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關(guān)于英語寫作的主題句和段落第1頁,共86頁,2022年,5月20日,3點38分,星期六段落的結(jié)構(gòu)“人之立言,因字而成句,積句而成章,積章而成篇。”

──劉勰《文心雕龍·章句》一篇文章只有漂亮生動的句子還是不夠的,我們還必須注意把文意所銜領(lǐng)的句子按照一定的規(guī)律組織起來,成為一個或者數(shù)個段落,從而使要表達的各層意思都清晰分明。只有這樣構(gòu)成的文章,才會給人渾然一體但又清晰有致的美感。

第2頁,共86頁,2022年,5月20日,3點38分,星期六一、主題句“揭全文之指,或在篇首,或在篇中,或在篇末。在篇首,則后必顧之;在篇末,則前必注之;在篇中,則前注之,后顧之?!边@是劉熙載在《藝概》中講的話,雖然說的是漢語整篇文章的寫作,但同樣適用于英文段落。在比較正規(guī)的英文寫作(formalwriting)中,往往就有這樣的“揭全段之旨”的句子,它就是主題句(topicsentence)。簡單一點說,主題句就是對全段主題的概括性陳述。段落中其他的句子都是對它的擴展、支持或證明。主題句起著統(tǒng)攝全段的作用。在寫作者一方,下筆可以力顧著眼點,做到內(nèi)容醒目突出而且不跑題。而在讀者一方,則可以通過主題句迅速地明確作者的主題,讀起文章來比較快捷。需要指出的是,英語文章對全文的主旨句和段落主題句的要求是非漢語文章所及的。受兩種文化的影響,漢語文章在結(jié)構(gòu)方面往往比英語文章更加隨意,作者既可以開門見山立顯要旨,也可曲徑通幽委婉道來,甚至可以指桑罵槐旁敲側(cè)擊。對于主題的揭示很多情況下都采取“春秋筆法”,隱而不說。英語的文章段落則要明白得多,往往需要規(guī)矩完整的主旨句和主題句。這一點需要每一個英語作文學(xué)習(xí)者寄予相當(dāng)?shù)淖⒁?。為加強這方面的意識,我們下面看毛榮貴和DorineS.Houston合編的《中國大學(xué)生作文評改》中的兩個例子:第3頁,共86頁,2022年,5月20日,3點38分,星期六Inthisworld,weshouldthinkmoreofotherpeoplethanofourselves.Bysodoing,ourworldwillbefullofhappiness.This,ofcourse,ismypersonalview.ButitisalessonIhavedrawnfromoneofmyownexperience.Sonow,Iwouldliketosharethatexperiencewithyou,mydearreader.這是一名中國大學(xué)生的作文ApplauseontheBus中的開頭。在本書的中國編者看來,這樣的開頭自然而且不俗,符合漢語寫作的習(xí)慣。然而美國編者認為:Thisisessentiallyasolidessay.Thewriterusesananecdotetomakeapoint…Nowwejustneedtogiveitagood,strongtopicsentenceusingthewriter’sownideastoformit.她給這個開頭段擬了下面的主題句:第4頁,共86頁,2022年,5月20日,3點38分,星期六Alittlegirltaughtme,andabusfulofpeople,animportantlessonabouttheimportanceofthinkingmoreofotherpeoplethanofourselves.OnedayItookaverycrowdedbustoschool…第5頁,共86頁,2022年,5月20日,3點38分,星期六在另外一篇作文PartofMyChildhood中,作者開頭是這樣寫的:Inmychildhood,thereweresomanythingsthatwereworthcallingtomind.Somemademehappy,somemademeexcited,andsomemademesad.Butamongthemwasanunforgettablething,whenIthinkofit,mygoodfriendTongTongwilloccurtome.作為漢語讀者來說,首先用抒情的筆法奠定一種氛圍,然后引導(dǎo)讀者逐漸進入對于往事的回憶,這樣的開頭是非常自然而且感人的。但是美國編者顯然不這樣認為:Thisisamovingstoryaboutfriendswhohavequarreled.Itneedsagoodtopicsentencetobringthereaderintothefeelingsandmessagethewriterwantstoconvey.這位美國編者提供了這樣的開頭:第6頁,共86頁,2022年,5月20日,3點38分,星期六OneofthemostunforgettableexperienceofmychildhoodinvolvesmygoodfriendTongTong.IthappenedwhenIwaseightyearsold…..我們從上面兩個例子可以看出,盡管有千篇一律的嫌疑,英語的寫作追求的審美效果和漢語寫作是大相異趣的。學(xué)習(xí)英文寫作,對這樣的差異要時刻牢記。

第7頁,共86頁,2022年,5月20日,3點38分,星期六主題句的位置一般說來,主題句既可以是在段落的開始,也可以處于段落的中間或者末尾。1)主題句在段首主題句放在句首是英語段落寫作中最常見的一種方法?!吨袊髮W(xué)生作文評改》的中國作者毛榮貴說:“筆者曾就美版的Reader’sDigest和Time兩本期刊的100篇短文做過調(diào)查,發(fā)現(xiàn)其中僅有兩篇其topicsentence較為模糊,而有68篇的topicsentence均被置于文/段首,其余30篇已經(jīng)將段落的topicsentence升格為小標(biāo)題?!备鶕?jù)這種情況,我們建議所有的英語作文初學(xué)者將段落的主題句放置于段首。下面是幾個相應(yīng)的例子:第8頁,共86頁,2022年,5月20日,3點38分,星期六JaneandKarenhavemanythingsincommon.Tobeginwith,bothgirlshavethesamebackground.JanewasbornandraisedintheWest,andsowasKaren.Next,bothgirlsareinterestedinthesamekindsofsubjectsinschool.JanelikesFrench,history,andEnglish.Inthesameway,KarenlikesSpanish,historyandEnglish.Furthermore,bothgirlswanttobeteachers.Janeplanstobecomeanelementaryschoolteacher.ButKarenwantstobeahighschoolteacher.Asyoucansee,thetwogirlsarealmostliketwins.第9頁,共86頁,2022年,5月20日,3點38分,星期六Evenwhenweareverycarefulinthethingswedoeachday,theriskof

lossandinjuryisalwayswithus.Startingthedaywithashower,weriskslippingandfallingthroughtheglassdoor.Ridingtowork,weriskcollision.Whileweareawayfromourhomes,theriskoffireandburglaryisgreater.Goingtoschool,ourchildrenriskbeinginjured.Wealsolossthroughunintentionalactionsofourownthatmightinjureothers.Sucheventsmayoccurregardlessofhowcarefulwemaytrytobe,andtheycancostusalotofmoney.Ratherthantakingthechanceofbeingwipedoutfinancially,wetransfersomeorourriskstoothers,webuyinsurance.第10頁,共86頁,2022年,5月20日,3點38分,星期六Eatinglunchisoneofmyfavoritepastimes.Becauselunchcomesinthemiddleoftheday,itgivesmeawelcomebreakfromstudying.Atschool,lunchmeansthirtyminutesoutofclassandachancetorestafterthemorning’swork.Whileeating,IcanplanwhatI’mgoingtodointheafternoon.Andbesidesofferingapleasantbreakintheday,lunchisalwaysagoodmeal.第11頁,共86頁,2022年,5月20日,3點38分,星期六2)主題句在段落中間Theofficersofmostdoctorstodayareoverloadedwithpeoplewhoareconvincedthatsomethingdreadfulisabouttohappentothem.Atthefirstsignofpaintheyruntoadoctor,failingtorealizethatpainisrarelyanindicationorpoorhealth.Wearebecominganationofpill-grabbersandhypochondriacswhoregardtheslightestacheasasearingordeal.Insteadofattackingthemostcommoncausesofpainsuchastension,worry,boredom,frustration,insufficientsleep,overeating,poordiets,smoking,orexcessivedrinking,toomanypeoplereachalmostinstinctivelyforthepainkillers---aspirins,barbiturates,codeine,tranquilizers,sleepingpills,anddozensofotherdesensitizingdrugs.第12頁,共86頁,2022年,5月20日,3點38分,星期六CaliforniansandNewEnglandersarebothAmerican.Theyspeakthesamelanguageandabidebythesamefederallaws.Buttheyareverydifferentintheirwaysoflife.Mobility---bothphysicalandpsychological---hasmadeagreatimpressiononthecultureofCalifornians;lackofmobilityisthemarkofthecustomsandmoralityofNewEnglanders.第13頁,共86頁,2022年,5月20日,3點38分,星期六3)主題句在段落末尾

Atthebeginningofawritingcourse,manystudentsearnlowgradesbecausetheyareinexperiencedwriters.Theysimplydon’tknowhowtowriteaneffectiveessay,andintheprocessoflearningtodoso,theymakemistakes---andlowgrades.Suchgradesaffectthestudents’confidenceandmorale,makingwritinganunpleasanttaskassociatedwithanxietyandfailure.Asaresult,studentsarediscouraged;insteadofworkingseriouslyontheirwriting,theyspendtimeworryingabouttheeasiestwaytoearnabettergradeonthenextpaper---usuallybywriting“safe”papersthataresimpleandcorrectbutlackinginthought.Therefore,theassigningoftraditionalgradesinafreshmanwritingcourseoftenworksagainstthepurposeofthecourse---tohelpstudentslearntowritebetter.第14頁,共86頁,2022年,5月20日,3點38分,星期六AmericansmightbeembarrassedbecausetheirJapanesefriendsaresoformalwiththem.JapanesemightfeelinsultedbecauseAmericanacquaintancesgreetthemcasually.Still,theformsofgreetinginbothcountriesonlyshowrespectforothers.ItjusthappensthatAmericansandJapanesehaveadifferentwayoflookingathumanrelationshipsandthushaveadifferentwayshowingrespect.第15頁,共86頁,2022年,5月20日,3點38分,星期六4)段落沒有主題句

英文正規(guī)的文章,尤其是informativewriting很少沒有主題句的,沒有主題句的情況一般出現(xiàn)在記敘文體中。但是也有作者有意隱而不說的情況。Thebrightchildispatient.Hecantolerateuncertaintyandfailure,andwillkeeptryinguntilhegetsananswer.Whenallhisexperimentsfail,hecanevenadmittohimselfandothersthatforthetimebeingheisnotgoingtogetananswer.Thismayannoyhim,buthecanwait.Veryoften,hedoesnotwanttobetoldhowtodotheproblemorsolvethepuzzlehehasstruggledwith,becausehedoesnotwanttobecheatedoutofthechancetofigureitoutforhimselfinthefuture.Notsothedullchild.Hecannotstanduncertaintyorfailure.Tohim,anunansweredquestionisnotachallengeoranopportunity,butathreat.Ifhecan’tfindtheanswerquickly,itmustbegiventohim,andquickly;andhemusthaveanswersforeverything.Sucharethechildrenofwhomasecond-gradeteacheroncesaid,“Butmychildrenliketohavequestionsforwhichthereisonlyoneanswer.”Theydid;andbyamysteriouscoincidence,sodidshe.(Impliedtopicsentence:Toabrightchildapuzzleorunansweredquestionisachallenge,whereastoadullchilditisathreat.)第16頁,共86頁,2022年,5月20日,3點38分,星期六Firstyoumustwaitforasunnyday.Rememberthattheraysofthesunaremostdirectbetween11A.M.and2P.M.Thisisthetimewhenyouwilltanthequickest.Attherighttimeandontherightday,pickanopenspotoutdoorsandlayoutalargetowelorbeachmat.Youmaywanttobringalongseveralthings:suntanoil,aportableradio,abookormagazine,sunglasses,apillow.Itisagoodideanottostayinthesuntoolongatfirst.Beginwithahalfhour,andthengraduallyincreasethetimeyouspendinthesun.Certainpartsofyourbodywillburnmorequicklythanothers.Theseincludethebacksofyourknees,theinsideofyourelbows,yourshoulders,andyournose.Besuretocoverthesespotswithsuntanoilwhenyoufirstgooutside.Coverthemagainwithoilafteryouhavebeenoutsideinthesunforawhile.(Possibleimpliedtopicsentence:Takingasunbathcallsforcarefulplanning.)第17頁,共86頁,2022年,5月20日,3點38分,星期六主題句的寫作要注意兩個基本要求:第一是要包含主導(dǎo)思想(thecontrollingidea);第二是要做到概括和具體的統(tǒng)一。在一般情況下,一個段落要求作者只表達一個意思,不同的意思要放在另外的段落中表達,否則容易枝杈橫生,使人不得要領(lǐng)。這個意思就是主導(dǎo)思想。例如我們不能說:“Wehadapleasantsummervacationbutsummervacationalwaysseemsshort.”。因為前面一個分句表述了一個事實,后面一個分句表述的是作者的一種看法。你不可能在一個段落中做到兩方面都兼顧。在具體的主題句寫作中,作者還要注意把自己的思想用最切近的語言表達出來。既不能過于概括,也不能過于具體。如果過于概括,作者的寫作往往會漫無目標(biāo)或者以偏概全,從而造成段落因為得不到應(yīng)有的充實而顯得空泛無力;如果主題句過于具體,作者的思想就沒有發(fā)揮的余地,極易造成對一個意思的顛倒重復(fù),而真正的意思卻不能得到充分的表達。在具體的寫作中,最容易出現(xiàn)的現(xiàn)象就是主題句過于概括的現(xiàn)象。第18頁,共86頁,2022年,5月20日,3點38分,星期六寫主題句時要回避以下4個錯誤:IncompleteShouldnotbeaquestionMustnotbetoobroadShouldnotcontainphraseslike“Ithink”,“Inmyopinion”,etc.第19頁,共86頁,2022年,5月20日,3點38分,星期六Mymotherhaspassedalongtomecertainrulesforgettingalongwithothers.Don'targuewithparents;theywillthinkyoudon'tlovethem.Don'targuewithchildren;theywillthinkthemselvesvictimized.Don'targuewithspouses;theywillthinkyouareatiresomemate.Don'targuewithstrangers;theywillthinkyouarenotfriendly.Mymother'srules,infact,canbesummedupintwowords:Don'targue.

第20頁,共86頁,2022年,5月20日,3點38分,星期六

Ourlifetodaydependsverymuchonenergy.Intownsandinvillages,onfarmsandinfactories,machineshavemadelifeeasierthanitusedtobe.Themachinesuseenergy,andenergyisneededforheating,lighting,communications,carryinggoods--everything.Factoriesandindustrialplantsuseagreatdealofenergytomakethethingsthatweuseandbuyandsell第21頁,共86頁,2022年,5月20日,3點38分,星期六(主題句)Noonecanavoidbeinginfluencedbyadvertisements.(推展句1)Muchaswemayprideourselvesonourgoodtaste,wearenolongerfreetochoosewhateverwewant,foradvertisingexertsasubtleinfluenceonus.(推展句2)Intheireffortstopersuadeustobuythisorthatproduct,advertisershavemadeaclosestudyofhumannatureandhaveclassifiedallourlittleweakness.Therearetwowaysinwhichonecanownabook.Thefirstisthepropertyrightyouestablishbypayingforit,justasyouhavemadeitapartofyourselfandthebestwaytomakeyourselfapartofitisbywritinginit.第22頁,共86頁,2022年,5月20日,3點38分,星期六請看下面的病例:Iwanttotalkaboutmyfather.Heisstrictwithhischildren,especiallyme.Hewon’tletmeoutofthehouseunlessI’vedoneallmyhomework.Heisatallandratherskinnyman.Somepeoplesayheisgood-looking.Hehasanicestreakofgrayinhishair.Helaughsalotandenjoyslife.Myfatherisinteresting.讀完這個段落,我們只能得到對于“我的父親”的一些零亂的印象,但又都不鮮明。造成這種情況的主要原因是作者沒有寫好主題句?!癐wanttotalkaboutmyfather”這個主題句過于寬泛,沒有起到限定話題的作用。所以作者一會兒講作者父親對待我的態(tài)度;一會兒講父親的外貌特征,過一會兒又說到父親的性格特征。真如同筆下穿著溜冰鞋,滑來滑去,不知所終。

第23頁,共86頁,2022年,5月20日,3點38分,星期六擴展句一個段落是由主題句和擴展句共同構(gòu)成的。擴展句是對主題句的延伸或證明。它們之間的關(guān)系構(gòu)成一個段落好壞的關(guān)鍵。擴展句和主題句之間至少要注意以下兩點:第一,意義的相關(guān)性(unity);第二,邏輯的一致性(coherence)。所謂的意義的一致性指的是所有的擴展句都必須是主題句的延伸或者證明,它對主題句能起到支持的作用。否則,這樣的擴展句就應(yīng)當(dāng)刪除掉。在這方面,我國古人有“丸之走盤”的形象比喻(“丸之走盤,橫斜圓直,不可盡知也。其必可知者,是丸之不出于盤也?!倍拍粒f的就是作者的筆不管怎樣恣意汪洋,但是都不能超出一個范圍,這個范圍就是由主題句限定的。但是只有內(nèi)容上的一致性還不足以保證能寫出一個好的段落。在行文過程中作者還要注意各個句子的正確、緊湊安排,也就是要保證意義的連貫性。比如我們有B、C、D和E四個句子都可以證明A這個主題句,但是它們的位置如何安排呢?那就要根據(jù)它們之間的關(guān)系以及與主題句之間的關(guān)系來安排,并且還要有一定的過渡詞來體現(xiàn)這種安排。只有這樣,作者寫來才會順理成章,而讀者讀來也會如順?biāo)兄?,沒有妨礙。第24頁,共86頁,2022年,5月20日,3點38分,星期六實現(xiàn)意義的連貫一般采取兩種手段:邏輯的連貫和過渡詞的使用。邏輯的連貫就是依靠擴展句自身具有的邏輯關(guān)系對句子進行正確的排列所實現(xiàn)的連貫;過渡詞的使用就是依靠過渡詞表現(xiàn)連貫的意義。在內(nèi)容的一致性上,初學(xué)者容易犯的錯誤主要有:1)跑題;2)重復(fù);3)片面;而在意義的連貫上,初學(xué)者犯的主要毛病是信筆游走,行文沒有規(guī)矩,或者沒有必要的過渡詞。第25頁,共86頁,2022年,5月20日,3點38分,星期六病例1、跑題Thereportindicatesthatbabiesoffatherswhosmokearelikelytobesmallerandweakerthanbabiesofnon-smokingfathers.Ofcourseitisalreadywellknownthatpregnantwomenwhosmokecandamagethehealthoftheirbabies.Mysistersmokedtwentycigarettesadaywhenshewasexpectingherfirstchild.Anotherworryingpointisthatsmokingjustbeforethestartofthepregnancycanaffectthebabylater.Iheardrecentlythatcertainfoodsharmunbornbabies.在這個例子中,主題句說的本來是父親抽煙對于小孩子健康的影響,但是支持句講的卻是未來的母親抽煙對孩子的影響。更可笑的是段落最后一句說的是某些食物可能對胎兒產(chǎn)生危害,真可謂離題千里了。第26頁,共86頁,2022年,5月20日,3點38分,星期六2、岔題Themainschoolbuildingcontainsmostoftheclassrooms.Thatwasour“secondhome”,theplacewheremyclassmatesandIworked,studied,andlearnedforthreeyears.Beyondthatisthesciencebuilding.That’swherewedidallourlaboratoryworkforchemistryandphysics.Ontherightsideofsciencebuildingisalibrary,wheretherearealargecollectionofbooksandperiodicals.Weallenjoyedreading,andfromthiswegotagreatdealofbenefits.Sinceourteacherswererichinknowledgeandtaughtusveryearnestly,wehadalwaysdonebetterthanstudentsofotherschoolsinjointexaminations.從語言上講這是一篇不錯的段落,而且前半部分的描寫相當(dāng)有序:分別介紹了教學(xué)大樓、實驗樓和圖書館。但是段落的最后兩句話卻又另起爐灶,談到了其它方面,嚴(yán)格說來這是不容許的。另外本段還缺少一個主題句,請同學(xué)們?yōu)橹鷶M。第27頁,共86頁,2022年,5月20日,3點38分,星期六3、重復(fù)WatchingTVtoomuchisharmfultoyoureyes.IfyoustayinfrontofTVfortoolongtimeyoureyesmightgethurt.Youwillbenear-sighted.Youcannotseeclearlywhenyouread.Youevencannotseeclearlyafriendwhenyoumeethiminstreet.在這個例子中,我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn),這位同學(xué)的思緒總是要在一個地方停留一兩步,然后才肯離開。第一句作為段首句是相當(dāng)不錯的,可是第二句卻對它進行了重復(fù),意思基本雷同。這完全是對有限空間的浪費。第28頁,共86頁,2022年,5月20日,3點38分,星期六4、片面OurschoolisanArmyschool,sowemustobeymanyrules.Becauseofthismyhouseisspecialinsomeways.First,ourhouseisveryclean,havenopieceofpaperontheground.Everythinginmyhouseisneat.Perhapssomeotherhouseisdirty,butifmyhouseisdirtywewouldbepunishedandforcedtocleanit.這是一年級學(xué)生的習(xí)作,其中有不少語言錯誤。但就內(nèi)容來講,本段的支持句只講了一個內(nèi)容,也就是Wemustkeepourroomsclean。這是不足以證明Wemustobeymanyrules這一段首句的。第29頁,共86頁,2022年,5月20日,3點38分,星期六練習(xí)1、首先找出主題句,然后排列各句:1.a.Computersspeedupregistrationbyprovidingup-to-dateinformationonopenclasses.b.Theyassistinstructorsbymarkingmultiple-choicetests.c.Computersnowperformmanytasksonmycampus.d.Computerscansupplyadvisorswithinstantandcompleteinformationonrequirements,careerinformation,andpersonaldatawhiletheyaretalkingtoastudent.e.Computerskeeprecordsforthebookstore,library,cafeteria,andmaintenancedepartment.第30頁,共86頁,2022年,5月20日,3點38分,星期六2.a.MynewFuturecamerahasseveralfeaturesthatIlike.b.Itadvancesthefilmaftereachshotandautomaticallyrewindsitaftereachroll.c.Comparedtoothercameras,itisinexpensive.d.IfIgettooclosetothesubject,italertsmewithabuzzer.e.Itbeamsoutaninfraredraythatfocusesforme,eveninthedark.f.Itislightweightandcompact.第31頁,共86頁,2022年,5月20日,3點38分,星期六3.a.Sometimesrapidly,sometimesslowly,theywentrelentlesslyupward.b.LastweektheLaborDepartmentreported,however,thattheeconomy’sseventeen-yearinflationaryspiralhad,foronemonthatleast,finallybeenbroken.c.DuringMarch,inflationactuallywentdowninsteadofup.d.Thisturnedatrendofwhateconomistscalldisinflationintooutrightdeflation.e.Since1965,pricesintheU.S.economyhavebeenheadingoneway.第32頁,共86頁,2022年,5月20日,3點38分,星期六4.a.Movingbackhomewithhisparentswouldsavehimquiteabit.b.Hewasgladthathenolongerhadtoworkfull-timewhilegoingtoschool.c.Hisincometaxrefundwasenoughtocoverhisexpensesfortherestofthesemester.d.Thedean’sofficeapprovedhisstudentloan,andhecouldcuthisworkinghours.e.Hehadfinallypaidoffhiscar.f.Thingswerebeginningtolookup.第33頁,共86頁,2022年,5月20日,3點38分,星期六5.a.TwoyounggirlstookturnsthrowingtheirFrisbeetotheirdog,whichleapedintotheairtocatchit.b.Afamilyoftouristsstoodinfrontofthefountain,studyingamapandtryingtorememberwheretheyhadlefttheircar.c.ItwasatypicalMaySundayafternoonatthepark.d.Fromthefreewaythatcircledtheparkthesoundofafireenginecouldbeheard.e.Acouplesatonablanket,theirbabycrawlingonthenearbygrass.第34頁,共86頁,2022年,5月20日,3點38分,星期六2、根據(jù)下面的主題詞完成一個主題句,然后展開構(gòu)成一個段落:ThereasonwhyIreadbooksisthat…Thestupidityofthenucleararmsrace.Trafficisoneoftheessentialactivitiesinoursociety.Smokingisharmfultohealth.Televisionpresentsavividworldinfrontofus.第35頁,共86頁,2022年,5月20日,3點38分,星期六3、根據(jù)下面的主題句,思考需要哪些內(nèi)容來支持它:Thethrillofabigcity.Owningacarisexpensive.Whatasatisfyingcareershouldbe…Springisthemostpleasantseasonoftheyear.Peopletakepartinsportsforvariousreasonsovergrowthofpopulationpresentsathreattotheexistenceofhuman

society..第36頁,共86頁,2022年,5月20日,3點38分,星期六Springisthemostpleasantseasonoftheyear.Inspring,itiswarmandcomfortableandtheairisfreshandsoft.Theflowersareinfullbloom,attractingbeesandbirdstodancearound.Withthesnowmelting,thetreesbudding,eggshatched,everythingcomesbacktolife.ThemilddaysoftheSpringmakesitthebestseasonfortraveling,whichnotonlybringsyouintoclosecontactwithnature,butalsomakesyoufeelrefreshedfromthetiringandtediouswork.Springistheseasonforsowing.Ifwewanttohaveagoodharvestoragoodresult,wehavetomakeagoodplanintheseasonofthespring第37頁,共86頁,2022年,5月20日,3點38分,星期六Peopletakepartinsportsforvariousreasons.Sometakepartinsportsjustbecausetheyloveitanditcanbringthempleasure.Othersgoinforsportsforthesimplereasonthattheywanttobephysicallyhealthy/fit.Theybelievethatregularexercisewillkeepthedoctorsaway.Stillotherstakepartinsportsbecausetheycanmakefriendswiththosewhosharethesimilarinterests.Theythinkthroughtheparticipationofthesports,theycanlearntocooperatewitheachother,andbuildupasenseofteamspirit.第38頁,共86頁,2022年,5月20日,3點38分,星期六Whatasatisfyingcareershouldbeisthatyougetpaidenoughtodowhatyoulike.Thejobtoyourinterestcannotonlyarouseyourinnermostpassion,butalsoinspireyourcreativityandoriginality.Therefore,itwillprovideabroaderroomandmoreopportunitiesforyourdevelopmentofyourcareer.Besides,arathergoodpayalsoensuresyournecessitiesofyourlifeandprovidetheguaranteestofollowyourowninterestsfurther.WhenIchoosemycareer,interestisalwaysmytoppriority,andagoodpayisalsonecessaryamongallthechoices

第39頁,共86頁,2022年,5月20日,3點38分,星期六overgrowthofpopulationpresentsathreattotheexistenceofhuman

society…first,populationovergrowthhascausedtheshortageofourlimitedshareofnaturalresources,whichnotonlyraisesthecostofliving,butalsobringsenvironmentproblems.Nowadays,thereissuchawideconcernovertheexhaustionofnaturalresourcesthatpeoplecannothelpwonderingwhathumanbeingwillliveoninthefuture.Secondly,overpopulationalsopresentshugepressureonurbanareas.ThemetropoliseslikeShanghaiandBeijingarealreadyovercrowded.Trafficjamsnotonlyslowdownthemovement,butsometimesparalyzethecity.What’sworse,thepopulationovergrowthmaycausemoresocialproblemsthanthegovernmentcouldhandle,suchastherisingunemploymentrateandcrimerate.Sothebestsolutiontothoseproblemsistocontroloureverincreasingpopulation.第40頁,共86頁,2022年,5月20日,3點38分,星期六OfallthesubjectsthatIstudyinschool,IthinkthatEnglishisthemostimportantone.Riversplayaveryimportantpartinourlife.Therearethreereasonswhysolarenergyhasnotbeenmadeuseofwidely.SeveralfactorshavecontributedtothedifficultyintravelinginChina,butingeneral,therearethreemajorcauses.Comparedwithcars,bicycleshavemanyadvantages.Menandwomenareequalathomenow.第41頁,共86頁,2022年,5月20日,3點38分,星期六Althoughbotharesourcesofenergy,solarpowerisquitedifferentfromcoal.Gettingupearlycanhelpyoutokeephealthy.Mr.Wangisaveryresponsibleteacher.WhenIarrivedatthepark,Ifound,tomysurprise,thatthereweresomanypeoplethere.Moneyisregardedbysomepeopleasthemostimportantthinginlife.Butautomobileshavealsogivenrisetoaseriesofproblems.第42頁,共86頁,2022年,5月20日,3點38分,星期六OneofthereasonsIlovemyschoolisthat……MyroommatePaulpossessesthecharacteristicsofagoodstudent.Althoughworkingisgoodforus,asithelpstrainourbodyandmind,yetthereshouldbealimit.Besides,peopledonotliveonlytowork.Admittedly,machinesplayaveryimportantpartinourdailylife.Acomputercansavealotofwork.Necessityisthemotherofinvention.第43頁,共86頁,2022年,5月20日,3點38分,星期六4、下面是幾則學(xué)生的作文,首先修改文中的語言錯誤,然后提出內(nèi)容修改意見:(1)Adventureisverypopularinthewestcountry,buttherearefewpeopleloveadventureinChina.Manypeoplethinkadventureistoodangerous,butIthinkadventureisaspiritofconqueringthenature.Succeededadventureneedluckandspiritbrave.Ifyouareweak,Ithinkyouwillneversucceed.Justwiththespiritadventure,manyfamousscientistinventedmanythings.Inourlives,wejustpoorinthespiritadventure,ifwehavespiritadventure,Ithinkwewilllivehappier.第44頁,共86頁,2022年,5月20日,3點38分,星期六(2)Thereisakindofpeopleintheworld.Theydoesn’twantedquietandcomfortablelife.Theyenjoytheadventureanduniqueexperience.So,theyalwaystrytoconquerallkindsofdanger.Thisisaspiritofneversatisfiedwithwhathehasachieved.Onecan’tmakeaprogressifoneisafraidofdifficulties.Onlyadventurecandefeatthedifficulties.Weareyouthofoverthecentury.Wemustdaretofacethedifficultiesanddefeatit.So,wemustlearnhowtoadventure.第45頁,共86頁,2022年,5月20日,3點38分,星期六Adventureispartofhumannature,whichencouragespeopletoexploretheunknownareas.Asweknow,Adventureisverypopularinthewestcountries,thoughfewpeoplemaywanttotryadventureinChina,fortheybelievetoomuchadventuremayinvolveunpredictabledangers.Inmyopinions,however,adventureisaspiritofconqueringthenature.Justwiththespiritadventure,manyfamousscientistinventedmanythings.Itisthespiritofadventurethatinspiresscientiststomakemanygreat/remarkableinventionswhichbenefithumanbeings.Soadventurecanbringusamoreexcitingandmeaningfullife.

第46頁,共86頁,2022年,5月20日,3點38分,星期六SomepeoplewouldratherenjoytheuniqueexperienceofadventurethanjusthaveaquietandcomfortablelifeThisisaspiritthatoneisneversatisfiedwithwhathehasachieved第47頁,共86頁,2022年,5月20日,3點38分,星期六(3)WatchingTVtoomuchisbadforoureyes.WeusetheeyestowatchTV.IfwewatchTVtoolong,oureyesmighttire.SoitisbadforoureyesifwewatchTVtoomuch.IfyouwanttowatchTVmore,youmustspendmoretimeforit.Soyoumighthavenotime,orhavenotenoughtimeforstudying.Thenyoumightfailinexam.SowatchTVtoomuchisdisadvantageous.第48頁,共86頁,2022年,5月20日,3點38分,星期六(4)Myfatherisverystrictwithhischildren,especiallyme.Hewon’tletmenoutofthehouseunlessI’vedoneallmyhomework.Frankly,Idon’tcarewhetherIgotoschoolornot.Schoolissuchawasteoftime.Therearen’tanygoodjobs,anyway.Mymotherdoesn’tagreewithmyfather.Theyquarrelalot.SometimesIwishtheywouldgetadivorce,butthenwhowouldIlivewith?第49頁,共86頁,2022年,5月20日,3點38分,星期六(5)WatchingTVhasmanyadvantages,butpayingtoomuchtimeonTVwouldhavemanydisadvantages.WatchingTVcanhelpusreceivemanyimportantinformation.Forexample,watchTVnews,anditmayimproveourstudy.ButifyoupaytoomuchtimeonTVset,itoccupiesmostofyourtime,then,yourtimeforstudyisnotadequate,thiswouldinfluenceyourstudy.IproposethatfirstweshouldhaveadequatetimeforstudyandthenwecanwatchTV,thiswouldbringusmoreadvantages.第50頁,共86頁,2022年,5月20日,3點38分,星期六段落展開類型

根據(jù)人的思維的類型,可以大致確定寫作中細節(jié)展開的幾種形式。其中包括記敘Narration、描寫Description、舉例exemplification、分類divisionandclassification、比較和對比comparisonandcontrast、過程與分析processandanalysis、因果causeandeffect、定義definition等。每一種類型的細節(jié)展開都有一定的要求,所以對這些類型的訓(xùn)練歷來都是寫作教學(xué)中的一個重要環(huán)節(jié)。第51頁,共86頁,2022年,5月20日,3點38分,星期六1)記敘Narration簡單一點說,記敘就是把一連串的事件按照時間順序記錄下來。它是最基本但又是最難的一種寫作方式。它的難點在于使用準(zhǔn)確生動的措辭、適當(dāng)明晰的順序兩個方面。對于初學(xué)寫作者來說,最關(guān)鍵的恐怕是把一個事件的過程交代清楚。在這個過程中要注意過渡詞的使用,也就是要注意句子之間的銜接。經(jīng)常用到的過渡詞有:first,second,third,etc./now,before,after(ward),later,until,while,when(ever),then,soon,sometimes,/next,last,finally,/immediately,suddenly,gradually,meanwhile第52頁,共86頁,2022年,5月20日,3點38分,星期六Isawayoungcyclist,about20yearsold,holdthehandlebarstight,andpedalalongasquicklyashecould.Obviouslyhewantedtoturnleftandtriedtorushthroughthegreenlightbeforeitchangedtored.Hewasinsuchahurrythatheforgottoputhislefthandout.Andthenthedriverofthelorrybehindhim,onseeingthat,madeapromptresponseandsloweddown.Butacarcomingupfrombehindovertookthelorryandtriedtocutin.Anaccidentwasinevitable!本段是一個學(xué)生的考試作文,是對一次車禍的發(fā)生的客觀記述。但是好的記敘文并非都是完全客觀的,有的作者也會把人的感情和觀點也加入進去,這樣的文章讀起來有的時候會更生動有趣。例如下文:第53頁,共86頁,2022年,5月20日,3點38分,星期六IwaslyinginmybedthinkinghowboringthisschoolisandhowIcan’twaittillIgetoutofthisplacewhensomeguysaskedmetoplaysoccerwiththem.SoIsaid“Whynot?”andfollowedthemtothefield.Ididn’thaveanythingtodoanyway.Itwasanicesummerevening;thesunwasgettingcoolandthegrasshadbeennicelydried.Itdidn’ttakelongforustodivideuptheteamandbeginplaying.Iwasplayingthecenter-field,averyimportantoffensepositionIwasproudof.WemusthavebeenplayingforabouttenminuteswhenIfelldownhurtingmyrightankle.Ihadaccidentallysteppedintoasmallhole.Ifelttremendouspaininmyankle,asifsomeonewashoppingonitashardashecouldwithporcupineshoes.Tryingtoforgetthepain,IbitmytonguesohardthatIbled.Alltheguysgatheredaroundtoseewhatwashappening.“Hey,Joe,areyouallri

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