations

C.biochemistswerenotinterestedinthenatureofprotoplasm

D.biochemistsweretooignorantofcytologytounderstandthebasicprocessesofthecell

問題4選項

A.Anaccountofaprocessisgiven,andthenthereasonforitsoccurrenceisstated.

B.Asetofexamplesisprovidedandthenaconclusionisdrawnfromthem.

C.Ageneralpropositionisstated,andthenanexampleisgiven.

D.Astatementofprinciplesismade,andthenarationaleforthemisdebated.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:B

第3題:A

第4題:C

【解析】1.主旨大意題。本文首段先提出對立的思維和論文對學(xué)科的發(fā)展很重要，接著以細(xì)胞和生物化的關(guān)系對生物學(xué)發(fā)展的影響為論據(jù)進(jìn)行論述，最后得出結(jié)論說明競爭觀點(diǎn)的共同研究對學(xué)科發(fā)展的重要性，所以B選項‘對立的科學(xué)學(xué)科經(jīng)常以非常有用的方式相互作用’正確。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)原文“Theyalsodeducedthemysteriouschoreographyofthechromosomesduringcelldivision.Manybiochemists,ontheotherhand,remainedskepticaloftheideathatsomuchstructureexisted,arguingthatthechemicalreactionsthatoccurincytologicalpreparationsmightcreatetheappearanceofsuchstructures.另一方面，許多生物化學(xué)家對存在如此多的結(jié)構(gòu)持懷疑態(tài)度，他們認(rèn)為細(xì)胞學(xué)制劑中發(fā)生的化學(xué)反應(yīng)可能會產(chǎn)生這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)。”分析兩種科學(xué)家的觀點(diǎn)，細(xì)胞生物學(xué)家推染色體的神秘編排，而生化學(xué)家認(rèn)為細(xì)胞內(nèi)復(fù)雜的物質(zhì)和原生質(zhì)之間可能存在化學(xué)反應(yīng)等，可以得知B選項‘染色體在細(xì)胞分裂過程中運(yùn)動的序列’正確。同時可知15題答案為A。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)原文：'Theyalsodeducedthemysteriouschoreographyofthechromosomesduringcelldivision.Manybiochemists,ontheotherhand,remainedskepticaloftheideathatsomuchstructureexisted,arguingthatthechemicalreactionsthatoccurincytologicalpreparationsmightcreatetheappearanceofsuchstructures.Also,theystoodapartfromthedebatethenragingoverwhetherprotoplasm,thecomplexoflivingmaterialwithinacell,ishomogeneous.Networklike,granular,orfoamlike.Theirinterestlayincore“fundamental”issuesofthechemicalnatureofprotoplasm,especiallythenewlyformulatedenzymetheoryoflife.另一方面，許多生物化學(xué)家對存在如此多的結(jié)構(gòu)持懷疑態(tài)度，他們認(rèn)為細(xì)胞學(xué)制劑中發(fā)生的化學(xué)反應(yīng)可能會產(chǎn)生這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)。同時，他們也遠(yuǎn)離了當(dāng)時關(guān)于原生質(zhì)(細(xì)胞內(nèi)活物質(zhì)的復(fù)合體)是否均勻的激烈爭論。網(wǎng)狀、粒狀或泡沫狀。他們的興趣在于原生質(zhì)化學(xué)性質(zhì)的核心基本問題，特別是新形成的生命酶理論?！狈治鰞煞N科學(xué)家的觀點(diǎn)，細(xì)胞生物學(xué)家推染色體的神秘編排，而生化學(xué)家認(rèn)為細(xì)胞內(nèi)復(fù)雜的物質(zhì)和原生質(zhì)之間可能存在化學(xué)反應(yīng)等，可以得知A選項‘生物化學(xué)方法不能充分發(fā)現(xiàn)和解釋活細(xì)胞的結(jié)構(gòu)’正確。

4.析推理判斷題。本文釆取提出觀點(diǎn)——引用論據(jù)說一一得出結(jié)論的結(jié)構(gòu)，文中列舉細(xì)胞學(xué)家和生化學(xué)家的實(shí)例對提出的觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行闡述，所以C選項‘給出了一個命題，并給出了一個實(shí)例’正確。

8.單選題

I’dratheryou（）bytrain,becauseIcan’tbeartheideaofyourbeinginanairplaneinsuchbadweather.

問題1選項

A.went

B.wouldgo

C.shouldgo

D.hadgone

【答案】A

【解析】考查虛擬語氣。wouldrather后接句子時，句子謂語習(xí)慣上要用虛擬語氣，常用一般過去時表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼脑竿＞湟猓何覍幵改阕疖嚾ィ驗(yàn)槲覠o法忍受你在這種糟糕的天氣還要乘飛機(jī)的想法。動詞go的一般過去式為went，故選A。

9.單選題

Thequestionofethicsinthelegalprofessionisonethathasplaguedtheindustrysinceitsinception.Thecommonimageofanattorneyisonewhowillresorttoanyunethicaltrickto（1）thelawstofithispurposes.Inthemorespecificindustryofcriminallaw,defenseattorneysareoftencriticizedforadvocating（2）defendantswhoare“obviouslyguilty,”thusbecomingroadblocksonthepathto（3）.Muchtothecontrary,（4）,defenseattorneysprovideavaluableservicethatshouldearnthempraise,notscorn.

Whileitistruethateverylawyerwilldoeverything（5）tointerpretthelawsinthemannermostbeneficialtohisclient,suchacharacterizationis（6）limitedtodefenseattorneys.Theprosecutorwilldothesamething,employingallhislegalknowledgeandknow-howtoestablishtheguiltofthedefendant.（7）,thevaguenatureofthelawishighlighted,anditbecomesavirtualnecessityforeachsidetouseeverytool（8）,ontheassumptionthattheothersidewillalsouseeverytoolathis.Thenetresultemergesasapositive,（9）thetricksoftheopposingattorneycanceloneanotherout,leavingonlythetruth,clearerand（10）manipulation,（11）thejury’sconsideration.

Further,thedefenseattorneyisavitalelementoftheAmericanjudicialsystem,（12）withouthimthedefendantwouldstandnochancewhatsoever.Undertheconstitution,eventhemost“obviousguilty”defendants（13）therighttoafairtrial,involvingsomeoneableandwillingtoadvocateonhisbehalf.Ofcourse,therearebadapplesintheindustrywhoare（14）andcarenothingforactualjustice,and（15）onlyconcernsaretheirwallets.Generallyspeaking,however,without（16）,thesystemwouldcrumbleintoameremachineinwhichdefendantsareassumedguilty,withoutachancetoargueorprove（17）,andmanyinnocentpeople（18）withcrimeswouldbeseverelypunishedfortransgressionsthattheydidn’tcommit.

ItisabasicfactthattheadversarialsystemofjusticeintheUnitedStatesisnecessaryinordertoensure（19）andmostunbiasedpresentationandevaluationofthefactspossible.Withoutdefenseattorneys,thatsystemcannotbecarriedout,and（20）alossofthecivillibertiesthatthenationenjoysandtreasures.Tothatend,allofthosewhomakethatprocessareality,includingdefenseattorneys,deserveoursupportandadmiration,notoursuspicionanddisdain.

問題1選項

A.obey

B.break

C.twist

D.adopt

問題2選項

A.atbehalfof

B.atthebehalfof

C.onbehalfof

D.onthebehalfof

問題3選項

A.civilliberties

B.justice

C.transgression

D.ethics

問題4選項

A.thus

B.furthermore

C.moreover

D.however

問題5選項

A.beyondhispower

B.inpower

C.athispower

D.withinhispower

問題6選項

A.bynomeans

B.byanymeans

C.byallmeans

D.bywhatmeans

問題7選項

A.Inonerespect

B.Inthisrespect

C.Insomerespects

D.Innorespect

問題8選項

A.attheirdisposal

B.attheirdisposals

C.athisdisposal

D.athisdisposals

問題9選項

A.atwhich

B.onwhich

C.inwhich

D.forwhich

問題10選項

A.fullof

B.fullwith

C.devoidof

D.devoidfrom

問題11選項

A.presentingfor

B.presentedfor

C.presentingto

D.presentedto

問題12選項

A.inthat

B.forthat

C.inwhich

D.forwhich

問題13選項

A.willguarantee

B.guarantee

C.willbeguaranteed

D.areguaranteed

問題14選項

A.ethical

B.unethical

C.guilty

D.unbiased

問題15選項

A.what

B.who

C.whose

D.where

問題16選項

A.defenseattorneys

B.prosecutors

C.theconstitution

D.defendants

問題17選項

A.further

B.nevertheless

C.otherwise

D.though

問題18選項

A.arefalselycharged

B.werefalselycharged

C.beingfalselycharged

D.falselycharged

問題19選項

A.afair

B.afairer

C.thefairest

D.thefair

問題20選項

A.willresultin

B.wouldresultin

C.willresultat

D.wouldresultat

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:D

第5題:D

第6題:A

第7題:B

第8題:A

第9題:C

第10題:C

第11題:B

第12題:A

第13題:D

第14題:B

第15題:C

第16題:A

第17題:C

第18題:D

第19題:C

第20題:B

【解析】（1）動詞詞義辨析。obey“服從”；break“打破”；twist“扭