2022年英語文獻(xiàn)以及翻譯(汽車安全系統(tǒng)技術(shù)研究分析)

..可編輯版可編輯版.可編輯版高等教育自學(xué)考試英文翻譯汽車檢測(cè)與維修專業(yè)〔本科〕市地：鄭州市準(zhǔn)考證號(hào)：姓名：河南科技大學(xué)高等教育自學(xué)考試辦公室..可編輯版可編輯版.可編輯版AutomotivesafetysystemsandtechnologyresearchandanalysisAstraffictoolsofthemodernizationandabsolutenumberincreasesharply,trafficaccidentsarealsoincreasing.Caraccidenthasbecomesevereglobalsocialissues.Undoubtedly,advancedautosafetyfacilitiesarethedrivingsafetyindispensablesafeguard.So,weshouldstart,fromtechnologytoresearchanddevelopmentofhighperformance,highsafetycar,alsowanttostrengthentheregularinspectionincars,sotimelymaintenanceinvestigation,makecarsofteningoodtechnicalstatus,soastoimprovethesafetyperformanceofthecar.Hereweintroducedactivesafetytechnologyandautomobilecarpassivesafetytechnology.Autosafetyisaccordingtothetrafficaccidenthappenedbeforeandaftertheclassified.Oneisinatrafficaccidenttakesafetymeasures,especiallybeforeimmediatelywillproduceriskcondition,driversmanipulatethesteeringwheelavoidoremergencybraketoavoidtrafficaccidents.Inthecar,driveinusuallytoensurethebasicmanipulationstability,driversonthesurroundingenvironmentandtoensurethevisualrecognitionsexdrivethecaritself,developedthebasicperformanceant-lockbrakingsystem(ABS),preventslipperydrivesystem(ASR),activesuspension,powersteeringandfour-wheeldrive(4WD),four-wheelsteering(4WS),lightingsystem,wiper,therearviewmirror,preventfromrear-endcollisioncaralarmsystemandlaserradar,etc.Thesesecuritydevicesandtechnology,calledactivesafetysystem,canalsobecalledpreventivesecuritysystem.Ontheotherhand,inordertoreducetrafficaccidentsandcompanybypersonneldirectlysufferdegree,ensurecompanytakestaffandpedestriansafety,saysthesecurityforpassivesafety,canalsobecalledconflictsafety.Whenaftertheaccident,inordertopreventdisasters,includingpreventtheexpansionoffireandmakecrewfromtrafficaccidentcanextricatethesecuritydevicesandsystems,calledpreventdisasterexpandsecuritysystem...可編輯版可編輯版.可編輯版One．Automobileactivesecuritytechnology1.ABSbrakingsystemAnt-lockBrakingSystem(BrakingSystem,lockdobyABScomputersasABS),hydraulicdevice,thewheelspeedsensors,brakehydraulicpipelineandelectricalwiringetc.Theirstructuresareshownbelow.ABStasseledforthecarinvariousdrivingconditionsbrakingperformanceandbrakesafetyparticularlyimportant,especiallyisemergencybraking,canmakefulluseofthepeakbetweentireandroadsurfaceadhesionproperties,improveperformanceandreduceautomobilefightsideslipbrakingdistance,givefullplaytothebrakingperformance,butalsoincreasetheautomobilebrakingprocesscontrol.Soastoreducethepossibilityofcaraccidents.NoinstallationABScar,ifthedrivingforcetramplebrakepedal,wheelwillrapidlylowerspeed,andfinallywheelsstopturning,butbodybecauseofinertiaremainsforwardsliding.Thisphenomenonwasatthewheelandpavementoccurbetweenlarger"slip",appearthiskindofsituation,thecartiresofautomobilelateralspreadsalmostdisappear,sopoorforcewillappearthefollowingphenomena:(1)Steeringstabilityfall:thesteeringwheelisineffective,vehicletailmanipulationofcurl,seriouswhenvehiclecirclesorappearfoldingphenomenon;(2)Handlingfall:manipulatethesteeringwheelandshortofsteeringrequirements;(3)Brakingdistanceextended:morethangeneralbrakingdistance.So,wecanimaginetohaveinstalledABSsystemofthecarsafetyisveryimportant...可編輯版可編輯版.可編輯版2．theASRdrivetorquecontrolsystemABSareusedtopreventcarbrakingprocesswheellock,willwheelslidingratecontrolinidealrange,soastoshortenthebrakingdistance,improveautomobilebrakingdirectionstabilityandsteeringcontrol,soastoimprovethesafetyofthecar.Alongwiththeincreaseofvehicleperformancerequirements,notonlyinbrakingprocessrequiredtopreventwheellock,andaskedthedrivertopreventdriverollerskatingturnintheprocess,makingcarsinthedirectionstability,drivingprocesssteeringcontrolabilityandaccelerationperformance,soareimprovedbythecardrivetorquesteeringsystemASR(AccelerationsRegulation)Slip.ASRistheperfectcomplementandABSASR,butmostaloneissetwithABScombinedtogether,commonlyusedABS/ASRsays,calledantiskidcontrolsystem.ASRismainlyusedtopreventcarinthebeginning,acceleratethewheels,guaranteeslipinthecaracceleratedrateandimprovethestabilityinbadpavementdriveattachedconditions.Itmakesnodifferencespeedinthecarlockiceroadsandmuddyroadstartedandtoimproveitscapacity,alsocanpreventhighinspeedbyturningcarsglidingpavementandrearlateralspreadsphenomenon.Anyhow,preventthewheelbecauseASRslip,canmaximizetheenginedrivingmomentofcarshadenough,ensurethelongitudinalforce,lateralforceandmanipulationofpower,makecarsinstarting,steeringandacceleratetheprocess,inglidingandmuddyroad,inamountainareadownhillprocesscansteadilydriving,guaranteesthesafety,reducingtirewearandfuelconsumption,andimprovesthecardrivingcapability.3．VDCsystemABS/ASRsystemsuccessfullysolvesthebrakeandthecarwhendrivendirectionstabilityproblem,butcannotsolvethevehiclesteeringstabilityproblemdrivingdirection.Forexamplewhensteeringroad,inevitablybylateralandlongitudinalforce,onlylocalsurfacecanprovidefulllateralandlongitudinalforce,thepilotcancontrolvehicles.Ifthegroundadhesionabilitylowerlateral,willdamagecarsdrivingabilitypredetermineddirection.Rainydayscarsdriving,oftenhigh-speedsteeringlateralslidingout,itisthegroundbecauseofinsufficientlateraladhesionability.Toresolvetheissue,anddevelopedcountriesautomobileindustryrecentlyinABS/ASRsystemonthebasisofthedevelopmentofdynamicControlsystem(intocarDynamicsControl,theabbreviationVDCVehicle).Thesystemofthecarbrake,driving,suspension,steering,engineandsoonvariousmainassemblycontrolsysteminfunction,structureorganicgroundcomprehensivetogether,canmakecarsinallkindsofbadworkingconditions,suchasiceroadpavement,commuting,riverbendpavementandtookevasiveactionmovingline,brakingandaccelerationandthedownhillfordifferentconditions,suchasbearing,differenttypepressureanddifferentlevelsoftypewearallhavegooddirectionstability,toshowthebestdrivingperformance.VDCapplications,inbraking,accelerationandsteeringaspectsofdriver'sfullyreleasedrequest,isthecarofactivesafetydrivinganewmilestone...可編輯版可編輯版.可編輯版VDCofsteeringcontrolsystemismainlybydrivingforeachwheelbrakecontrolandenginepoweroutputcontroltorealize.Forexample,ifthecarturnleftfrontwheelforsteeringtheinadequatecapacitytendtoslipoutofthecorner,VDCsystemcanmeasureimminent,justknowlateralspreadsleftrearbrakeadoptappropriatemeasures.Ifatthesamecorner,becauserearwheeltendtoslipoutoffavoroflateralovermuch,VDCsystemisproperbrakingtofront-rightwheelfailure,maintainthestabilityofthevehicledriving.Inextremecases,VDCsystemcanalsotakereduceenginetoreducethepoweroutput,andtoreducethespeedofthedemandsideadhesionabilitytomaintainthestabilityofthevehicledriving.AdoptVDCsystem,automobileinfoliopavementorcornerofpavementbrakingdistancestillcanfurtherreduce...可編輯版可編輯版.可編輯版4．CCScarscruisecontrolsystemAutocruiseControlSystem(CruiserControlSystem,abbreviationforCCS)iscanmakeautomobileworkinenginefavorablespeedrange,reducedriver'sdrivingmanipulatelaborintensity,improvethedrivingcomforttheautomaticdrivingdevice.Carcruisingsystem(CCS)roleisrequiredbythedriver:afteranormally-closedswitch,nospeedontheacceleratorpedalcanautomaticallykeepthespeed,makethevehiclewiththefixedspeed.Usingthisdevice,whenonthehighwayafteralongtime,thedriverdrivingnothavetocontroltheacceleratorpedal,reducefatigue,whilereducingunnecessaryspeedchange,canreducesavefuel.Autocruisecontrolsystemistheearliestdevelopmentoftheautomotiveelectroniccontrolsystem.ThissystemUSESanotherspeedsensor,willspeedsignalinputenginecontrolmicrocomputer,bymicrocomputercontrolvacuumsystemwork.Thissystemcanmakeuseoftheserver,speedcontrolswitchleverandbrakepedalonvacuumliftswitchesetc,itsfunctionandbasicsystemthesame.Inthissystem,electroniccontroldevicecanaccordchangeofdrivingresistance,automaticregulationenginethrottleAngle,makethespeedconstant.Suchnotonlyreduceunnecessaryspeedchange,whichsavesfuel,alsoreducedthedriver'sburden.Two.Automobilepassivesafetytechnology1.SeatbeltCarseatbeltisasafetydevice,itcanincarcollisionorsharpturn,makecrewtokeepitsoriginalpositionaspossiblewithoutmobileandrotation,avoidcollisionwithin-carhardpartscauseddamage.Seatbeltsandairbags,asmoderncarsaresafetydevices,butthelonghistoryoftheformer,popularizethescope...可編輯版可編輯版.可編輯版Theseeminglysimpleseatbeltactuallynot"simple".Attentionhasbeenattheforefrontoftrafficsafety,throughtheanalysisofgeneralmotorsafteracaraccidentfound:seatbeltnotonlymakespeopleprotectthelives,canbeinmorethanhalfoftheaccidenttoreduceoreveneliminatedrivers,motoristsarethechanceofinjury.Carcollisionorunexpectedemergencybrakingforcegeneratedgreatinertia,willallowthedriverandpassengerandcarwindscreen,steeringwheel,seat,collisionhappenedobjectssuchassecondarytodriveiscausedextremelyeasilycrewseriousdamage,evendriveoccupantseatsorthrewtheapex,seatbeltscanwillrideintheseat.BondagepersonnelWhenhastheaccident,whichcaneffectivelypreventthecollision,anditsbufferrolecanabsorbsagreatdealofkineticenergy,reduceridespersonnelextentoftheinjuries.Fastenyourseatbeltairbagsplayourroleisalsoanimportantcondition.Becausetheairbagtomaximizerolefortherideintheimpactofthephysicallocation,sittinginstantactionhaveextremelystrictandtherequirements.Otherwise,theairbagstartedstronginstantaneouswallopstoheadarefragilesite,maycauseseriousdamage,especiallyforchildren,thisdamagecanbefatal.Eventhemostordinarythreebelts,tryacantimelyincrashthatlivedridesthebundle,ensuretheupperpartofarideintheairbagfullyextendedrange,maketheairbagmosteffectivelyplayefficacy.Accordingly,mustnotbecausethecarisequippedwithairbagsandfeelcarefreeseatbeltfastened,onlytoreduceoreliminatethetrafficaccidenthappen.2.TheairbagWhenthefrontcollisionhappenedstrong,becauseinertia,whoridesthebodyforwardfastmoving,thenseatbeltsandwilltryto"pull"ridesonpersonthebody,absorbsomeoftheimpactenergy,whiletheairbagwith"theeyepiecetrend"inflatableandcompletelyopen;Thentheridestheupperbodywillsinktoairbags,gasalsobeganfromtheventairuniformescaping,andabsorbedmostoftheimpactenergy;Subsequently,theridebackseatandreturntothebody.Abovethewholeprocessisalmostalwayshappensinaflash,whoridesthecompletelyinpassivesituation,inthiscase,thepassiverelyonauxiliaryoccupantprotectionsystemistheonlyoption.AirbagsdevelopmentdesignisbasedontheprotectiononseatbeltCo.,LTD;theycooperatewitheachothertoridetheplaytheauxiliaryprotectiveeffect...可編輯版可編輯版.可編輯版Seatbeltusageinundertheconditionofthecrew,balloonhelpreducechest,headandfacialinjuriesintheseriousnessofthecollision.Whencarcollisionhappenedbefore,thefirstisthecartostopmotion,carundertheactionofinertialforcecrewstogoforwardwiththeoriginalspeedstillsport.Notwearingaseatbeltcrewswillandsteeringdish,frontwindscreentogether,soitcanbeseverelyhurt;Wearingaseatbeltascarstopthecrewcanstopmovingforwardmovementandgradually.Ifcollisionviolent,crewforwardmovementoftheseatbelts,evenfasterinthecompletestopbeforemotion,stillandin-carthingstogether.Ifthisfashioninsteeringthediskorwithinthepopupballooninflateddash,itcanprotecttheoccupantreducethepossibilityofcartogetherwiththings,moreuniformdispersionhead,chest,absorbtheimpactenergyofmovement,thuscrewhasaddedeffectofseatbelts.Inadditiontoseatbeltsandairbagsoutsidecarpassivesafetytechnologyincludescarbumper,automobilesafetyglass,securitybody,occupantheadandneckprotectionsystem(WHIPS),etc.Thesevehiclestoimprovethesafetyperformancehasveryimportantcontribution..可編輯版可編輯版.可編輯版汽車平安系統(tǒng)技術(shù)研究分析隨著交通工具的現(xiàn)代化和絕對(duì)數(shù)量的急劇增長,車禍也不斷增加。汽車交通事故已成為嚴(yán)峻的全球性社會(huì)問題。毋庸置疑,先進(jìn)的汽車平安設(shè)施是行車平安不可缺少的保障。所以,我們要從技術(shù)上入手,努力研究開發(fā)高性能、高平安性的汽車,同時(shí)也要加強(qiáng)對(duì)在用汽車的定期檢查,以便及時(shí)維修調(diào)查,使汽車經(jīng)常處于良好的技術(shù)狀況,以提高汽車行駛的平安性能。這里我們重點(diǎn)介紹汽車主動(dòng)平安技術(shù)和汽車被動(dòng)平安技術(shù)。汽車的平安性是按交通事故發(fā)生的前后加以分類的。一方面是在交通事故發(fā)生之前采取平安措施,特別當(dāng)即將發(fā)生危險(xiǎn)狀態(tài)時(shí),駕駛者操縱方向盤避讓或者緊急制動(dòng)以防止交通事故發(fā)生。汽車在通常的行駛中,為確保駕駛者的根本操縱穩(wěn)定性,對(duì)周圍環(huán)境的視認(rèn)性和確保汽車本身的根本行駛性能,開發(fā)了防抱死制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)(ABS)、防滑驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)(ASR)、主動(dòng)懸架、動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)向、四輪驅(qū)動(dòng)(4WD)、四輪轉(zhuǎn)向(4WS)、燈光照明系統(tǒng)、刮水器、后視鏡、防止車輛追尾的車距報(bào)警系統(tǒng)和激光雷達(dá)等。這些平安裝置和技術(shù)稱為主動(dòng)平安系統(tǒng),也可稱為預(yù)防平安系統(tǒng)。另一方面,為了盡量減少交通事故和司乘人員直接受害程度,保證司乘人員和行人的平安,稱這種平安性為被動(dòng)平安,也可稱為沖突平安。當(dāng)事故發(fā)生后,為了防止災(zāi)害的擴(kuò)大,包括防止火災(zāi)和使乘員能從事故車輛中解脫出來的平安裝置和系統(tǒng),稱為防止災(zāi)害擴(kuò)大的平安系統(tǒng)。一、汽車主動(dòng)平安技術(shù)1．ABS防抱死制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)防抱死制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)(Anti-lockBrakingSystem,簡(jiǎn)稱ABS)由ABS電腦、液壓裝置、車輪轉(zhuǎn)速傳感器、制動(dòng)液壓管路及電器配線等組成。..可編輯版可編輯版.可編輯版ABS系統(tǒng)對(duì)于汽車在各種行駛條件下的制動(dòng)性能及制動(dòng)平安尤為重要，特是緊急制動(dòng)，能夠充分利用輪胎和路面之間的峰值附著性能，提高汽車抗側(cè)滑性能并縮短制動(dòng)距離，充分發(fā)揮制動(dòng)效能，同時(shí)增加了汽車制動(dòng)過程中的可控性。從而減少了汽車事故發(fā)生的可能性。沒有安裝ABS的汽車，如果在行駛中用力踩踏制動(dòng)踏板，車輪會(huì)急速降低轉(zhuǎn)速，最后車輪停止轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，但車身由于慣性依然保持向前滑動(dòng)。這種現(xiàn)象在車輪與路面之間發(fā)生較大的“滑移〞，出現(xiàn)這種狀況時(shí)，汽車輪胎對(duì)路面的側(cè)滑摩差力幾乎消失，于是會(huì)出現(xiàn)下述現(xiàn)象：〔1〕轉(zhuǎn)向穩(wěn)定性下降：方向盤操縱不靈，車輛尾部上翹，嚴(yán)重時(shí)車輛打轉(zhuǎn)或出現(xiàn)折疊現(xiàn)象；〔2〕操縱性下降：操縱方向盤而達(dá)不到轉(zhuǎn)向要求；〔3〕制動(dòng)距離延長：超過一般的制動(dòng)距離。所以，可想而知有無裝設(shè)ABS系統(tǒng)對(duì)汽車行駛的平安性是非常重要的。2．ASR驅(qū)動(dòng)防滑控制系統(tǒng)ABS用于防止汽車制動(dòng)過程中車輪抱死，將車輪的滑移率控制在理想的范圍內(nèi)，以縮短制動(dòng)距離，提高汽車制動(dòng)時(shí)方向穩(wěn)定性和轉(zhuǎn)向操縱性，從而提高汽車行駛的平安性。隨著對(duì)汽車性能要求的提高，不僅要求在制動(dòng)過程中防止車輪抱死，而且要求在驅(qū)動(dòng)過程中防止驅(qū)動(dòng)輪滑轉(zhuǎn)，使汽車在驅(qū)動(dòng)過程中的方向穩(wěn)定性、轉(zhuǎn)向控制能力和加速性能都得到提高，因此采用了汽車驅(qū)動(dòng)防滑轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)ASR〔AccelerationsSlipRegulation〕。ASR是ABS的完善和補(bǔ)充，ASR可單獨(dú)設(shè)置，但大多數(shù)是與ABS組合一起，常用ABS/ASR表示，稱為防滑控制系統(tǒng)。ASR主要用來防止汽車在起步、加速時(shí)車輪的滑轉(zhuǎn)，保證汽車在加速過程中的穩(wěn)定性并改善在不良路面上的驅(qū)動(dòng)附著條件。它可以使無差速鎖的汽車在冰雪路面和泥濘道路上起步并改善其通行能力，還可以防止在車速較高并通過滑溜路面又轉(zhuǎn)彎時(shí)汽車后部的側(cè)滑現(xiàn)象。..可編輯版可編輯版.可編輯版總之，ASR由于防止了車輪的滑轉(zhuǎn)，便可最大限度地利用發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的驅(qū)動(dòng)力矩，保證汽車有足夠的縱向力、側(cè)向力和操縱力，使汽車在起動(dòng)、轉(zhuǎn)向和加速過程中，在滑溜和泥濘路面上、在山區(qū)上下坡過程中都能穩(wěn)定地行駛，既保證了行車平安，減少輪胎磨損和燃油消耗，又改善了汽車的驅(qū)動(dòng)性能。3．VDC系統(tǒng)ABS/ASR系統(tǒng)成功地解決了汽車在制動(dòng)和驅(qū)動(dòng)時(shí)的方向穩(wěn)定性問題，但不能解決汽車轉(zhuǎn)向行駛的方向穩(wěn)定性問題。例如當(dāng)汽車轉(zhuǎn)向行駛時(shí)，不可防止地受到側(cè)向和縱向力的作用，只有當(dāng)?shù)孛婺軌蛱峁┏浞值膫?cè)向和縱向力時(shí)，駕駛員才能控制住車輛。如果地面?zhèn)认蚋街芰Ρ容^低，就會(huì)損害汽車按預(yù)定方向行駛的能力。雨天汽車高速轉(zhuǎn)向行駛時(shí)，常常側(cè)向滑出,就是地面?zhèn)认蚋街芰θ狈Φ木壒?。為解決此問題，最近汽車工業(yè)興旺國家又在ABS/ASR系統(tǒng)的根底上開展成汽車動(dòng)態(tài)控制系統(tǒng)〔VehicleDynamicsControl，簡(jiǎn)稱VDC〕。這個(gè)系統(tǒng)把汽車的制動(dòng)、驅(qū)動(dòng)、懸架、轉(zhuǎn)向、發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)等各主要總成的控制系統(tǒng)在功能上、結(jié)構(gòu)上有機(jī)地綜合在一起，可使汽車在各種惡劣工況下，如冰雪路面上、對(duì)開路面上、彎道路面上以及采取躲避動(dòng)作移線、制動(dòng)、加速和下坡等工況時(shí)，對(duì)不同承載、不同輪胎氣壓和不同程度的輪胎磨損都有良好的方向穩(wěn)定性，表現(xiàn)出最正確的行駛性能。VDC的應(yīng)用，在制動(dòng)、加速和轉(zhuǎn)向方面完全解脫對(duì)駕駛員的要求，是汽車的主動(dòng)平安行駛方面的一個(gè)新的里程碑。VDC系統(tǒng)對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)向行駛的控制主要是借助于對(duì)各個(gè)車輪的制動(dòng)控制和發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)功率輸出控制來實(shí)現(xiàn)的。例如汽車左轉(zhuǎn)彎時(shí)，假設(shè)前輪因轉(zhuǎn)向能力缺乏而趨于滑出彎道，VDC系統(tǒng)即可測(cè)知側(cè)滑即將發(fā)生，就采取適當(dāng)制動(dòng)左后輪的方法。假設(shè)在同一彎道上，因后輪趨于側(cè)向滑出而轉(zhuǎn)向過多，VDC系統(tǒng)即采取適當(dāng)制動(dòng)右前輪的方法，維持車輛的穩(wěn)定行駛。在極端情況下，VDC系統(tǒng)還可采取降低發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)功率輸出的方法降低行駛車速，減少對(duì)地面?zhèn)认蚋街芰Φ男枨髞砭S持車輛的穩(wěn)定行駛。采用..可編輯版可編輯版.可編輯版VDC系統(tǒng)后，汽車在對(duì)開路面上或彎道路面