西方文明史復習資料

叮叮小文庫叮叮小文庫歡迎有需要的朋友下載??！ 歡迎有需要的朋友下載！！ 西方文明史復習資料一、人類文明的誕生、四大文明發(fā)源地及其各自主要貢獻 ：兩河流域Mesopotamia(3500BCE-):Ur烏爾,Sumer蘇摩爾,Akkad阿卡德，Babylonia巴比倫貢獻：楔形文字cuneiformFirstWrittenLanguage農業(yè)：Sumer:barley大麥wasthemaincrop,butwheat,flax亞麻,dates,apples,plums李子,andgrapeswerealsogrownUr:6000人口中有2500的勞動力畜牧業(yè)Husbandry最早的白羊毛，羊(meatandmilk;butterandcheese)比牛多2、 古印度AncientEgypt數3、 古埃及ancientEgypt大規(guī)模動員勞動力來建造大工程 Largescalemobilization動員oflaborsforhugeprojects.例Pyramid天文學和建筑學DevelopmentinAstronomyandArchitecture書寫系統(tǒng)Writingsystem4)行政體系Administrationsystem4、古中國 ancientChina四大發(fā)明： gunpowder、Compass、printing、Papermaking、猶太文明JudaicHeritage單一神論Monotheism(thebeliefinoneGod.Godisallpowerful)JudaismChristianBeliefs多神論polytheism、Greco-RomanHeritage1、古希臘羅馬文明總結 SummeryofGreco-RomanHeritagePhilosophyandwayofthinking:Logic(CombinedwithChristianitytoinflueneethedailylifeofthewest)PoliticalsystemLawArts2、GreekHeritage貢獻：a.Logic,philosophy,scienee,literature,arts,politicalthoughts,historiography,poetics,esthetics,etc.b.Handcraft,architecture,navigation,militaryarts,politicalandlegal systems,etc.哲學Philosophy:Pre-Socrates愛琴海時代Aegeancivilizations?黑暗時代GreekDarkAge(1200-750BCE)?荷馬時代TheHomericAge(ca.800BCE)古希臘時代(700-500BCE)AncientGreekCivilizations?民族報和城邦EthnosandPolis(City-state)?科林斯、斯巴達與雅典 Corinth,SpartaandAthens?貴族、專制、民主AthensAristocracy,TyrannyandDemocracyApollo阿波羅在此時代貢獻：文學和藝術Literatureandarts:Homer和Iliad伊利亞特&Odessa奧德賽戲劇Dramas:TragedyandComedy史學：Herodotus(c.484BC-c.425BCE),thefatherofHistory史學之父講述了希臘波斯戰(zhàn)爭 TheHistoriestellsthestoryoftheGreco-PersianWars,Writtenabout440BCE代表人物： 蘇格拉底Socrates.469BC￡99BC柏拉圖Plato亞里士多德Aristotl?伯利克里Pericles,thepopularAtheniandemocraticleader(461-429BCE)Despotism、Patriarch、Democracy專制、元老、民主HellenicAge?ThePersianWar波斯戰(zhàn)爭?AthenianImperialism雅典帝國主義?ThePeloponnesianWar(431-404BCE)?MacedonianUnificationofGreece希臘馬其頓統(tǒng)一3)HellenisticAge泛希臘時代?AlexandertheGreat亞歷山大大帝?DiffusionofGreekculture希臘文化擴散2)RomanHeritage貢獻：法律建筑AncientRomeRepublicRomeRomanEmpire四)日耳曼文明GermanicHeritage1、 CommuneSystems2、 Autonomy3、 CommonLaws重點?thelawofancientRomefromthetimeofthefoundingofthecityin753BCEuntilthefalloftheWesternEmpireinthe5thcenturyCE.ItremainedinuseintheEastern,orByzantine.Empireuntil1453.Asalegalsystem,RomanlawhasaffectedthedevelopmentoflawinmostofWesterncivilizationaswellasinpartsoftheEast.ItformsthebasisforthelawcodesofmostcountriesofcontinentalEuropeandderivativesystemselsewhere.代表人物：JuliusCaesarAmericancivilization例如：瑪雅文明Maya第二部分：中世紀MiddleAges第一部分：奴隸制的衰落與封建制的崛起一、奴隸制的衰落FallofSlaverySystem1、 羅馬帝國的瓦解CollapseofRomanEmpireCE4762、 基督教的興起RiseofChristianChurchBeliefinafterlife來世3、 外族人的入侵BarbarianInvasions*二、西方圭寸建制特點 FeaturesofWesternFeudalism領主和他們的附庸 Lordsandtheirvassals圭寸地和農奴Fiefandserfs?東西方圭寸建體制的差異 DifferencesbetweenWesternandChineseFeudalSystems1） Lordvs.State2）遺產繼承和社會地位的變動 Heredityvs.SocialMobility注：Feudalismwastheexpressionofasocietyinwhicheverymanwasboundtoeveryotherbymutualtiesofloyaltyandservice.長子繼承制PrimogenitureThefirstbornsoninheritedtheentiretyofaparent'swealth,estate,titleoroffice.Intheabsenceofchildren,inheritancepassedtothecollateralrelatives,inorderofseniorityofthecollateralline.三、 FeudalismandNewTechnologies1）軍事：來自中國 Military:FromChina.Stirrup2）生產力的發(fā)展Increaseproductivity3）家庭成為主要的生產組織 Householdbecomesthemajorunitofproduction四、 DeclineofFeudalism1、人口大減DepopulationofEurope1） 戰(zhàn)爭Wars:（suchascrusade十字軍東征10951272）2） 黑死病1347-1350BlackDeath:onethirdtohalfofthepopulationdied.3）人口減少對其影響 Theimpactofdepopulationonthefeudalism.第二部分：資本主義的興起EmergenceofCapitalism一、文藝復興TheItalianRenaissance1、 簡介：TheRenaissancewasaculturalmovementthatprofoundlyaffectedEuropeanintellectuallifeintheearlymodernperiod.BeginninginItaly,andspreadingtotherestofEuropebythe16thcentury,itsinfluenceaffectedliterature,philosophy,art,politics,science,religion,andotheraspectsofintellectualenquiry.2、 背景：Backgrounds:? 意大利的地理位置GeographicalpositionsofItaly? 與東方的商業(yè)往來CommercialexchangeswiththeOrient?財富的積累AccumulationofWealth?CityStates城邦：Venice,Florence,Milan,NaplesandPapalStates2、 特點FeaturesofRenaissance:Humanism1） 重視個人成就EmphasisonIndividualAchievements2） 重視現世，而不是來世 Emphasisonthislife,notafterlife3） 重視在多方面的成績Emphasisoncomprehensiveaccomplishmentsinarts,literature,science,politicsandeverything.3、核心思想：人文主義思想 Humanismhumanistsasserted"thegeniusofman...theuniqueandextraordinaryabilityofthehumanmindHumanismwasnotaphilosophyperse本身、本質上,butratheramethodoflearning.Incontrasttothemedieval中世紀scholasticmode方式,whichfocusedonresolving解決contradictions矛盾betweenauthors,humanistswouldstudyancienttextsintheoriginal,andappraise估計、評價themthroughacombinationofreasoning推理andempiricalevidence實驗數據.二、意大利文藝復興的貢獻 AchievementsofItalianRenaissance1、在藝術:Inarts:達芬奇LeonardodaVinci,《MonaLisa》《TheLastSuppe》

米開朗琪羅Michelangelo,,《David》Raphael,LeonardodaVinci,SandroBotticelli,andMichelangeloBuonarroti.2、 在文學InLiterature:Dante,Petrarch,Bocaccio3、 在科學Inscienee:DaVinci4、 在政治Inpolitics:Machiavelli:ThePrince民族國家的興起 EmergeneeofNationStates■）背景：貿易和市場的擴張Tradesandexpandingmarkets?國家意識SenseofNation? 國家對教會Statevs.Church?AbsoluteMonarchy君主制anddespotism專制：Theoriesandpractice?TheOrientandEmpires四：資產階級革命BourgeoisRevolutions一）英國資產階級革命EnglishRevolution1、 君主專制政體AbsoluteMonarchyRuleoftheHouseofStuart斯圖亞特王室2、 革命前的社會階級SocialClassesbeforetherevolutionMerchants商人GentlemenandNewGentry紳士和新貴族Yeomanry（free-holders©-holders）自耕家Nobles貴族3、3、背景:1）社會經濟背景SocialandEconomicBackground工商業(yè)ManufactureandCommerce制造業(yè)，分散工場 Manufacturing —Puttingoutsystem農業(yè)革命AgriculturalRevolution圈地，資本主義農場 Enclosure,CapitalistFarming國際貿易ForeignTrade2） 輿論文化背景?文藝復興Renaissanee 例：ThomasMore,Shakespeare,Milton 米爾頓，etc.?清教運動Puritanism 例：TheChosenSalvation4、從革命到斯圖亞特王朝復辟4、從革命到斯圖亞特王朝復辟FromCivilWarstotheRestoration從兩次內戰(zhàn)到共和國FromCivilWarstoCommonwealth從兩次內戰(zhàn)到共和國FromCivilWarstoCommonwealthRoyalists?；逝蒾rcavaliersRoyalists保皇派orcavaliers騎士派vsroundheads圓顱派護國政體Protectorate? 斯圖亞特王朝復辟 Restoration5、革命形勢的形成 PoliticalCrisisbetheRevolution1）君主專制統(tǒng)治的特點 CharacteristicsofEnglishDespotismWeakMonarch君主;Parliament;Noblesystem2）斯圖亞特當政TheReignofStuartsFeudalist 圭寸建Landsystem,Taxesandfinancialpolicy, foreignpolicy,Religiousprosecutions,conflictsbetweenthemonarchandthebourgeois3）代表人物：克倫威爾 OliverCromwell4、光榮革命GloriousRevolution1）國內革命的結果ConsequencesofCivilWars?圭寸建社會關系崩潰 CollapseofFeudalSocialRelations?資本主義經濟的發(fā)展 DevelopmentofCapitalistEconomy?變更土地所有權ChangeofLandownership?資產階級政治理論 PoliticaltheoriesofBourgeoisie2）1688光榮革命GloriousRevolution1688 詹姆斯二世JamesII?資產階級政治體系的建立 EstablishmentofBourgeoisPoliticalSystem?君主立憲制ConstitutionalMonarchy3） 威廉和瑪麗WilliamofOrangeandMarry,ProtestantdaughterofJamesII4） 權利法案BillofRights? 國王不能頒布法律 Thekingcouldnotsuspendlaw.?不經議會允許不能征稅 NotaxeswithouttheconsentofParliament? 在議會中言論自由 FreedomofspeechinParliament? 請愿的權利和過度罰款，保釋，或殘忍的懲罰 Rightofpetitionandfreeofexcessivefines,bail,orcruelpunishment5）第一位首相羅伯特沃爾波爾 RobertWalpolethefirstBritishprimeminister.6）革命意義：SignificaneeofEnglishRevolution? 資產階級政權的首次勝利 ThefirstmajorpoliticalvictoryofCapitalism? 革命在妥協中結束RevolutionendedinCompromise 妥協? 披著宗教的外衣Revolutioninreligiousdisguise 偽裝,soalsocalledPuritanRevolution二）美國資產階級革命（1775-1783）AmericanRevolution1、三種殖民地Thirteencolonies :、?north,middleandsouth;proprietary;autonomous 自治的、有自主權的andcrown?北部：小農和手工業(yè) North:smallfarmersandmanufacturing;中部：大農業(yè)Middle:Largescalefarming;南部：奴隸種植園South:Slaveplantation2、 美利塵民族的形成Nationinthemaking）有益忽視Benevolentnegligenee）民族市場的形成FormationofNationalmarket）民族意識的形成Senseofnation）殖民地與宗主國的矛盾 Conflictsbetweencoloniesandthemothernation3、1） 七年戰(zhàn)爭結束Theendof7yearswar17632） 英國殖民政策ColonialpoliciesoftheGreatBritain

SugarAct,StampAct,TownshendActs3）波士頓慘案BostonMassacre1770 波士頓大屠殺BostonMassacre）第一次大陸會議TheFirstContinentalCongress）波士頓茶黨和不可容忍的法律 BostonTeaPartyandIntolerableActs波士頓傾茶案BostonTeaParty6）1775戰(zhàn)爭的第一槍Shotsheardroundtheworld:LexingtonandConcord,?列克星敦戰(zhàn)BattleofLexington7）立憲會議ConstitutionalConference4、 獨立宣言起草人ThomasJefferson漢密爾頓AlexanderHamilton麥迪遜JamesMadison,美國憲法之父5、權利法案（前十條修正案） BillofRights?Rightofexpression,assembly,petition,ofreligion,etc.? Righttobeararms.? Rightofjusttrial.?Rightsofpeople:Internallawsvs.Internationalpractice.三）、法國資產階級革命 FrenchRevolutionEnlightenment1、背景：啟蒙運動（17—18世紀）IdeologicalBackground口號：自由平等博愛Liberty、Equalit、FraternityEnlightenment1）簡介：aEuropeanintellectualmovementofthe17thand18thcenturies inwhichideasconcerningGod,reason,nature,andmanweresynthesized 合成intoaworldview世界觀thatgainedwideassent贊同、認同andthatinstigated 煽動、鼓動revolutionarydevelopmentsinart,philosophy,andpolitics.? Enlightenmentwasadesireforhumanaffairstobeguidedbyrationality 理性ratherthanbyfaith,superstition 迷信,orrevelation;abeliefinthepowerofhumanreason 人類理性tochangesocietyandliberatetheindividualfromtherestraints 限制ofcustomorarbitrary專制authority;allbackedupbyaworldviewincreasingly validatedbyscieneeratherthanbyreligionortradition.2）代表人物：Importantfigures?lnallEurope,alotofscientists, menofletters,philosophersareconsideredthemostimportantfiguresoftheEnlightenment:suchasThomasPaine托馬斯潘恩,BenjaminFranklin本杰明富蘭克林，ThomasJefferson,KantHume大衛(wèi)休謨,EdwardGibbon,GoetheGottholdEphraimLessing,soon.盧梭RousseautheInequalityAmongMankind

Voltairebelievedinthesupremacy康德，AdamSmith亞當斯密，JohnLocke洛克，David本杰明富蘭克林，ThomasJefferson,KantHume大衛(wèi)休謨,EdwardGibbon,GoetheGottholdEphraimLessing,soon.盧梭RousseautheInequalityAmongMankind

Voltairebelievedinthesupremacy至高無上andefficacyofhumanreasonDiderot狄德羅，Denis1713-1784TheSpiritofLaws>孟德斯鳩MontesquieuHismajorwork:<TheSpiritofLaws>3） 特點:TheCharacteristicsoftheEnlightenment理性Reason--Scienceasthehighesthumanpursuit.自然神論Deism--naturalGodagainstCatholicChurch 天主教社會契約SocialContract—Democracyagainstdespotism浪漫主義Romanticism2、 三個等級：教士、貴族、平民三級會議ThemeetingoftheEstatesGeneral:May5,17893、 三個階段TheFirstStageoftheFrenchRevolution,1789-17921） 第一階段1789-1792TheFirstStageoftheFrenchRevolution,StormingoftheBastille巴士底獄TheTennisCourtOathatVersailles 凡爾賽成果：a）宣布人民的權利TheDeclarationofRightsofManandCitizen人權宣言的頒布（1789426 ）DeclarationoftheRightsofManandoftheCitizen[1789]AdoptedbytheNationalAssembly 國民大會duringtheFrenchRevolutiononAugust26,1789,andreaffirmedbytheconstitutionof1958b）在1789年8月4日，國民議會？同意取消特權原則 OnAugust4,1789theNationalAssemblyagreedtoabolishtheprincipleofprivilege.c）圭寸建土地制度被廢除 FeudalLandsystemwasabolished.2） 第二階段A、外部和內部對革命的威脅TheInternalandExternalThreatstotheRevolution?財政危機、通貨膨脹和國外戰(zhàn)爭困擾著革命政府Fiscalcrisis,inflationandforeignwarwereinfrontoftherevolutionarygovernment.?反動派的威脅 Warthreatsofforeignreactionaryforcesfromthefallof1791alsochallengedstability.B事件：馬拉之死TheDeathofMarat羅伯斯庇爾4、 拿破侖時代TheEraofNapoleon? 拿破侖越過阿爾卑斯山擊敗奧地利 1800BonapartetooktheFrenchArmyacrosstheAlps,eventuallydefeatingtheAustriansatMarengo擊敗普魯士FrenchArmyenteredBerlinon27October1806衰落和失敗DeclineandFall1.Causesofdeclineandfall1） 和圭寸建主義的和解Reconciliationwithfeudalism 、2） 戰(zhàn)爭Warsa）侵略戰(zhàn)爭（國內外對拿破侖的不滿和反抗） warsb）歐洲人民不再支持拿破侖的戰(zhàn)爭EuropeanPeople'sresistaneeto NapoleonWarsandNationalismc）法國資產階級和人民對拿破侖的戰(zhàn)爭也日益不滿 InternaldiscontentwithNapoleonwarsd） 法國軍力衰弱Militarydecline（二）帝國的垮臺TheFallofthefirstEmpire（三）波旁王朝復辟和 白日政變"RestorationoftheBourbonsand100days1） .波旁王朝復辟therestoration2） .白日政變100days5、 對拿破侖的評價Evalution6、維也納會議和神圣同盟 CongressofVienna

? 正統(tǒng)原貝Uprincipleoforthodoxy? 遏止原貝Uprincipleofcontainment?神圣同盟HollyAllianee革命的意義：ofbourgeoisie.world.EqualityByoverthrowing theOldRegime,therevolutionpavedwaystothepolitical ruleofbourgeoisie.world.EqualityTherevolution shookthefoundationoffeudalisminEuropeandinflueneed theandlibertyweredeclaredthebasicprinciplesforallhumanrace.新政府面臨的危機：內部：財政危機 Fiscalcrisis,inflationandforeignwarwereinfrontoftherevolutionarygovernment.夕卜部：外國反動派 Warthreatsofforeignreactionaryforcesfromthefallof1791alsochallengedstability. 奧地利和普魯士AustriaandPrussia法國革命時間表( 1789.5.5~1870.9.4 )一、 波旁王朝(843~1791.9 )｛封建君主專制｝1789.5.5; 三級會議召開，